.

..
2550

()


(CPD)

2550

2550

..

2550

.
..

1.

. .
. .
.

2.

3.

4.

5.

.
.
.

. .
. .
. .
.

-1-

. .
6.

. .
7.

..

8.

9.

10.

..

-2-

1 ..
- . ()

2 .
- .. ()

, 2518

- Ph.D. (Mining Geology)

- M.Sc. (Mining Engineering)

University of Wales, United Kingdom, 2524

Ph.D. ( Mining Engineering )

- Michigan Technological University, USA

3 .
- .. ()

4
- ..()

, 2519

, 2527

- M.S. (Mining Engineering)

- M.Sc. (Mining Engineering)

University of Nevada, U.S.A., 2533

South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA., 2539

-
, 2545

5
- .. ()

6 ..
- .. ()

, 2518

- :

- Ph.D. (Mineral Engineering)

Master of Management, MM (Executive MBA),

8 .

University of Leeds, United Kingdom, 2525

7 ..
- .. ()

8 .
- .. ()

, 2522

, 2525

- Ph.D. (Mineral Engineering)

- .. ()

University of Leeds, United Kingdom, 2528

, 2533

9
- .. ()

10
- .. ()

, 2518

, 2521

- ..

- M.S. (Mining Engineering)

, 2523

South Dakota School of Mines , U.S.A., 2528

11 . .
- .. ()

12

, 2521

.. ()
, 2522

- M.Sc. (Mining Engineering),

Colorado School of Mines, 2531
- M.Sc. (Mineral Economics), Ph.D.(Mining Engineering)
Colorado School of Mines, 2534

13
- .. ()

14
- .. ()

, 2527

, 2517

15
- .. ()

16
- .. ()

, 2529

, 2531
- .. ()
, 2545

17 ..
- .. ()
, 2529
- M.Sc. (Mineral Economics)
Colorado School of Mines, 2540
- Ph.D. (Mineral Economics)
Colorado School of Mines, 2544

1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5 (Drill-hole Grid)
1.2 (Ore Reserve Estimation)
1.2.1 Cross-Sectional Methods
1.2.2 Analysis Methods

1-1
1-1
1-1
1-4
1-6
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-12

2
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3 (Stripping Ratio)
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8

2-1
2-3
2-3
2-8
2-14
2-15
2-21
2-24
2-26
2-27

2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4

2-28
2-29
2-31
2-34
2-43

3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.5
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4

3-1
3-2
3-7
3-7
3-9
3-9
3-12
3-15
3-16
3-18
3-20
3-29
3-30
3-34
3-35
3-36
3-36
3-40

4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1

4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7

4.2.8
4.2.9 ()
4.2.10
4.2.11
4.3
4.3.1

4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.4
4.4.1

4-1
4-2
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-9
4-10
4-11
4-12
4-12
4-15
4-15
4-16
4-18
4-19
4-20
4-21

5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2 (Circulating Load)
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.6
5.6.1 d50
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.8.3
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.3
5.9.4 (Sorting)

5-1
5-1
5-6
5-6
5-8
5-9
5-9
5-10
5-12
5-13
5-15
5-15
5-18
5-20
5-21
5-22
5-23
5-24
5-29
5-30
5-30
5-33
5-33
5-39
5-40
5-50
5-67
5-80

5.9
5.9.1
5.9.2
5.9.3
5.9.4
5.9.5
5.9.6
5.9.7
5.9.8
5.10

5-80
5-80
5-83
5-91
5-92
5-93
5-97
5-99
5-102
5-108

6
6.1
6-1
6.2
6-1
6.3
6-3

6.4 (ISO 14001)

6-4
6.5
6-5
6.5.1
6-5
6.5.2
6-5
6.6
6-11
6.6.1
6-12
6.6.2
6-12
6.6.3
6-20
6.6.4
6-21
6.6.5
6-27
6.7
6-29
6.7.1
6-29
6.7.2
6-30
6.7.3 6-30

6.7.4

6.7.5
6.7.6

6.8
6.8.1
6.8.2
6.8.3
6.8.4
6.8.5

6-32
6-33
6-34
6-36
6-36
6-36
6-37
6-42
6-42

7
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.3

7-1
7-1
7-2
7-6
7-6
7-6
7-7
7-8
7-12
7-17

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

8-1
8-1
8-3
8-6

8.5
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3

8-7
8-8
8-9
8-10

9
9.1
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.3
9.4
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.6

9-1
9-1
9-3
9-3
9-4
9-7
9-7
9-8
9-13
9-14
9-15
9-16
9-16

10
10.1
10.1.1
10.1.2
10.1.3
10.1.4
10.1.5 (Financial Analysis)
10.1.6

10-1
10-1
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-5
10-6

10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2 (Cash Flows)
10.2.3 (Cash Flow After-Tax)
10.2.4
10.2.5
10.3
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
10.3.4
10.3.5

10-6
10-6
10-6
10-7
10-9
10-15
10-19
10-19
10-19
10-21
10-25
10-27

1.1.2-1
1.1.2-2
1.1.2-3
1.1.4-1
1.1.5-1
1.2.1-1
1.2.2-1
2.2.1-1
2.2.1-2
2.2.2-1
2.2.2-2
2.2.2-3
2.2.2-4
2.2.2-5
2.2.2-6
2.2.2-7
2.2.4-1
2.2.4-2
2.2.4-3
2.2.4-4
2.2.4-5
2.2.4-6
2.2.4-7
2.2.5-1

(core)
(cuttings) (rotary)

Block Layout Cross-Sectional Methods

block
IDWM

Stripping ratio Cut-off grade

3

Rock fall
Plane shear
Block flow
Rational shear

1-2
1-3
1-4
1-7
1-8
1-11
1-14
2-7
2-8
2-10
2-12
2-12
2-12
2-13
2-13
2-13
2-16
2-17
2-17
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-20
2-22


2.2.5-2
2.2.5-3
2.2.6-1
2.3.2-1
2.3.3-1
2.3.3-2
2.3.3-3
2.3.3-4
2.3.3-5
2.3.3-6
2.3.3-7
2.3.3-8
2.3.3-9
2.3.3-10
2.3.3-11
2.3.3-12
2.3.4-1
3.3.4-1
3.3.4-2
3.4.1-1
3.4.2-1
3.4.2-2
3.4.2-3
3.4.3-1
3.4.3-2

Loading shovel
Loading shovel
Swing angle operating efficiency
Bucket fill factor
Swell factor Digability

Retarder chart

Control Charts

Coefficient of lining work condition

Hole utilization factor
1

2-23
2-23
2-25
2-31
2-35
2-35
2-36
2-36
2-37
2-38
2-38
2-40
2-41
2-42
2-42
2-42
2-46
3-13
3-14
3-17
3-19
3-19
3-20
3-23
3-24


3.4.3-3
3.4.3-4
3.4.3-5
3.4.3-6
3.4.4-1
3.5-1
3.5-2
3.6.3-1
3.6.3-2
4.1-1
4.2-1
4.2-2
4.2.1-1
4.2.5-1
4.2.8-1
4.2.11-1
4.2.11-2
4.3.2-1
4.3.2-2
4.3.3-1
4.3.4-1
4.3.4-2
4.4.1-1
4.4.1-2
4.4.1-3

TFB

Atkinson

(Decking)

3-25
3-26
3-27
3-28
3-30
3-32
3-33
3-39
3-39
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-8
4-11
4-13
4-13
4-17
4-18
4-19
4-19
4-20
4-22
4-22
4-23


4.4.1-4
4.4.1-5
4.4.1-6
4.4.1-7
4.4.1-8
4.4.1-9
5.2-1
5.3.1-1
5.4.2-1
5.4.2-2
5.4.4-1
5.5.2-1
5.5.4-1
5.6-1
5.6.2-1
5.7.1-1
5.7.1-2
5.7.1-3
5.7.2-1
5.7.2-2
5.7.3-1
5.7.3-2
5.7.3-3
5.7.3-4

K 2
-

4-25
4-26
4-27
4-28
4-29
4-31
5-5
5-6
5-11
5-11
5-14
5-19
5-21
5-23
5-27
5-31
5-32
5-32
5-35
5-36
5-36
5-38
5-38
5-39


5.8.1-1
5.8.1-2
5.8.1-3
5.8.1-4
5.8.1-5
5.8.1-6
5.8.1-7
5.8.2-1
5.8.2-5
5.8.2-6
5.8.2-7
5.8.2-8
5.8.3-1
5.8.3-2
5.8.3-3
5.8.3-4
5.8.3-5
5.8.3-6
5.8.3-7
5.8.3-8
5.8.3-9
5.8.3-10
5.8.3-11
5.9.2-1
5.9.2-2
5.9.2-3

-25 mV
h/W/A t/W/A

pH

5-43
5-44
5-45
5-46
5-48
5-48
5-49
5-53
5-56
5-57
5-63
5-66
5-68
5-69
5-70
5-71
5-72
5-72
5-73
5-75
5-76
5-78
5-80
5-86
5-87
5-89


5.9.2-4
5.9.3-1
5.9.4-1
5.9.5-1
5.9.5-2
5.9.5-3
5.9.5-4
5.9.5-5
5.9.7-1
5.9.8-1
5.9.8-2
5.9.8-3
5.9.8-4
5.9.8-5
5.9.8-6
5.10-1
6.6.2-1
6.6.2-2
6.6.2-3
6.6.2-4
6.6.2-5
6.6.2-6
6.6.2-7
6.6.4-1

pH

Ring dike
Cross valley
Side hill

Upstream embankment
Downstream embankment
Centerline embankment

5-90
5-91
5-93
5-93
5-94
5-95
5-96
5-96
5-101
5-104
5-104
5-105
5-106
5-107
5-107
5-108
6-14
6-14
6-15
6-16
6-16
6-17
6-18
6-22


6.6.5-1
6.6.5-2
6.6.5-3
6.7.2-1
6.7.5-1
7.2.4-1
7.2.5-1
7.2.5-2
7.2.5-3
7.3-1
7.3-2
7.3-3
7.3-4
7.3-5
9.2-1
9.3-1
9.3-2
9.5-1
9.5-2
10.2.3-1

Grouting
Bolt Cable

PDCA
.

6-27
6-28
6-28
6-30
6-34
7-10
7-14
7-15
7-16
7-17
7-20
7-20
7-20
7-21
9-2
9-6
9-6
9-13
9-14
10-8

1.1.2-1
1.2-1
1.2.1-1
1.2.2-1
1.2.2-2
1.2.2-3
3.2-1
3.2-2
5.4.2-1
5.4.2-2
5.5.3-1
5.7.2-1
5.8.1-1
5.8.2-1
5.8.2-2
5.8.2-3
5.8.2-4
5.8.2-5
5.8.2-6
5.9.4-1
5.9.2-1
5.9.7-1
6.6.2-1
6.6.2-2

Cross-Sectional Method
Triangular Method
IDWM
Polygon Method

1-3
1-10
1-12
1-13
1-15
1-16
3-3
3-6
5-10
5-12
5-20
5-34
5-42
5-55
5-58
5-61
5-64
5-65
5-66
5-81
5-90
5-102
6-19
6-19


6.6.4-1
6.6.4-2

6-23
6-25

1.1
1.2

(Ore Reserve Estimation)

1.1

1.1.1

(Gravity Survey) (Magnetic Survey)
(Seismic Survey)

1.1.2

2
1


2

3 (Diamond Drilling)
(Auger Roller Bit Rotary) (Percussion)
1) (Diamond Drilling)
(Core)




(Core Barrel)
1- 1


1.1.2-1 (Core)
1.1.2-2
1.1.2-1 NX
54 .

1.1.2-1

1- 2

 1.1.2-2 (Core)
1.1.2-1

EX
AX
BX
NX

(.)
22.2
29.4
41.3
54

(.)
36.5
46.8
58.7
74.6

(.)
38.1
47.6
60.3
76.2

2) (Rotary Drilling)
(Core) (Cutting)



(Overburden)

1- 3

 1.1.2-3 (Cutting) (Rotary)

3) (Percussion Drilling)









1.1.3

(Core)
(Cutting)

1) (Surfacial Deposit)

1- 4

2) (Alluvial Deposit)
(Pitting) (Trenching)

3) (Deep Deposit)

(Overburden)

4) (Existing Underground Mine)
(Prospecting Shaft)
(Ventilation Shaft) Drift Adit Cross Cut
(Groove Channel Sample) (Inclined Shaft)
(Chip Sample) (Grab
Sample) (Irregular Shape)
(Coring)
(Bulk
Sample)

(Horizontal and Vertical Variation) (Level) (Section)

-
-
-
-

1- 5


-
- ( (Cluster
Sample))
- ()
1.1.4

1.1.4-1
4

1 (a) (Information Drilling)

5
2 (b) (Outline Drilling)
15
3 (c) (Sample Drilling)
31
(Regular Grid Spacing)
4 (d)

1- 6

 1.1.4-1
(a) (Information Drilling)
(b) (Outline Drilling)
(c) (Sample Drilling)
(d)

1- 7

1.1.5

(Drillhole Grid)
2

1) Rectangular Square 2) Triangular 3) Polygonal

1) Rectangular Square

2.) Triangular

3) Polygonal

1.1.5-1
1) Rectangular Square 2) Triangular 3) Polygonal

(Porphyry Copper)
45*75 .
(Taconite Iron)
60*120 .
(Bauxite)
15*30 .
(Molybdenite)
60*60 .
(Coal)
900 .
150 .

1- 8

1.2

(Ore Reserve Estimation)

1) 2) 3)
4) 5)

1)
(Grade Distribution)

(Sections)
2)

3)
4)

1) (Volume)

Tavg = (t1+t2+t3 .tn )/n

ti = i
Planimeter Templates
2) (Grade)
1.2-1

1- 9

 1.2-1
Type of Problem
Arithmetic Average
Thickness Weighted
Average
Area Weighted Average
Volume Weighted Average

Assumption
All blocks are equal in area, thickness and
weight factor.
All blocks are equal in area and have the
same weight factor.
All blocks have consistent thickness and
weight factor, but different areas.
Weighted factor of all blocks are the same.

Tonnage Weighted Average Tonnage and grade of blocks are different.

3)

Equation
Cavg = (C1+C2++Cn)/n

Cavg = (C1 t1+C2 t2++Cn tn)/(t1 +t2

++tn)
Cavg = (C1 S1+C2 S2++Cn Sn)/(S1
+S2 ++Sn)
Cavg = (C1 V1+C2 V2++CnVn)/(V1
+V2 ++Vn)
Cavg = (C1 Q1+C2 Q2++CnQn)/(Q1
+Q2 ++Qn)

Weight Factor (Density)

Q= /F
Q = *f
Q = (Raw Material (tons))
=
f = Volume Tonnage Factor (Density (ton/m3))
F = Weight Factor (m3/ton)

2
1 Cross-Sectional Methods
2 Analysis Methods
1.2.1

Cross-Sectional Methods
1) (Uniform Deposit)
(Non-Uniform Deposit)
2)
(Regular Grid Sample)
3)
(Tabular Deposit) (Placer Deposit)

4) (Sample
Distribution)
1- 10

Cross-Sectional Methods
1) (Cross Sections)
(Geologic Cross-Section)
2)

1) (Si)
2) weight Factor (F)
3) (Volume) (Ore Tonnages) (Metal
Tonnages) V= ((S1 + S2)/2 )*L12
S1 S2 1 2
L12 1 2

Sections
A-A
B-B
C-C

S1
S2
S3

L12 A-A B-B

L23 B-B C-C

1.2.1-1 Block Layout Cross-Sectional Methods

1- 11

 (Vertical Cross-Section)
(Horizontal Cross-Section) (Inclined Cross-Section)
1.2.1-1
1.2.1-1 Cross-Sectional Method
Block
No.

Sections

Area
(S)

A-A
B-B

S1
S2
:
Si

:
Total
Average

1.2.2

Interval
Between
Sections (L)
L12

Li

Volume
(V)

Weight Factor
(F, m3/ton )

V1 = ((S1 +
S2)/2)*L12
:
Vi

F
:

Raw
Material
(tons)
Q1 = V1/F

Grade (%)

Reserve
(tons)

C1(avg)

:
Qi

P1= C1(avg)
*Q1
:
Pi

Cavg = Pi /
Qi

Analysis methods

(1) Triangular Method
(2) Inverse Distance Weight Method
(3) Polygonal Method
(4) (Geostatistics)

(1) Triangular method

Rule of gradual change
3
(Influence Area) 3
1.1.5-1

1.
V = 1/3(t1+t2+t3)*S
t1, t2, t3 = 1, 2, 3
S
=

1- 12

2.

(Cavg) block
- Arithmetic mean
Cavg = (C1+C2+C3 )/3
C1, C2, C3 = 1, 2, 3
- Thickness weight average
Cavg = (C1 t1+C2 t2+C3 t3)/(t1 +t2 +t3)
3. Tonnage (P)
Tonnage (Raw Material ); Q = V/F
Tonnage (P) = Q*Cavg
Triangular method 1.2.2-1
1.2.2-1 Triangular Method
Triangular
Block No.

Area
(S)

Volume
(V)

S1

V1

Weight
Factor (F,
m3/ton )
F

Si

Vi

:
Total
Average

Raw Material
(tons)

Grade (%)

Reserve
(tons)

Q1 = V1/F

C1(avg)

P1=C1*
Q1

Qi

Cavg = Pi / Qi

:
Pi

1)
Triangular Block
2) (Influence Area)

3)

4)
3 Polygonal Method

1- 13

(2) Inverse Distance Weighting Method (IDWM)

(Weight Average)
1.2.2-1

Search area

1.2.2-1 IDWM
m
(Weight) 2
2 = [ (1/d2n)/( 1/djn)], j =1,,m

d2 = 2
dj = j
n = power factor
2 = (Weight) 2
i zi = j * Cj
Cj =
IDWM 1.2.2-2

1- 14

 1.2.2-2 IDWM
Triangular
Block No.

Area
(S)

Volume
(V)

S1

V1

Weight
Factor (F,
m3/ton )
F

Si

Vi

:
Total
Average

Raw Material
(tons)

Grade (%)

Reserve
(tons)

Q1 = V1/F

Z = * Ci

P1=Z1*Q1

Qi

Zavg = Pi / Qi

:
Pi

1) (Weight)

2)
3) power factor (n)
n = 1
4)

5)

(3) Polygon Method

(Area of Influence)

1.1.5-1

1.2.2-3

1- 15

 1.2.2-3 Polygon Method

Polygon
No.

Area
(S)

Thickness
(t)

Volume
(V)

S1

t1

V1

Weight
Factor (F,
m3/ton )
F

:
Total
Average

Si

Vi

Raw
Material
(tons)
Q1 = V1/F

Grade (%)

Reserve
(tons)

C1

P1=C1*
Q1

Qi

Cavg = Pi /
Qi

:
Pi

1) (Tabular Deposits)
(Oil Shale)
2)

3) (Sampling Patterns)
4) (Overestimated)

5)
(4) (Geostatistics)

(Spatial Variability Structure) (Regionalized
Variables) (Conditioned)



(Percent Grade) (Tonnage)

1)

2) (Sample)

1- 16

3) (Basic Statistics)

4)
(Variogram Calculation and Modeling)
5)
( Kriging Estimation)
6) (Deposit)
7)

1)

2) (Range Distance)
(Searching Area)
IDWM
3)

4) (Weight)

5) (Linear Geostatistic)

(Distribution Function)
(Non-linear Geostatistics)
(Geostatistics Simulation)

(Uncertainty Analysis)

1- 17

2.1
2.2
2.3

2.1

2




2

(final pit limit)

(bench) (berm)


(final pit limit) (cut
off grade)

2- 1






PERT CPM

/
2- 2

2.2

2.2.1

1.
2.

2- 3

3.
4.
5.

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
2
1.

1) (open pit mining)
2)
3) open cast mining strip mining
4) auger mining
2.

1)

2) (solution mining)

2- 4



1.

2.

(gravel pump sand
pump)
3.

(hydraulic elevator)

4.

5.

6.

7.

2- 5

8.

10

9.

30.5 (12 )

10.

hard rock
mining soft rock mining

Howard L. Hartman (Hartman, 1987)

2.2.1-1

2- 6

 2.2.1-1 1

2.2.1-2

Hartman, 1987
2- 7

 2.2.1-2 2
2.2.2

2
1.
2.

(final pit limit)

1.
2.
3.
4.

SME Mining Engineering Handbook, 1992. 543

2- 8

1. ( )
2. (Berm)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(final pit limit)
(cut off grade) ( pit slope)

(
2.2.2-1)
1.
2.
3.
4.

2- 9


1.



2. 3 5


3.

2.2.2-1 3
3

SME Mining Engineering Handbook, 1992. 1274

2- 10



1. (strip)
(economic break-even stripping ratio)
EBESR

/ (/ + / + /)
/

2. (cut off grade)

3. (pit slope)

4.
1) (
20 -30 ) strike

2)

3)
5.
pit slope
economic break-even stripping ratio
4
6.


7. (bench)

8.

2- 11

2.2.2-2 stripping ratio Cut off grade

2.2.2-3 3

2.2.2-4

2- 12

 2.2.2-5

2.2.2-6

2.2.2-7

2- 13

2.2.3 (stripping ratio)

(overburden ratio stripping ratio)

stripping ratio

over-all
stripping ratio


break-even stripping ratio (BESR)
BESR

/ /
/

Economic break-even stripping ratio (EBESR)
EBESR

/ (/ + / + /)
/

2- 14

1.

2.

3.

2.2.4

slip plane

2- 15

rock mechanics

1. rock fall raveling

1) natural angle of repose
2)
3)

2.2.4-1 rock fall

2. plane shear
plane of weakness
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) plane of weakness
2- 16

6) plane of weakness
7)

2.2.4-2 plane shear

3. block flow
/
/
block

2.2.4-3 block flow

4. Rotational shear

Rotation
plane shear

2- 17

 2.2.4-4 Rotational shear

2.2.4-4
R
D
W
Driving moment
Resisting moment
Factor of safety
N = Normal force
= Friction angle

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Radius
Moment arm
Weight
D*W
[N*Tan ]R
[N*Tan ]R/ [D*W]
W cos
Horizontal line
Mohrs circle angle of repose

1)
2)
3)
4)



yield point 2.2.4-5

2- 18

 2. 2.4-5

1.
2.
3. ( Rock
Quality Designation, RQD)
4. in-situ stress, compression strength, shear strength
5.
6. bench face angle

1. , , bench
2. interramp angle

3. (overall pit slope angle)

2.2.4-6

2- 19

 2.2.4-6

1.
1)

2)
3)

2.2.4-7

2- 20

2. (bench) interramp angle

bench
catch bench 2-3
bench
bench (minimum bench width) bench
30 100 Ritchie
Min bench width

= 4.5 ft + 0.2 (bench height)

(berm) 4 bench face angle

75-80
(over break) bench face angle
90 bench face angle interramp
angle
3. interramp Interramp
angle 8%

4.

2.2.5


1.

2. economic break-even stripping ratio (EBESR)

2- 21

3.

1) 2.2.5-1


(marginal cost)
( marginal revenue)


2) 2.2.5-2

3) 2.2.5-3
3

2.2.5-1

2- 22

 2.2.5-2

2.2.5-3
3

2- 23

2.2.6

PERT CPM

1.

2.
3.

1.

2.

3.


1)
2)

overall stripping ratio

3)

4)
( 2.2.6-1)
2- 24

5)

6)
7)
8)
9)

2.2.6-1

2- 25

2.2.7



1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. (recovery factor)
7.
8.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3
1. (mining
sequence)
2.

3. (
)

2- 26



(bench plan)


block model /
3

2.2.8

1.
2.
3.
4.

Block block

block
block

2- 27



1. block
1) block
2) block
3) block
4) block sensitivity analysis
2.
1) Incremental Pit Expansion Trial-and-Error
2) Lerch-Grossman 2
3) Lerch-Grossman 3 Network Flow
4) Floating Cone method

2.3

2- 28

2.3.1
2
1. (rock breakage)


2. (material handling)

1.
2.
3. /
4.

2- 29

1. front end loader truck system
2. shovel/ hydraulic excavator-truck system
3. shovel/hydraulic excavator truck - in pit crushing belt conveyor system
4. BWE-belt conveyor system

1.

2. (fleet dynamic and dispatch
strategies)

3. (stochastic process models of mine
production system)

2- 30

2.3.2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. /
6.
2.3.2-1

2.3.2-1
4
1.


reliability
2- 31

2.



3.


4.

1. /

2. // /




3.

back hoe


2- 32

4.

Production rate
Productivity

= Bucket capacity *Loose density * Bucket fill factor * no. of cycle/hr.

= Production rate * job efficiency factor

5.

6.

mechanical availability factor

10% mechanical availability
factor
7.

2- 33

2.3.3


1.
2.
3.
4.


(equipment specification handbook)

1. loading shovel
18 45
2.3.3-1 2.3.3-2 swing angle
operating efficiency 2.3.3-3 bucket fill factor 2.3.3-4
2.3.3-5

2- 34

 2.3.3-1 loading shovel

2.3.3-2 loading shovel

2- 35

 2.3.3-3 swing angle operating efficiency

2.3.3-4 bucket fill factor

2- 36

 2.3.3-5 swell factor digability

2. front end loader

2 32 60
2.3.3-6
2.3.3-7

2- 37

 2.3.3-6

2.3.3-7

1.

2- 38

Ton / hr.

[60 min / cycle time, min] * truck rating

Bank Cu.m /hr.

[60 min * truck rating]

Cycle time * Swell factor * density

2.

( fixed delay + variable
delay time)

Ton / hr

BCu.m / hr

U
D
E
TR
C
M
SF

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

(U - D)*60*E*TR
U*C
(U D)*60*E*TR
U*C*SF*M
Unit of Time ( 8 )
Fixed delay (hr)
Job efficiency(adjust for variable delay)
Truck rating(Ton)
Cycle time (Min)
Material density(Ton/Cu.m)
Swell factor

3.

Variable Delay

Ton / hr

BCu.m / hr

60*Job efficiency* Truck rating

Cycle time
60*Job efficiency* Truck rating
Cycle time*Swell factor*Density

2- 39

4.
(loading)
(hauling) (dumping) (returning) (spotting)
1) (loading time)

3 -5

Tons per pass

No. pass / load
Load time

=
=
=

Bucket capacity (cu.m) * Fill factor * Loose density (Tons/cu.m)

Truck rated capacity / ton per pass
No. passes * excavator cycle time

2) (turn, spot and dump time)

2.3.3-8

2.3.3-8
3) (spot time at loading position)

2.3.3-9

2- 40

 2.3.3-9
4) (haul time)




(truck gradeability truck performance)
2.3.3-10 retarder chart 2.3.3-11

(rimpull) (vehicle weight)
(grade resistance + rolling resistance)
2.3.3-10
2.3.3-11 (
)
(speed factor) 2.3.3-12

Rimpull (lb)

Rimpull (kg)

Travel time (min)

375 * hp * efficiency
speed (mph)
383 * power (kW) * efficiency
speed (km/h)
distance (km) *60
speed (km/h)

2- 41

 2.3.3-10

2.3.3-11 retarder chart

2.3.3-12 (speed factor)

2- 42

5) (return time)

speed factor 2.3.3-12

2.3.4

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.
7.

8.
9.

2- 43




1.

2.
2

3.

4.

(system engineering)

(Operation Research)
1.
2. (linear programming)
3. PERT/ CPM
4.
5. non-stochastic modeling
6. structural/ regression model
7.
8. mixed-integer programming
9. Queuing Theory

2- 44


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.

95%

N
N
N
S
X

=
=
=
=
=

At 95% confidence limit

[ 40 ( S / X )]2
At 99% confidence limit
[ 60 ( S / X )]2
Sample size needed
Standard deviation of sample
Sample mean

2. (control chart)
(control range)
2.3.4-1

2- 45

 2.3.4-1 Control Charts

3.
linear regression
Y

Y
A1,A2,A3
X1, X2, X3

=
=
=
=

A1X1 + A2X2 + A3X3

Production value as a function of X1, X2, X3
Coefficients determined from regression analysis
Production independent variables

4. Monte Carlo Simulation

(probability function)
random number Monte
Carlo Simulation truck/shovel simulation program

5. dynamic programming
Lerch and Grossman 2 3 Floating Cone Method

6.

2- 46

7. PERT/CPM

8. Queuing Theory

2- 47

3.1

3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

3.1

1)
2)

3)

3- 1

3.2

1)
(room
and pillar) stope and pillar open stope sublevel stoping
2)

(room and pillar) shrinkage stoping cut and fill stoping
timbered stoping
3)
longwall mining sublevel caving
top slicing block caving

3.2-1

3- 2

 3.2-1

1. open stope

2. sublevel stoping
strike
(overhand stoping) (chute)

3. (room and pillar) open stope

4. longwall mining

(advancing system) (retreating system)

3- 3

5. shrinkage stoping
35-40%
60-65%

stope stope
6. vertical crater retreat (VCR)
shrinkage stoping
crater blasting
shrinkage stoping VCR
sublevel stoping cut and fill
7. cut and fill

8. Square set stoping (square set)

square set stoping

9. top slicing


10. sublevel caving
15-50
(drift)

15-20% sublevel
caving block caving
11. block caving

3- 4


Mining
Engineering Handbook SME

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

3- 5

 3.2-2

3- 6

3.3

1.
2.
3.
4.
3.3.1

3

3- 7

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

3- 8

3.3.2

1.
2.

3. block model grid model

seam model
3.3.3

3- 9




1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

1. /
2.
3.
4.

1.

3- 10






2.
Stope


(Recovery factor)

3.





4.



1)
2)


3)
4)

5)
6)

3- 11

7)

3.3.4

1.
2.
3.
4. ( )
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3.3.4-1

3- 12

 3.3.4-1

3.3.4-2

3- 13

 3.3.4-3

3- 14

3.4

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

3- 15



hanging wall
strike
(drift)
3.4.1

1.
2.
3.

4.

2




3.4.1-1

Q
W
k
t

= (Hoist Load, Tonnes, (Skip))

= ,
= irregularity factor, 2 1.15
= 1.25
= ,
3- 16

T
=

= , .
=
, .

3.4.1-1

3- 17

3.4.2
2
1.

2.


20

di
a
Rc
n
p

= thickness of concrete shaft lining, mm.

= shaft radius, m
= allowable stress of concrete in MPa
= coefficient of lining work conditions
= calculated outside pressure acting on lining, MPa

3.4.2-1

, Rc, 3.4.2-2 coefficient of lining work

conditions, n, 3.4.2-3
(shaft collar)


1 1.5

3- 18

3.4.2-1

3..4.2-2

3- 19

 3.4.2-3 Coefficient of lining work conditions, n,

3.4.3

2
1.
2.

0.5 .

3- 20

1.
1)

2)


3)

a.
b.

c.

d.
e.


2 .

3.
a.
b.

c.
d.
4.
(q)

3- 21

a.

b.

c.

(q)
(S) S 20 .
( q) Hole
utilization factor ()

Hole utilization factor () = Effective hole length/Total hole length

3.4.3-1
3.4.3-1 hole loading factor (a)

5. (N)
A1
= .
6.

3.4.3-2 1

3- 22

7. (drill pattern)

3.4.3-3

3.4.3-1 Hole utilization factor ()

3- 23

 3.4.3-2 1

3- 24

 3.4.3-3
8. (mucking) 50 60%

scraper, overshot loader, Cryderman mucker, Cactus grab 3.4.3-4
3.4.3-5
9.

10.

3- 25

 3.4.3-4

3- 26

 3.4.3-5 1

0.5 .
3.4.3-6

After Hynd, 1982

3- 27

 3.4.3-6

3- 28

3.4.4
(adit) (drift)
(cross cut)

2
1.
2. roadheader, continuous miner tunnel boring machine

tunnel boring machine (TBM)

roadheader, continuous miner tunnel boring machine

TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine)

3- 29

TBM 3.4.4-1

3.4.4-1 TBM

3.5

1.

3- 30

2.

3.

4.
5.

(crib)

(rock bolt)


3.5-1

3- 31

 3.5-1 2

Mining Engineering Handbook SME 10.5 Ground Control

3.5-2
L = B 2/3
2

Types of rock bolts commonly used (Peng and Tang, 1984)

3- 32

 L = B =

1.2 -1.5

3.5-2

3- 33

3.6

1.
a.
b.
2.
a. /
b.
c. /
3.
a.
b.



1.
2.
3.

4.

3- 34

3.6.1



/

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Qg(1 TLV)
TLV - Bg

Q
Qg
Bg
TLV (threshold limit value)

3- 35




100 200 .
3,000 .
9,000 .

60
3.6.2
(dry air density)

w , .
B ,
td ,

(f) ,,

1.327(B 0.378f)
w
=
(460 + td)
3.6.3
energy balance

1. (Total head), HT
HT = Hs + Hv
2.
Hv = w(V/1098 )2
Hv (V/4000 )2

w = 0.0750 lb/ft3

3- 36

3. 1 2
H f 1-2 = HT1 HT2
4. Atkinson

5.
w = 0.0750 lb/ft3

6. Atkinson

7. (shock loss)

8. shock loss
9.

HT
Hs
Hv
Hf
Hx

=
=
=
=
=

total head,
gage static head,
velocity head,
,
(shock loss)

3- 37

HL
Q
V
L
Le

O
A
K

= shock loss ,

= , .
= ,
= ,
= (equivalent length)
(shock loss)
3.6.3-1
= ,
= ,
= Atkinson
3.6.3-2

R
= Atkinson
X
= Shock loss factor
AHP =

3- 38

 3.6.3-1 (equivalent length)

3.6.3-2 Atkinson

3- 39

3.6.4

1. /
2.
3.

1. (temporary stoppings)

2. (permanent stoppings)


3. (door)

4. (crossings)


5. regulators

3- 40

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.1

4.1-1

4- 1

4.2

4.2-1 3

1. (hole diameter)
2. (hole depth)
3. (bench height)
4. (sub drilling depth)
5. (stemming distance)
6. (stemming material)
7. (burden
and spacing)
4- 2

8.
9.
10.
11.

(number of holes in the blast)

(direction of rock movement)
(timing)
(types of explosive and initiation system)

B
S
J (U)
T
H
C
L
P
b

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

(burden)
(spacing)
(sub drilling )
(stemming distance)
(bench height )
(charge)
(hole depth)
(primer)
(booster)

4.2-2

4- 3

4.2.1



Toe
(back break)

burden (air
blast)

4.2.1-1

1. Atlas Powder Company 1987
B = ((SGe/SGr) + 1.5) De

B
SGe
SGr
De

=
=
=
=

()

4- 4

2. Swedish Practice
B =d

B
d

= ()
= ()

3. Nitro Nobel 1990 ANFO

B = 1.36 lb
B
lb

= ()
= /

4. T.W. Edmonds
B = 44 d

B
d

= ()
= ()

5. C.J. Konya
B = 3.15 d (SGe/SGr) 1/3

B
d
SGe
SGr

= ()
= ()
=
=

6. O. Anderson
B = (d L) 1/2

d
L

= ()
= ()

4.2.2
burden
burden 1-1.8 burden

4- 5

S = (1.0 - 1.8) B

S
B

= ()
= ()

burden




1.25 -1.5
3 . ANFO
0.8 2.6 burden 6
1.5 burden 9
1.25 burden

4.2.3
0.7 burden

0.7-1.3
(burden distance)
T = (0.7-1.3) B

T
B

= ()
= ()

4- 6


(air
blast)

4.2.4









0.05 (
3 0.15 )

(drilling cutting)


Burden

4- 7

4.2.5
(sub drilling)


(

4.2.5-1

20-50 % burden 30 % burden

J(U) = 0.3 B

J (U )
B

= ()
= ()

4- 8

4.2.6




1.
- ( back break)
- (sub drilling)
-
-
2.
-
-
-

-
-
4.2.7

4- 9


(Down the Hole Drill)

3 4 burden
2
burden

() 5

5
4.2.8


1. (soft seam)

2.

3.

4- 10

 4.2.8-1 (Decking)
4.2.9 ()
(explosive factor powder factor)









0.2 /
0.4 /

4- 11

4.2.10

2


(non-electric millisecond delay blasting detonator)

8/1,000 25/1,000

4.2.11



1.


(
)
(square pattern)
V
dragline
shovel 4.2.11-1



back hoe front end loader

4.2.11-2

4- 12

 4.2.11-1 V

4.2.11-2
2. (priming)

ANFO
(velocity of detonation) 5,200 / (detonation
pressure) 80 6

2-5 %
ANFO

4- 13


ANFO
3.
ANFO






top hammer
1


10 -15


ANFO
4.

4- 14

4.3


(controlled
blasting) 2
(pre-splitting) (trim
wall blasting or cushion blasting)
4.3.1

( pre-split row)

10
S = 10 Dh

Dh
S

= ()
= ()

(10)
12-14

4- 15

dec = Dh ( 2/28)

dec = (/)
Dh = ()

100-150
10-15

(buffer row) (pre-split row)
(sub-drilling)
4.3.2

12-16

(pre-split row)

4- 16


(buffer row)

15-20

4.3.2-1
(Pres-splitting) 1

Surface Mining 2 nd edition, 1990

4- 17

 4.3.2-2 (Trim wall blasting) 2

4.3.3

1/60
2 33

Surface Mining 2 nd edition, 1990

4- 18

 4.3.3-1
4.3.4

ANFO

2
1. (primary blasting)
3,000 1 32
15 40
20-50

4.3.4-1

4- 19

2. (secondary
blasting and division)

4.3.4-2

4.4

(ground vibration) (noise and air blast)
(fly-rock)

300

4- 20

4.4.1

(amplitude) (displacement) (velocity) (acceleration)

4.4.1.1
(Peak particle velocity)


(scaled distance)

(The United Stated Bureau of Mines: Report
of Investigation No. 8507 ; USBM. RI 8507)

1.

(The United Stated Office of Surface Mining

: USOSM)

(The United Stated Bureau of Mines: Report of Investigation No. 8507 ;
USBM. RI 8507)


3
4- 21

1 (Limiting Particle Velocity

Criterion)

()
0 - 300
301 - 5,000
5,001

(/)
1.25
1.00
0.75

4.4.1-1

2
(Scaled Distance Equation Criterion)

(scaled distance) 4.4.1-2

()
0 - 300
300 - 5,000
5,001

(/ )
50
55
65

4.4.1-2
4- 22

3 (Blast Level Chart

Criterion)

4.4.1-3
3

(USOSM Regulation using method 3)

4- 23






V = K ( D/ W ) -m
(a)
:
V
D
W

=
=
=

D / W =
K, m
=

(maximum peak particle) /

:

8/1000 / (total weight of explosive per minimum of
8-msec. delay)
: / (scaled distance for a cylindrical charge : ft/lb)
(site factors)

: (a) 6

10,000 700
-
(upper limit) upper
limit

: K = 160 ( Y (intercept)
= 1) m = - 1.6 ()

V = 160 ( d / W ) -1.6
(1)
: K = 1143, m = -1.6

V

= 1,143 ( d / W ) -1.6

4- 24

(2)

100

PPV
(/)

Upper Limit

10

0.1
1.0

10.0

100.0

(/ )

4.4.1-4 - 4
K 24 600
(degree of confinement)
K
K = 24
(under confined)
K = 160
(normal confinement)
K = 600
(over confined)

USOSM
4- 25

 4.4.1-5 K 2

. 2535 - 2542
500

: K = 100 m = - 1.5

V = 100 ( d / W ) -1.4
(3)
: K = 600 m = -1.4

V = 600 ( d / W ) -1.4

4- 26

(4)

1 .0

1 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 0 .0

1 0 0 0 .0 0

1 0 0 .0 0

USA
ppv=160(ft //lb)^-1.6

1 0 .0 0

ppv= 100(ft //lb)^-1.5

ppv
( ./ )

1 .0 0

0 .1 0

0 .0 1

0 .0 0
( ./ / )

4.4.1-6 - 5

(scaled distance) 70
/ 120 /
6

(USOSM)

6

4- 27

SD

W70

W120

300
500
700
1,000
1,200
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000

90
249
489
998
1,437
2,245
3,992
6,237
8,982

31
85
166
340
489
764
1,358
2,122
3,056

SD = (Safe Distance: )
W70 =
(SD: 70 / )( )
W120 =
(SD: 120 / ) ( )
4.4.1-7

2.

4- 28


(/)
0.1
0.15
0.35
1.0
2.2
6.0
14.0

4.4.1-8 7
Australian Standard AS
2187-1983
- 2.0 /
- 10 /
-
25 /
(Australian Environment Council)

- 5 / 5 %

- 10 /
4.4.1.2

4- 29

(Maximum Allowable Air Overpressure With Monitors Having Various

Frequency Response Capabilities )
0.1 Hz or lower flat response
2.0 Hz or lower flat response
6.0 Hz or lower flat response
C Weighted slow response

134 dB peak
133 dB peak
129 dB peak
105 dB peak

1.

(USOSM)
(USBM, RI 8485)

(Coal highwall)
(Coal parting)

Unconfined blast

4- 30

=
=
=
=
=

180 /3
500 /3
250 /3
500 /3
800 /3

2.

(USBM)
(s/w1/3)
(s/w1/3) 1.75

MAXIUM FLYROCK RANGE L (FT)

10000

1000

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.25

0.15

100

s/w1/3 (ft/lb1/3 )

4.4.1-9
(s/w1/3)
( 3 )

4- 31

5.1

5.2
5.3

5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10

5.1

5.2

2
.


(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

5- 1

1.

(Crushing) (Grinding)
2.
(Screening) (Classification)

3.

3.1

(1) (Hand Picking/Sorting)
()

(2) (Gravity Concentration)

5- 2

 (Heavy Media)
(Jig) (Shaking Table) (Heavy Media Separator)
(Air Table)
(3)

(4)



(Electrostatic Separator) (High Tension Separator)
3.2

(1) (Flotation)

(2)
()
(Calcination) CO2 S
(Sintering)

5- 3

(3)

(NaCN) (Thio-Urea) (Potassium Dichromate)

4. (Solid liquid Separation)



(Thickening) (Filtering) (Drying)
5.

5- 4

5.2-1

5- 5

5.3

5.3.1

2 2

5.3.1-1
A

B
a

C
b

c
a

5.3.1-1

A = B+C

Aa = Bb + Cc
a
c
A1 = C 1
b
b

A
C
=
cb ba

A
B
C
=
=
cb ca ba

5- 6

B ac
=
A bc
C ba
=
A bc

Bb b(a c )
=
Aa a(b c )
Cc c(b a )
=
Aa a(b c )

A B C

B ac
=
A bc

% Yield

(Recovery) = Bb =
Aa

= (a c )
a

(b c )

Recovery( R )

b(a c )
a(b c )

b
(b c )

( a c)

(Ratio of concentration)
Ratio of concentration

A
B

bc
ac

2

.

.



5- 7

5.3.2

(circulating load)

T
Ri

=
=

T
(1 R )

20 0.2
=
100 .

Ri

100
(1 0.2 )

125

100%

Ri

R
E

=
=
=

R
E

T
1 R

0.9 (90%)
5- 8

100
0.2
1
0.9
128.57 100

100

128.57 .

28.57 %

100
130 .

5.4

5.4.1

(jaw crusher) (cone and gyratory crusher)
(hammer and impact mill) (shredder)
(rod and ball mills)
(shredder)
(impact crusher)

5- 9

5.4.2

(work index, Wi)

Wi (kWh)
100

Wi
Wi
Wi
Wi 30

5.4.2-1

5.4.2-1

Wi ( . )

(clay)

7.1-7.8

11.4-12.5

3.1-3.4

14.4-15.8

25.2

11.5

16.5

12.84

12.77

19.91

(slag)

15.7

(cement clinker)

14.84

5- 10

5.4.2-1

(reduction ratio)
5.4.2-2

160

, kWh/t

140

120
100
80

E, kWh/ton

60
40
20
0
10

100

1000
10000

100000

1000000

5.4.2-2
5- 11

5.4.2-2
5.4.2-2

( roll crusher)
(swing hammer)
(ball mill)
(fluid energy mill)

86%
20%
8%
2%

5.4.3

()
EB

EB

Wi

1
X 10 .5

10 Wi 10.5 10 .5
X1
X2

2k

X 20 .5

(work index) X = 80
(80% passing size)

(Work Index)

(Bond impact crushing test) 1
5
5- 12

 0.218 C P 0.5 [(F 0.5 P 0.5 )/ F 0.5 ] 0.746

S
2.59C
S

W (kWh/) =

Wi

(impact strength)

- 1
..

5.4.4

(1)

(crushability) Wi = 2.59
S
(grindability)
Wp =

23
Gr

0.625

W p =

20
Gb 0.820

Wi = 0.80W p

P
100

(Jaw crusher)

(2)


25
(circulating load)

(3)

(primary crushing)
3 4 1 (Impact
5- 13

crusher) 10 1

(4)

.
.

5.4.4-1

(crushability)

-
-
-

(Wi)

5.4.4-1

5- 14

5.5

2


(1)

(2)

(3)

(undersize) (oversize)


5.5.1

-
-

-
-

5- 15

(1)
(2)

(1)


(2)

(3)


(4)


(stroke)
(frequency) (vibrating screen)
()

5- 16

(5) ()

()

(6)

g
r

nc

1
2

nc

=
=
=

32.2 2

g
r

50 (lifter)
80
2- 5

11.36Q m
=

0.5
d b FK v g tan

D
Qm

=
=

0.4

(throughput)
5- 17

db

Kv

F
g

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

..

1.35 = 3o
1.85 = 5o
0.25
32.2 2

5.5.2

2
(1) (fixed screen)

(Grizzly bars)
75-300 .

(primary crushing)
(sieve bend)

50

5- 18

 5.5.2-1 (sieve bend)

(2) (moving screen)

(shaking screen)

()
o 150 7510
.
o 200-300 25
-75 .
(vibrating screen)

o 500-2,500
10 .
o 25-500
15-30 .

5- 19

 (revolving or trommel screen)

5.5.3

(1) (woven wire)
(2) (perforated plate)
(3) (space bar)
(4) (rubber lined perforated plate)

%
=
( / ( + )) x 100
5.5.3-1
5.5.3-1
()

0.045
0.063
0.069
0.093
0.120

0.010
18
13
12
10
7

()
0.020 0.030
30
40
24
32
22
30
18
24
14
20

5- 20

0.040
47
38
36
30
25

0.060
57
48
46
39
33

 (screen efficiency)

5.5.4-1

5.5.4

. ()

5.5.4-1
2
E1
=
(oversize recovery)
=

O
xo
F
xf
E2

=
=
=
=
=

Oxo

Fx
f

100

(undersize recovery)

U (1 xu )

F (1 x f

5- 21

xu
E1 E 2

5.6

2
2

(centrifugal sedimentation)



5.6-1

5- 22

 5.6-1

(1) (cylindrical section)
(2) (conical section)
(3) (inlet)
(4) (vortex finder)
(5) (apex)

5.6.1

d50
d50
d50

d50


5- 23

 d50 (Dc) ()
() = ( s - e )
Q
=

d50

18 V(r) r

2
( s - l )V(t)

1/ 2

(pressure drop)

d50

Q
=
278 k (Di x DO)m P
i

Q
Di , Do
P
m

../

(atm)

1.0

278 k

D c2
12

5.6.2

(vortex finder)



0.05



0.35

5- 24


(retention time)


(included angle) 10
20

(apex)

0.1
0.35
(1)

(Dc) Dc

5.6.2-1
(inlet)

(optimum separation)
Di = Dc / 4, Do = Dc / 3, L / Dc = 5, l / Dc = 0.4
(optimum classification)
Di = Dc / 7, Do = Dc / 7, L / Dc = 2.5, l / Dc = 0.4

5- 25


(vortex finder)
d50

(Du)
(Rf )
(overflow) Rf

5- 26

 5.6.2-1
( AKW)

5- 27

(2)
. (Dc)

d50 Dcx x 1.35 1.5

y
P Dc y 3.6 4.1

( P )
. (Di)

Dc/6 Dc/7
. (Do)
(Do)
Dc/5 Dc/7

0.33 Dc 0.4 Dc

. (Du)
(apex)
(Rf)




(Du) 0.1 Dc 0.2 Dc
.
30
8.5 9 (PSI) 8
12 13

5- 28

5.6.3

()



97 99


d50
(Dahlstroms equation) (Bradleys
equation)

(water
split)

(corrected reduced recovery curve)

(d50C)



d50C

5- 29







10 (10% by wt.) 5 10
40 5 100


.
.
.

=
K1(P )0.5

K 2(Do )1.0

=
K 3(% water )0.12

5.7

5.7.1

5- 30





5.7.1-1

5.7.1-1


( .. )

5.7.1-2


5- 31

. (+)

. (-)

5.7.1-2
(

.. .. )
5.7.1-3

100
90

(separability curve)

80
70
60
50

..

40

30

..

20
10
0
0

4
5
(
.. )

5.7.1-3

5- 32

5.7.2

(1) (size separation)

( 5.7.2-1)
(2) (specific gravity separation)

.. (heavy liquid)
.. .. 5.7.2-1

5- 33

 5.7.2-1 (float and sink separation

analysis)

5.0

3.31
2.95
2.89
2.75
2.48
1.92
1.67
1.61
1.59
1.46
1.33
1.25

Clerici Solution
(Thallium malonate and formate)
Methylene iodide
Acetylene tetrabromide
Bromoform
Tribromo-fluoro-methane
Methylene Bromide
Methylene chlorobromide
Pentachloroethane
Perchloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Methyl chloroform
Ethylene dichloride

(TICOOH)2C/TICOOH

CH2I2
CHBr2 CHBr2
CHBr3
CBr3F
CH2Br2
CH2BrCl
CCl3-CHCl2
CCl2-CCl2
CCl4
CCl2-CHCl
CCl3-CH3
CH2Cl-CH2Cl

..
..

.. ..
5.7.2-1

5- 34

100

80
%

60

40
20
0
1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

..

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

5.7.2-1
(3)

(magnetic separation)

Frantz isodynamic separator, Induced roll magnetic separator, Cross belt
magnetic separator (Eddy current separator)
(4)

(flotation separation)

(release analysis)

(release curve) 5.7.2-2

5- 35


100
90

RECOVERY OF Cu %

80
70

Release Curve

60

Feed grade 2.65% Cu

50
40
30
20
10
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

CUM. MASS OF CONC. PER 100 UNITS OF Cu

5.7.2-2
5.7.3

(separation
efficiency)


5.7.3-1 (Et)

5.7.3-1

(Concentrate) (Underflow) (Feed)
% Yield

5- 36


..

(Grade or Partition Efficiency)

(Et)
..

.. ()
..
( .. )

x

(Grade Efficiency Function, G(x))

(Stokes
diameter) (terminal settling velocity diameter)
(cut point) X50 ( d50)
..

5.7.3-2
Y 50

5- 37

100
80
60
G(x)%

40
20
0
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.44

5.7.3-2
(Partition
Efficiency) ..
.. 5.7.3-3

(sharpness of cut)
(sharpness index)
2 d50
H25/75 =
d25/ d75
H10/90 =
d10/ d90
H35/65 =
d35/ d65
(RECOVERY FROM FEED)

1.2

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-0

()

5.7.3-3
5- 38

 (partition efficiency)

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0

10

20

30

40

50

()

5.7.3-4 (Partition Efficiency)

5.7.3-4
d50 50
( (UF)
(OF)) 6

5.8

5- 39

 2
2
2

5.8.1

(high gradient magnetic separator)
(electrostatic separator) (high tension separator)

(1) (Magnetic Separation)

3
3
(magnetic susceptibility)

(field intensity) (field gradient)
2

3
.
(ferromagnetic) (Magnetite)
. (paramagnetic)
. (diamagnetic)

(high gradient)

5- 40


(wet high intensity)

H i
Hi =

Bi

ai i

ai

I 1 (single turn)

li

li
ai i

I1 = H i l i =
i

li
ai i

(magnetic reluctance)

In =

I1
n

H=

ag g

nI n / a g g
l i / ai i

ag g 4 10 7 H/m

l i / ai i
(2)

(Electrostatic and High Tension

Separation)
2
(Electrostatic and High Tension
Separation) 5.8.1-1

5- 41

 5.8.1-1

0.1-5 . ( 10 .

50-1000

(electrical conductivity)



(dielectric constant)
( 60-70 )

(Rutile) (Ilmenite) (Zircon)
(Monazite)
(Columbite) (Tantalite)

. (conductor)
. (insulator or dielectric)

. (semi-conductor)

5- 42

.
(Electrostatic Separation)
(induction)
(conduction)

5.8.1-1

(electrostatic)

5- 43

 5.8.1-2 (charging by induction)

.

(Electro-Dynamic Separation)
(electro-dynamic)
(high tension separation)

(ion bombardment)



30
(corona
discharge)





2

(corona discharge)


5- 44

(image force)

5.8.1-3

(ionizing electrode)


(static electrode)

(hopper)
s

( 27 10 6 C/m2 )

5- 45


Fc = m 2 R

m R

r s

Fi =

q
1
4 0

4r 2 s

q2

4 0 (2r )2

(C)

9 10 9 N m2/C2 r

()
(lifting effect)

()

(pinning effect)

(image
force)
5.8.1-4

5.8.1-4 (image force)

5- 46

 (pinning factor) 2 R
s
.

4
- (Charging-Discharging Mechanism)

-

10 100 (kV)
400,000 V/m
(3 10 6 ) V/m
-

2
(1) (Electro-Dynamic or High Tension
Separator, HTS)
50 1000
75

5- 47

 5.8.1-5
(2) (Electrostatic Separator)

2
(2.1) (Rotor Type)

5.8.1-6

5- 48

(2.2) (Plate Type)

5.8.1-7
2

(1)

(2)

(Rutile) (Ilmenite)
50 300
70-90

(3)


5- 49



5.8.2

(placer
deposit) (beach sands)
(jigging) (shaking table)
(heavy media) (air separation)
(spiral concentrator) (elutriator)


(hydraulic beneficiation)
- (shaking tables)
- (jigging)
- (hydrocyclones)
- (classifiers)
(air separation)
- (air classifiers)

5- 50



-
-
-

ma = mg wg R

m
=
a
=
g
=
w
=
R
=
0
R
=

t=0
0

a = m m w g = 1 fluid g

solid

a
2

(viscosity)
(hindered settling) (terminal
velocity)
(gravity concentration)
2
5- 51

(1) 2

(2) 2

(Ratiogravity) =

S .Gheaviest 1
S .Glightest 1

2.5 74 (200 )

1.75
1.50
1.25
<1.25

65
10
0.5
(
)
3
.
(Jigging)
.
(Shaking Table)
. (Flowing
Film)
(1) (Jigging)




2
5- 52

(plunger) (pulsation)

(bed)

. (pulsation)
.
.

5.8.2-1
(hindered settling)

(pulsation)
(suction)
5- 53



(1.1)


(bed)
.

. 300
0.2
. 5/8
.

. 10 50 1
24 .
. 0.1 0.2
5.6 ( 0.8 )

65

(1.2)

5.8.2-1


60 .
1.5

5- 54

 5.8.2-1

()

(.)
5 10
14

(/./)
39 49
19

0.1 0.15

hp =

A
d

Ad 0.5
5000

=
=

(1.3)
2
1.

2. (ragging)



( 5.8.2-5)
- (hematite) .. 4.5
(scheelite)

- (feldspar) .. 2.6 (.. 1.5)

(shale) .. 2.65

5- 55

 5.8.2-5
(2)
(Shaking Table)

(riffles)

5.8.2-6

5- 56

(riffles)

5.8.2-6
2



(1) (riffles)

(2)

(3)
20 450 2
(Sand Table)
(Slime Table) 200-300



5- 57

 5.8.2-2

5.8.2-2

(riffles)
(stroke frequency)
(stroke length)

(200-300 )
(10-20 .)

20-25



(spiral classifier)


5-6 16 1-5 .
(slime table) 3-6
24 .
5- 58

(3) (Sink and Float Separation)

. (heavy liquid)
tetrabromoethane, pentachlorethane

. (heavy media)
(suspension)



()

(3.1) (Heavy Media Separation)

(Ferrosilicon) 85 15
3.0
3 (1)
(2) (3)

5- 59

1)
2)
3)

4)

(8 ) 65
5)
6)
8 0.25
(Cone) (Drum)
0.25 65 (Heavy
Media Cyclone)
2
a b a .. b b
a

d a2 g ( sa )
d b2 g ( sb )
=v =
v =
18

da

db

18

= sb
sa

da
db

sb

sa

0.5

.. b

da
db

b a
.. b a
( )

d 2 g ( s a )
v=

18 a

5- 60

d
s
a
a

=
=
=
=
=

( 5.8.2-3) ..
..
(Magnetite)
(Ferrosilicon)
5.8.2-3

(...)
(Shale)
2.0-2.6
(Quartz)
2.65
(Barite)
4.5
(Magnetite)
5.18
(Ferrosilicon) 6.8
(Galena)
7.8

11.35

()

35-100
-200
-325
-65
-65
-

1) (H.M.S Drum)
6
. 200 . ( 0.25-8 ) 2 -4
3 4




5- 61

(pool area) (retention time)


.

(pool area)

13.6 .
100 . (4 )
2.7 .
10 . (0.5 )
.

2.5 -3
1-1.5
.

(lifter capacity)
(lifters)

American Cyanamid
Huntington-Heberlein (H-H) (Chance Cone)

5- 62


(air lift)



(Spiral)

(Heavy Media Cyclone Dense Media Cyclone)

5.8.2-7 (Drum type)

5- 63

2)

(Heavy Media Cyclone)

.. (vortex finder)
.. (apex)
3
3 d50 d50
10



d50

6.7-7 1
5.8.2-4

%
56.5
30.5
13

%
19.2
70.8
10

5- 64

42e 2
d=
( )hQ

e
h
Q

=
=
=
=
=
=

100 (cp.) 10

2 24
5.8.2-5

5.8.2-6
5.8.2-5
()

2
8
14
20
24

(.) ..
1.35
2.0
3.0
0.5
0.7
1.0
7.5
11.0
17.0
25.0
37.0
56.0
50.0
74.0
110.0
70.0
103.0
156.0

5- 65

 5.8.2-6

8-10 psig
10
150
450
750
1000

()
(feed)
(overflow)
(underflow)
1/2
1
3/8
11/2
21/2
1
4
6
5
6
8
6
8
10
7

2.0 2.4 .
5 6.5 . 1.75 2.5
( 4 )
5.8.2-8

5.8.2-8

5- 66

5.8.3

(1) (Flocculation and Coagulation)

2
(coagulation)

(flocculation)

pH
(electrostatic
attraction)

London Van der Waals (energy barrier)


(NaCl) (CaCl2) (Al2(SO4)3)
Na+ Ca++ Al+++

5- 67

Al2 (SO4)3
+25mV

Al2 (SO4)3

CaCl2
NaCl

ppm

-25mV

5.8.3-1
-25 mV.

Al+++
(Al2(SO4)3)
(coagulation)

(1) (NaCl) (CaCl2)
(Al2(SO4)3) (Ca(OH)2)

(2) (Polyacrylamide)

(3)

5- 68

(2) (Thickening)


(underflow) 40-60

(h) (t)
(Batch Settling Curve)
5.8.3-2
h
W
A

t
W

5.8.3-2 h/W/A t/W/A

W A whA wt A

A
h
w A

t
w A

=
=

1
(concentration )

A
wt

hA
W

/
=

(dilution)

5- 69

= ( Unit Area )

1
(Flux)

(Flux)
(D)
(Unit Area)
(underflow)

5.8.3-3

U
5.8.3-3
1
=
2+3+4
(Flux)

5- 70

 A =

=
(Flux) =
(w t )
=
=
A

LA

w L

LA t

= CV =

(C)
L
t

V D 6.8.3-4

V
D

5.8.3-4
V/D (Flux)
( 5.8.3-5)
u
=
(underflow)
u

=
A

(Flux)

u
A
u

V +
A

V+

V D

5- 71

A (m2)
V1 D1

Vn Dn
U (m3/s)
5.8.3-5

=
A
=
C uU

= DU
u

=
(Unit Area) =

V +
A

D
V
1
1

C C
u

(D Du )
V

V D

U/A

Du

5.8.3-6

(Unit Area) V D

5- 72

V
D Du

 (Du)
Du V D
D V = D VD
u

m 2 kg

hr

(Deep Cone)

5.8.3-7 . ( Deep Cone) (Lamellar) .

5- 73


(Lamella)

(3) (Filtration)

(filter cake)


(optimum cycle time)

1. ( P)
2.
3.
4.
5.



5.8.3-8

5- 74

5.8.3-8

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3
1)
(surface cake filtration)

( 10
)
2)
(deep bed filtration)



( 0.1)
3)
(medium filtration)

5- 75

(3.1)

5.8.3-9

P
2
(1) ( medium resistance ) (R)
(2) (cake resistance) (Rc)

( AP )
Q
=
(R + R )
C

dv
dt

(incompressible cake)

5- 76

 Rc
W

W
(.)
()

=
=
=
=

( A P )

(W + R )

(3.2)
W
( AP )
Q
=
v

C ( ) + R
A

w = wA = cV
C =
V =

dt
v R
= c 2

+
dv
A P AP

a1 = c

b1 = R

dt
1
v
= a1 2

+ b1
dv
AP
A P

P
t

dt =
0

a1

vdv +

A 2 P 0

b1
dv
AP 0

v2
+ b1 v
t = a1 2

AP
2 A P

t v
R

t
a v b
= 1 + 1
v
2P A P
A
t
v
= a + b
v
A
A
b
t
1
= a1 2
v + 1
A
v
P
A
P

t
= av + b
v

5- 77

a=

a1
2 A P
2

c
2 A P
2

b1
R
=
AP AP
V
t
(V A)
A

b=

R
2P
c
P
R = (intercept )

= (slope )

()

()
5.8.3-10

= 1/C

5.8.3-10

5- 78

 (Optimum cycle time)

t
= aV + b
t = aV 2 + bV
V
t d = (dead

y=

V
V
=
2
(t + t d ) aV + bV + t d

time)

dy {(aV 2 + bV + t d ) V (2aV + b )}
=
dV
(aV 2 + bV + t d )2

dy
=0
dV

2
( + b )}
{(aV + bV2 + t d ) V 2aV
=0
2

(aV

Vopt

Vopt

t
= d
a

+ bV + t d )

t = aV 2 + bV

t opt = t d + b

td
b
= t d 1 +
a
a td

b = 0
topt = td
V t

5- 79

Vopt

t opt
td

5.8.3-11 (optimum cycle time)

Vopt

t d
t opt 5.8.3-11

dVopt
dt opt

5.9

(t

Vopt
d

+ t opt )

(2aV

1
opt

+ b)

5.9.1

(dissolved air flotation, DAF)

5- 80




(free surface energy)
(surface tension)



(chemical bond)





(physical bond)

6
(1)

5- 81



(Chalcocite Cu2S) (Galena PbS) ( Zinc Blend ZnS) (Bornite
Cu3FeS2) (Pyrite FeS2) (Arseno Pyrite FeAsS)

(2) (Talc)
(Graphite ) (Sulphur) ( Molybdenum )


(3)

(4) (Scheelite
CaWO4) (Powellite CaMoO4) (Apatite Ca(F,Cl)(PO4)3) ( Fluorite CaF2 )
(Calcite CaCO3) (Barite BaSO4) (Magnesite MgCO3) (Dolomite
CaMg(CO3)2)

(5) (Silica SiO2)

(Corundum Al2O3 ) ( Gypsum CaSO4 ) (Zircon ZrSiO4) (Rutile TiO2)
(Ilmenite FeTiO3) ( Molybdenite MoO3 ) (Hematite Fe2O2)
(Magnetite Fe3O4) (Cassiterite SnO2) ( Pyrolusite MnO2) (Kyanite Al2SiO5)
(Feldspar (Na,K,Ca)AlSi3O8) (Spodumene NaAl(SiO3)2) (Clay)
(Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18)

(6) (Halite NaCl ) ( Sylvite KCl )

(Carnallite KMgCl3.3H2O )

5- 82

 ( surface reactivity and conditions )

(non-polar)
5.9.2

(1) (

)
(2)

(3)

2
.


.

5- 83


(1)
(2)
(3)








(Molybdenite)

(Frother)

(1) (collector)

(hetero-polar) (functional ends)

5- 84

(chemi-sorption) (electrostatic
attraction) (physical adsorption)

3
. (anionic collector)


RAH R AH

RAH + NaOH RANa

RA.Na RA + Na +

RA

(Oleic acid) (Xanthate)
(Dithiophosphate) ( Suphonate) (Succinate) 5.9.2-1

C17 H 33 COOH + Na 2 CO3 C17 H 33 COOH + C17 H 33 COONa C17 H 33 COO + Na +

5- 85

 5.9.2-1
(Fatty acid)

1)
- (Xanthate) (Dithiophosphate)
- (Dialkyl thionocarbamates, Dow Z-200)
-
(Thiocarbanilide
mercaptobenzothiozole Cyanamid R-404)
- (Xanthogen formats, Minerec)
- (Dixanthogens)
2)
- (Oxyhydryl group)
- (Carboxylates)
- (Organic sulfates) (Sulfonates)
.

(cationic collector)

(Amines)

(Alkyl) (Aryl)

5- 86

 R NH 2 R1 R2 NH

5.9.2-2
R.NH + HCl RHN 2 .HCl
R.NH 2 .HCl R.NH 3 + + Cl

5.9.2-2

(non-ionic collectors)



(Creosote)

(2)

(Frothers)

(hetero-polar molecules)

(alcohol) (glycol ethers) ( pine

5- 87

oil) (cresylic acid) ( methyl isobutyl carbinol MIBC)

(polypropylene glycol ethers)
R OH
MIBC



(3)

. (activator)

. (depressant)

2
1. (Cyanide)
2.

3. ( pH modifiers)
3

4. (dispersants)

5- 88

5. (activated carbon)

% (recovery)

(Silica) (Oleic acid)

(Fe3+) (Cu2+) (activator)
5.9.2-3 5.9.2-4

Fe3+

Cu2+

14 pH

5.9.2- 3 pH

5- 89

 5.9.2- 4 pH
5.9.2-1

Cu++
Pb++
Pb++
Ca++

CuSO4
Lead Acetate Lead acetate
CaO or
Ca(OH)2
ZnSO4

Zn++

O- SO- S- -

Zn Fe Co Ni Sulfides
Stibnite
(Halite)
(Pyrite)
(Silica)
(Sphalerite)

Xanthate
Xanthate
Fatty acid
Xanthate
Fatty acid
Xanthate

Na2 SO3
Na2 S

CNSiO2

NaCN
Na2SiO3

CO-3

Na2 CO3

(Pyrrhotite)
(Sphalerite)
Pb Cu

Cu Zn Fe
(slimes)

Pb Fe

Xanthate
Xanthate
Xanthate
Xanthate
Xanthate
Xanthate
Cationic
Xanthate
Fatty acid

(carbonaceous slimes)

Xanthate

Dextrin

Starch
Lignin Sulfonate
Quebracho

5- 90

Fatty acid
Xanthate
Fatty acid

5.9.3

5.9.3-1

aw sin > M (d m d w ) g
( turbulence ) aw sin > M (d m d w ) 2 R
2R

(1) 0

(2) 180o

110 o
(3) 90 o

5- 91

 2
. 0 < 90o
. 0 > 90o
5.9.4

150 ( 150 - 170 )
(Frother)

( Induction Time )

( adhesion )


- - (three phase system)


5.9.4-1
Time induction

1
contact angle

5- 92

5.9.4-1
Timeinduction
Timeinduction
(diffusion )

5.9.5

(Flotation Kinetics)

(% recovery)
5.9.5-1

(%recovery)

5.9.5-1

5- 93



( % recovery )

(roughing)

(rate of flotation)

5.9.5-2
2
(1) ( fast floated materials )
(2) ( slow floated materials)

(scavenging )

5- 94

5.9.5-3

C i = k i wi
kI ( 1)

dc
= kC
dt

C
k

ln (recovery) =
x
ln(recovery)
( rate constant )

5- 95


(Galena) 200
150 35
10 -20

()

5.9.5-4

5.9.5-5

5- 96

(rougher) (scavenger)


5.9.6

(Flotation Mechanics)
(agitation)

(cell)

(Reynold
Number)
Rea =

D a2 N f

Rea

Da
N

=
=
=
=
=

5- 97


(Power Number) PO
P0 =

f N 3 D a5

Rea P0

P
N

D a5

(ND )

2 c
a

c 0.2 0.5

(baffles)
(Rea) 300
2 2


(Froude Number)
Fr =

N 2 Da
g

S = ND
(Froude Number) S D 0.5



Fl =

Q
ND a3

Q =

Fl =

Q
AND a

(Power
Number) (Air Flow Number)

5- 98

 (Agitated Tank)
(power intensity)

D
P
= 0.092 gV T
VT
Da

5 3H a
exp
DT

( s l )

(conditioning tank)

P
V

Da1 Da2
N1 N2

D a2

=
=

D
a 2
D a1

N1
N2

1 2
1 2

PO
P0 =

P1 P2
VT
V
DT
Ha

P1

3 5
f N 1 D a1

P1 N 1
=
P2 N 2

=
=
=
=
=

P2

f N 23 D a52

D a1

D
a2

D
= a1

a2

1 2

(slip velocity)

5.9.7

2
(1) ( pneumatic )

5- 99



Davcra Flotair Flotation Column Cyclo Cell
(2)

( mechanical or sub aeration )

(stator) (rotor) 1500 1700
Denver Sub A Agitair Wemco

1) ( recovery )


2)

3)
4)
5)

5- 100




1.0 % Cu 50 % CaF2
..

.

.
.
.
.

5.9.7-1

5- 101

 5.9.7-1

V
ft.3

AgitairGaligher
Column
Denver
D-R
(coal)
Denver
Cell to cell
Krupp
Maxwell
Minemet
BCS
Nagahm
OutoKumpu
Sala
WemcoFagergrem
1+1

0.3-1.6
9-60
100-650
90-1440
0.4
7-100
300-500
300-500
0.25-2.75
10-100
17.7-124
150-2000
23-100
150-420
1.6-285
95-565
95-379
0.91-51
85-425

S
ft./min.

850-1700
950-1400
1100-1300
--1650
1250-1300
1400-1470
1400-1480
1630-1700
1630-1640
1670-1780
1280-1320
1200-1900
1700-2300
1150-2700
1030-1250
1460-1550
900-1250
1300

Consumed Power
Intensity*
P/V
HP/ft3. (x10-2)

50-80
9-22
7-10
2-5.6
62.5
9-42
5.8-6.4
4.4-5.8
35-100
10-20
8-12
1.6-2.4
10-13
5-8
13-30
5-7
5-9
16-47
8-9

Air Rate Per Unit

Volume
Q/V
CFM/ ft3.

6-7
1.9-2.2
0.7-1.7
0.11
12.5
1.3-8.3
0.74-0.87
0.65-0.8
1.25
1.25
0.25
0.15-0.33
0.8-1.6
0.5-1.2
1.4-5
0.37-12.5
0.6-0.8
1.1-2.4
0.8-0.9

Air
Velocity
Q/A
CFM/ft2.

4-5
4.5-5
3.0-5.6
4.4
5
5
5.1-5.2
4.5-4.7

0.7-1.3
1.7-2.4
2.5-5.7
2.8-7.2
3.0-7.3
1.5-8.4
2.5-2.9
1.5-4
3.6-3.9

Air Flow
Number
Q/AND
(x10-3)

8-26
10-24
7-15
--9.5
12.1-12.6
11.1-11.4

1.2-2.4
4.1-5.8
4.8-9.9
4.8-13.2
4.6-15.1
14.6-29.2
5-5.8
5-11.4
8.8-9.4

Specific
Capacity
C/V

0.7-6.9
0.9-3.3
2-3.3
1.2

1.8-5.5
2-12
1.3
1.7
22-31
24-29
.44-.72
2-28
21.56
1.6-2
1.9.2

5.9.8

5- 102

(1)
.
.
.

(2)
.
.
.
.
.

2 3
( scavenger cell ) ( middling )

5.9.8-1

5- 103

 5.9.8-1

( cleaner cell )

5.9.8-2
(selective flotation)
(bulk
flotation)

5- 104

(bulk flotation)

(bulk cleaning)

5.9.8- 3

1)

2)
3)
4)
( )

5- 105

5.9.8-4
(over-grinding)

5- 106

 5.9.8- 5
2
2

5.9.8- 6

5- 107


3 (concentrate) (middling)
(tailing)

5.10

700
900 C

(white pigment)
5.10-1

5.10-1
(Leaching)

5- 108


(soluble) (insoluble)
(high solubility) (low
solubility)

2

()


ZnO + H 2 SO 4 ZnSO 4 + H 2 O ZnO + 2 H + Zn 2+ + H 2 O
2+
K = [Zn 2]

[H + ]

(pH)
1
1
pH = log K log[Zn 2+ ]
2
2

Al 2 O 3 + 2OH 2 AlO 2 + H 2 O

2
[
AlO 2 ]
K=
[OH ]2

1
pOH = 14 pH = log K log [AlO 2 ]
2

(hydrolysis) pH

( AlO2-)
pH

5- 109

 Fe(OH)SO4
MFe3(OH)6(SO4)2)

(Jarosites:

(Scheelite)
CaWO 4 + Na 2 CO 3 Na 2WO 4 + CaCO 3

CaWO 4 + CO 32

WO 42

[
WO42 ]
K = 2
[CO3 ]

+ CaCO3

log[WO 42 ]= log K + log[CO32 ]

log K
G

G 0
5140 (Cal.) log K =
= 3.77
2.3 RT

Na2CO3 1 M WO4 10-3.77 M

200C log K - 0.3 WO42 CO32- 0.5

(CaCl2)
PbSO4 Pb CaMg(OH)4 Mg

PbSO 4 + CaCl 2 PbCl 2 + CaSO 4 2 H 2 O

CaMg (OH ) 4 + CaCl 2 MgCl 2 + 2Ca(OH ) 2
calcination
CaMg (CO3 ) 2 Dolomite
CaO MgO + 2CO 2
slaking
CaO MgO + 2 H 2 O
CaMg (OH ) 4

Dolomitic lime

5- 110

1
2 Au + O 2 + 4 CN + H 2 O 2 Au ( CN ) 2 + 2OH
2

(Pyrolusite, MnO2) SO2 N2O4

MnO 2 + SO 2 ( aq) Mn 2+ + SO 42

MnO 2 + N 2O 4 ( aq ) Mn 2+ + 2NO3

(oxidizing agent) Fe3+, NO3, ClO3--, MnO4-, MnO2, PbO2,

Cl2 (reducing agent)

(1)

(porosity) (permeability)

. (sulphidization)
(oxidation)
. (calcination)



900 C

CaMg (CO3 ) 2 ( Dolomite) CaO + MgO + 2CO2

5- 111

CaO + MgO + 2 H 2O + MgCl2 ( from sea water ) 2 Mg (OH ) 2 + CaCl2

650 C

Al2O3 SiO2 2 H 2O ( Kaolinite) Al2O3 + SiO2 + 2 H 2O

Al2O3 + SiO2 + 3H 2 SO4 Al2 ( SO4 ) 3 + 3H 2O + SiO2

(2)

NaCN
(bacterial leaching)

.

KCl, CuSO4, Na3VO4

PbCl2, AgCl, PbSO4, CaSO4
2


.

(wet acid process)

5- 112

Al 2 O3 2SiO 2 + 6 H + 2 Al 3+ + 3H 2 O + 2 SiO 2

AlCl3
12% AlCl3.6H2O ACH (evaporation)
(HCl gas sparging) AlCl3
AlCl3
ACH
( 10C) ACH
950C
C
2 AlCl 3 2 H 2 O 950

Al 2 O3 + 6 HCl + 9 H 2 O

(transition
elements)
(Scheelite) CaWO4 CaO.WO2

(Bauxite)


(Bayer process)

NaOH Na2CO3 (starch)
NaOH 100-120
40 -50 psi 145C

Al 2 O3 3H 2 O + 2 NaOH 2 NaAlO 2 + 4 H 2 O

5- 113


(red mud)
55C
(ATH)
2 NaAlO 2 + 4 H 2 O Al 2 O3 3H 2 O + 2 NaOH

(Bacterial leaching)

Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans CO2

(NaCN)

4 Au + 8 NaCN + O 2 + H 2 O 4 NaAu (CN ) 2 + 4 NaO 4

(cementation)
2 NaAu (CN ) 2 + Zn 2 Au + Na 2 Zn(CN ) 4

5- 114

(3)

(4)

. (evaporation)

. (precipitation)

(pH)

. (replacement displacement)

(reduction
potential)
(Zn)

(Fe)


Fe ( scrap ) + Cu 2+ ( aq .) Fe 2+ ( aq .) + Cu

(co-precipitation)

5- 115

AuCl4- pH NaOH

AuCl 4 + nOH AuCl 4n (OH ) n 1 + nCl n = 0 - 4

Fe-O-Au

Fe(OH)3 AuCl4-n(OH)n (Zeta potential)
pH 8
pH 8
AuCl4-

AuCl 4 + 3 Fe 2+ + 6 H 2O Au(0s ) + 3 FeO (OH ) 3 ( s ) + 4Cl + 9 H +

(HCl) (HNO3)
. (ion exchange)

(Ni) (Co)
(rare earth elements)

. (solvent extraction)

5- 116



LIX 64 KELEX KETONE

(organic phase) (aqueous
phase)

. (electrolysis)

(5)

5- 117

6.1

6.2

6.3
6.4
(ISO 14001)
6.5
6.6 (Tailings Pond ) (Tailings Dam)
6.7 (Overburden) (Tailings)
6.8

6.1

6.2

..2510

(1) .. 2510

.. 2535
(2)
..2535 46
[Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)]

6- 1


(Adverse Effect)

(Project Design)



3

(3) .. 2484
.. 2507

6- 2

6.3

.. 2510

300,000-10,000,000

Environmental Bond

()
()

()
4 7

6- 3

6.4

(ISO 14001)

ISO 14001
(TEI, 1999)

1.
/

2.




3.



4.

6- 4

5.

6.5

6.5.1

6.5.2

6- 5



(1)

10 US EPA
260 /
150 / 24

(2)

6- 6







(ground vibration)

23
.. 2539
(3)

6- 7

(4)

(water quality)

(5)

(soil conservation)

6- 8

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(ground subsidence)

6- 9

(10)

(11)

(12)

6- 10

(13)

(overburden)

(14)

6.6

(tailing pond ) (tailing dam)

6- 11

6.6.1

(catchment area)

HDPE

6.6.2

(tailings dam)

(slope stability)

6- 12

3
1. (upstream)

phreatic


2. (downstream)
(underdrains)

phreatic


3. (centreline)

(1)

1
(ring dike) 6.6.2-1

6- 13

 6.6.2-1 ring dike 1

2
(cross valley) 6.6.2-2
1

6.6.2-2 cross valley 2

1
2

adapted from Cooper 1988

Fell et al. 1992
6- 14

 3
(side hill) 6.6.2-3
10 %

6.6.2-3 side hill 3

(2)

(staged construction)
4
1. (water retention embankment)
6.6.2-4
(internal drainage)
(phreatic line)

Coffey & Partners 1982

6- 15

 6.6.2-4 4
2. upstream embankment 6.6.2-5

(phreatic line)
(beach width)
(staged construction)
(starter dam)

6.6.2-5 upstream embankment 5

3. downstream embankment 6.6.2-6

(phreatic line)

4
5

Klohn 1980
Klohn 1980
6- 16

(underdrain)
(starter dam)

6.6.2-6 downstream embankment 6

4. centerline embankment 6.6.2-7

(phreatic line)
(underdrain)
(starter dam)

Klohn 1980
6- 17

 6.6.2-7 centerline embankment

6.6.2-1

(Klohn 1980)
6- 18

 6.6.2-1 8

Water
Retention

Upstream

40-60 %

Downstream

Centerline

(3)

5 .

6.6.2-2
6.6.2-2 (tailings dam)

()
>= 7.5 < 12.0
>= 12.0 < 30.0
>= 30

Vick 1983
6- 19

( ..)
>= 0.1 < 1.2
>= 1.2 < 60.0
>= 60

6.6.3

(embankment dam)


1) (free
board)

2)
3)
1:2 1:2.5 (:)
1:1.7 1: 2
(limit equilibrium)


(FS)

4)

5)




flow net finite element

(hydraulic gradient)
6)
95% standard compaction
7)


6- 20


(piezometer)
(settlement gauge)
6.6.4

American Society of Civil Engineers and United States Committee on Large Dams
(ASCE/USCOLD) 6.6.4-1

1)
6.6.4-1 ()
2)
6.6.4-1 ()
3)
(free board) 6.6.4-1 ()
4)
6.6.4-1 ()
5)
6.6.4-1 ()
6)
6.6.4-1 ()

6- 21

()

()

()

()

()

()
6.6.4-1 9

6.6.4-2

ASCE/USCOLD 1975
6- 22

6.6.4-1

 6.6.4-1

1.

2.

-
-
-
-

3.

-
-
-
-

- (filter)

-
-

6- 23

-

2
-

-
(Slope Failure)

(Internal erosion)
- (Uplift force)

-
(Slope protection)
(riprap)
-
-

-
-

-
- (Filter)

 6.6.4-1 ()

-
-
-
-

- - -

-
- -

4. - -
- Liquefaction
Tailing Dam

-

5. -

6. - - - -

6- 24

 6.6.4-2

- - -

- -

-
2. - - -
-

1. -

6- 25

 6.6.4-2 ()

3. - -
-

-
-

6- 26

-
-

6.6.5

1)

2)


Contact Drain

6.6.5-1

6.6.5-1 10

10

Fell et al. 1992

6- 27

(Counter Weight)
6.6.5-2

Counter

6.6.5-2
- 6.6.5-3

6.6.5-3

6- 28

6.7

(overburden) (tailing)

6.7.1

1.


2.
3.


4.

5.

6- 29

6.7.2

6.7.2-1
(embankment)
6.7.2-1
(heaped dump)
(high dump) (low dump)

(valley-fill)

crossvalley fill
(side-hill dump)
ridge fill
(in-pit dump)

6.7.3

6- 30

1.

100-200

30-36%
2.

3.

(bank density) (swell factor)
(compaction)
1.1-1.5 1.3-1.6



1.25-1.3
4.

12-30

( auger drill
) 1.2-1.5
5.
15-20


(angle of repose) 30-40

6- 31


1-2% bench
6.
(berm)

7. 3-5%
8.

9.

6.7.4

1. (
)
(leached dump)

2.


3.

4. (leaching)

5.

6.

6- 32

6.7.5

1.
2.

3.

3-4
4.




5.

6.

7.

1

8.

6- 33

 ()
Geomembrane

9.

6.7.5-1
6.7.6

1.

6- 34

2. (bench/terrace)








3. (cover cropping)


(mulching )
4.


25-30

5.


(diversion structure)


(waterways)
(sediment traps/ pond)

15
6- 35

6.8

6.8.1

(mine closure planning) 3

(rehabilitation) (decommissioning) (monitoring)

6.8.2

1.

2.
3.


4.
5.

3
1)

6- 36

2)

3)




6.8.3

3
1. (rehabilitation plan)
2. (decommissioning plan)
3. (monitoring plan)

6- 37

(1)

6- 38





1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. (rehabilitation plan)
7. (decommissioning plan)
8.
9.
10.
11.
(2)










4

6- 39

1)

2)

(cost effectiveness analysis)

3)

4)

(3)

1)


2)



3)


6- 40

(4)





.



.

.


.


.

6- 41

6.8.4



1. (
)
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.8.5

6- 42

 7

7.1
7.2
7.3

7.1

7.1.1

7- 1

7.1.2
(Multiple
Uses)

7- 2

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
1)

2)

7- 3

3)

4)

7- 4








5)

6)

7- 5

7)

7.2

7.2.1







7.2.2

1) (flat) 5 % (2.8 )

2) (sloping) 12% (6.8 )

3) (steeping) 12 % (6.8 )
(terrace)
7- 6

4) (mountain and cliff)

5)
7.2.3

1)

2) (slope
analysis) (orientation analysis) (soil analysis)


3) (synthesis)

4)
4.1) (top view)

4.2) 3 (elevation or perspective)

4.3)
4.4)

-

7- 7

( )

5)

6)


7.2.4
2
hard shell
(landforms) hard
shell soft shell
1) Hard Shell
(landforms)
1.1) (visual requirements)









7- 8

1.2) (drainage and Interface with surrounding land)

2






1.3) (slope angles and lengths)
(erosion and deposition)


(non-erosion value)

7.2.4-1

7- 9

 7.2.4-1 1
1.4) (relationship between landform and
land use)
(land use)
(land capability)
(landform)

2) Soft Shell

: Quarry Reclamation, Mining Journal Handbook, 1982

7- 10

2.1)
2.1.1) (blending with
background)
2.2.2) (perspective emphasis)

2.2.3)
(control form by pruning)
(natural
form)

2.1.1 2.1.2
2.2)
2.2.1) /

2.2.2) (rural plantation)

(public land) (farm land) (main road)
(road)
(forest)


2
(forest plantation)

(wetland)
7- 11


(mangrove forest)

2
-




-

7.2.5
1) (in-pit spoil & waste rock dumps)
(landform)

7- 12

 (strip mines, large open-pit or bench mines)

(wetland)
2) (out-of-pit spoil and waste rock dumps)

7.2.5-1

7- 13

 7.2.5-1

(slope angle and lengths)

(arid area)
20
(36%)

(erosion)

7- 14

3) (pits and quarry excavations)

( 7.2.52)

7.2.5-2
(wet excavations)

7- 15

 (mining faces)
(high
wall) ( 7.2.5-3)
( )
0.5
1

(rock colouring)

(high wall)

(selective blasting)

(landform replication) 7.4.5-3

: Quarry Reclamation, Mining Journal Handbook, 1982

7.2.5-3
a, b, c, d, e
7- 16


0.5 1

10 15 .
2% (1 50)

7.3

(failure)
(plane failure) (wedge failure)
(circular failure)

7.3-1

7- 17


1.

2.
(cohesion) (internal friction angle)
0.5-50 10-45
3.

4.
(factor of safety)
1 1.2-1.5

1) (intact rock)

35-65 2-10 MPa
45-70
2) (1 )

30-45 0.5-2 MPa

30-45
3)



25-35 25-40

4)

20-40

7- 18

5)
15-40
15-35

1)

1.2-1.5





2)
(horizontal
drains) (pumping well systems)
3) (diversion system)

4)

5)
(retaining wall) (backfill)

7- 19

 7.3-2 Grouting
cable bolts pre-stressed cable

7.3-3 Bolt Cable

(steel net)

7.3-4

7- 20

7.3-5

7- 21

8.4

8.1
8.2
8.3

8.5

8.1

8.2

(1) .. 2510

8- 1

(2) .. 2535

(3) .. 2484 .. 2507

1,200

5,900 (
17,700 )
-
28 (.. 2517) .. 2510

.. 2531 ( 1-8)
.. 2539

8- 2

8.3

1.

(1)


(2)
1:50,000
(3)

(4)
1: 500,000
(5)
2
(6)
2.

(1)
1 : 250,000

8- 3

(2)
(Type of Deposit) (Genesis)
(Shape of Ore Body)
(Dip and Strike)
(Structural Geology) (Bedding)
(Fault) (Fold) (Joint Set) (Fracture)



1:5,000
(geological cross section)

(3)

3.

(1)


(mine layout) 1 : 5,000
(2)





(3) (mineable reserve)

8- 4

4.

(1)
3 3
1 : 5,000
(2)
(spacing) (burden)
(hole depth)


(3)

(4)


(5)

5.

6.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

8- 5

7.

(1)


(2)

8.4

8
1.



2.

20

8- 6

3.

4.



5.

6.

7.

8.

8.5

..2542

8- 7

 4
3 4
(.. 2508) .. 2505

25 (.. 2517)
28 (..2517) .. 2510

8.5.1

.. 2542



1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.

10.
8- 8

11.
12.


13.

14.

15.

8.5.2

2




1.

2.

8- 9



3.
1


Stope
4.

5.

8.5.3

4
5

1



1
2 50


1

8- 10



(www.coe.or.th)

8- 11

.
-
-
-

8- 12

...

9.6

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

9.1

9.2

9.2-1

9- 1

 9.2-1

9- 2

9.2.1
9.2-1

(superintendent)




(operators)

(skilled workers)




9.2.2
9.2-1


(Vision ) (Mission)




/

9- 3

Pit Mapping


Job Description (JD.)
JD. JD.

9.3

. (long term plan)
10
(stage plan)

. (medium term plan) 1-5

1-5
9- 4




1
. (short term plan)












1,000 1

9.3-1

9- 5

Input

Process

Output

-
-
-
-
-

-
-

- ,

9.3-1

PDCA 9.3-2

D
(do)

( plan)

(check)

A
(action)

9.3-2 PDCA

9- 6


(Truck Shovel analysis) Geo-comp
Mine sight
()
() ()

9.4

9.4.1
2
.

24
24 3
8.00- 16.00 . 16.00-24.00 . 0.00-8.00 .
8 2
16-20 1
6.00-10.00 .
24
2 12

9- 7


15 ( 5 ) 5
4

9.4.2

(operator)

.
.
.
.
.
.

(back hoe)
9- 8

(hand level)
GPS

9- 9

8 %

(green belt)

9- 10

(
) ( )

-
-


-
22 KV 6 KV
-

9- 11

9- 12

9.5

.
9.5-1

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-

9.5-1 .
()

9.5-2

9- 13

&
&

9.5-2


2-3




9.5.1





9- 14






.
. On the job training
.


.

9.5.2

.
()

.
, ( 10 )




10 3,000-5,000
6-9

9- 15

9.5.3






90 360

9.6

5 .
suggestion

QCC

MSM (Modern Safety Management)

- . 18000


ISO 9000


ISO 14000

9- 16

 10

10.1
10.2
10.3

 10

10.1

10.1.1

10.1.2

2 (Financial Analysis)
(Economic Analysis)
(Financial Analysis)

(Cash Flows) (Cash Inflows)
(Cash Outflows)
10- 1

 (Economic Analysis)



10.1.3

(Conceptual Study)




(Pre-Feasibility Study)
(Feasibility Study)


(Organization and Team Mobilization)
(Project Manager)

(Preparation of Budget)
2 (Manpower Budget)
(Expenses Budget)
(Capital Costs)
(Preparation of Schedule)

Bar Grant Chart

10- 2

10.1.4

(Market Assessment)



(Cut-off Grade)

(Recovery)

1
(Mining)

3
(Possible or Inferred Ore Reserve)
(Probable or
Indicated Reserve)

(Proved of Measured Reserve) 3

(Mineable Reserve)

10- 3




(Mineral Processing)

(Smelting and Refining)



(Engineering)

(Capital Cost Estimate)

(Scheduling)

(Financial Analysis)
(Cash Flow)
10.1.5
(Economic Analysis)

10- 4

 (Report)

10.1.2 10.1.4

10.1.5

(Financial Analysis)

(Cash Flows)


(Price and Revenue)
(Capital Costs)
(Operating Costs)
(Royalty) (Tax)
(Depreciation) (Non-Cash Deductions)

(Cash Flow) (Discounted Rate)

10- 5

10.1.6
10.2
(Cash Flow After-Tax) 10.3

10.2

10.2.1

3
(Initial Investment)

(Operating Cash Flow)

(Salvage Value)
(Working Capital) 2
10.2.2

(Cash Flows)
3
(After Tax)

(Working Capital)

10- 6

 (Incremental Cash Flow)

(Mutually Exclusive)

(Discounted Rate)
(Current or Nominal Dollar)
(Constant Dollar)

10.2.3

(Cash Flow After-Tax)

10.2.3-1 (Cash Inflow)
(Cash Outflow)
(Cash Flows) (Corporation Cash)

10.2.3-1 (Operations)
(Sales Revenue)
(Cash Outflows)
(Operating Costs) (Income Tax) (NonCash Deductions) (Depreciation)

(Gross Profit) (Taxable Income)
(Net Profit)
(Cash Flows)

Cash Flow = Net Profit + Non-Cash Deductions

= Net Profit + Depreciation + Depletion
+ Amortization + Deferred Deduction
--------------->
Cash Flow = Sales Revenue - Operating Costs - Income Tax --------------->
10- 7

(10.2.1)
(10.2.2)

Dividends to
Stockholders

Income from Patents,

Engineering, R&D, etc.
R&D
Outside
Investments

Borrowed Capital
Equity
Capital
Cash Flow

CORPORATION
CASH

WORKING
CAPITAL
Sales
Revenue

DIRECT
INVESTMENTS
Operating Costs

OPERATIONS
Gross
Profit

DEPRECIATION
AMORTIZATION
DEPLETION
DEFERRED DEDUCTIONS
Taxable Income
INCOME TAX

NET PROFIT

10.2.3-1 (Corporation Cash)

(Working Capital) (Cash Flows After-Tax) 3
3

Stermole and Stermole, 1993

10- 8

10.2.4

(Cash Flow After-Tax)

BEFORE and AFTER-TAX

CASH FLOW CALCULATION:
(Revenue)
- (Operating Costs)
- (Capital Costs)
___________________
Cash Flows Before-Tax
- (Income Tax)
___________________
Cash Flow After-Tax

EXPANDED AFTER-TAX
CASH FLOW CALCULATION:
(Revenue)
- (Operating Costs)
- (Depreciation)
- (Depletion)
- (Amortization)
- (Writeoffs)
___________________
(Taxable Income)
- (Income Tax)
___________________
(Net Income)
+ (Depreciation)
+ (Depletion)
+ (Amortization)
+ (Writeoffs)
- (Capital Costs)
___________________
Cash Flow After-Tax

1 2 (Cash Flow After-Tax)

1 2
1 (Non-Cash Deductions)
(Depreciation) (Depletion) (Amortization)
(Expenses or Writeoffs)
(Revenue) (Taxable Income) (Income
Tax)

10- 9

(Revenue)
(Operating Costs) (Capital Costs)
(Non-Cash Deductions)

(1) (Revenue)


() 4
(PreFeasibility) 2

10- 10







(Econometrics)

(2) (Operating Costs)

(Capital Costs)
(Operating Costs) (Working Capital)
2
(Fixed Cost) (Variable Costs)

(3) (Capital Costs)

(Initial Expenditures)






10- 11

(Replace Expenditures)

(Residual Values)

(4) (Non-Cash Deductions)

(Capital Costs)


(Depreciation)


( Depletion) 5

(
145) .. 2527 5

10- 12


(Board of Investment: BOI) (SME)

( 145) .. 2527 6

31 .. 2545 ()
( )
40

3
(Straight Line Method) 7

1
40% + 60%/3 = 60%

2
60%/3 = 20%

3
60%/3 = 20%

200 200

(Cost Basis)
(Salvage Value)
Straight Line Depreciation/Year = (C-L)(1/n) ---------------------------(10.2.3)
C =
L =
n =
C-L = Cost Basis
100,000 10 10
30,000

= (100,000-30,000)(1/10) = 7,000 /
7

10- 13


BOI 3 8
50 5
2 10

25

10

(Operating Costs)

(Expenses or Writeoffs)
(Amortization)
2 9
(Loss Carry Forward )

18

9

(Amortization)

10- 14

(Non-Cash Deductions)

(5)
3 (Sole
Proprietorship) (Partnership) (Corporation)

30 50

10.2.5

10.2.1
1,000,000 2,000,000 0
8,000,000 10,000,000 10
1 (Straight Line Method) 1 2 100,000
300 1 340 2
7,000,000 1 8,000,000 2 20

5
(Depletion Rate) 50 (Cash Flows) 0 1 2
0 (Carried Forward)
.

= / ()
= 10,000,000/10 = 1,000,000
10- 15

. 5 20
= 5/100
= 2,000,000 x 0.05 = 100,000
. 8,000,000 (Expenses)

( 0) (Capital
Costs) 10,000,000
2,000,000 12,000,000

0
()

20

8,000,000

(Loss Carry Forward)

- 8,000,000
50

- 8,000,000

(Loss Carry Forward)

(Capital Costs)
12,000,000
(Cash Flow)
- 20,000,000

10- 16

1
100,000
300
30,000,000
6,000,000
24,000,000
7,000,000

2
100,000
340
34,000,000
6,800,000
27,200,000
8,000,000

1,000,000
100,000
8,000,000
7,900,000
3,950,000
3,950,000
1,000,000
100,000
8,000,000

1,000,000
100,000

13,050,000

18,100,000
9,050,000
9,050,000
1,000,000
100,000

10,150,000

 (Cash Flows) 0 1 2
(Stream of Cash Flows)
10.2.2 10.2.1

40 1
60 6 ( 2-7)
50
0 50 2
( 1 2)
1

0 1,000,000 (Working Capital) 2

1,000,000

. 1
= 10,000,000 x 40/100 = 4,000,000
2-7
= (10,000,000-4,000,000)/6 = 1,000,000
. 50 ( 0)
= 2,000,000 x 50/100 = 1,000,000
1-2
= (2,000,000-1,000,000)/2 = 500,000
. (Working Capital)

(Land)
2 1
2 2
2
. 2,000,000 50
1,000,000 0 8,000,000
(Expenses or Writeoffs)
( 0)
10- 17

 (Capital Costs) 1 2 500,000

Amortization
10,000,000 1,000,000
1,000,000 12,000,000

0
()

20

8,000,000

(Expenses)
1,000,000
(Amortization)
(Loss Carry Forward)

- 9,000,000
50

- 9,000,000

(Amortization)
(Loss Carry Forward)
(Working Capital)
(Capital Costs)
12,000,000
(Cash Flow)
- 21,000,000

10- 18

1
100,000
300
30,000,000
6,000,000
24,000,000
7,000,000

2
100,000
340
34,000,000
6,800,000
27,200,000
8,000,000

4,000,000

1,000,000

500,000
9,000,000
3,500,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
500,000
9,000,000

500,000
17,700,000
8,850,000
8,850,000
1,000,000
500,000
1,000,000

17,000,000

11,350,000

10.3

10.3.1

2
(Time Value of Money)

100
100 5
105

1



(Present Value)
(Discounted Rate) (Factor)

(Cash Flow After-Tax)

(Factor)

10.3.2

(Factors)

10- 19

 i (Interest Rate)
P i
(Interest) I = iP ( 1)
(Future Value) F = P + I = P + iP = P (1 + i )

1

I 2 = iF1 = i (1 + i )P

2
F2 = F1 + I 2 = P (1 + i ) + i (1 + i )P = P (1 + i ) 2

n
---------------
F = P (1 + i )
n

(10.3.1)

(1+ i) (Single Payment Compound-Amount

Factor) (F) (P) 10.3.1
F P
10.3.1 1,000 6
10

F = 1,000 (1+ 0.1)6 = 1,772

n

(1+ i)

1
(1 + i ) n

(Single Payment

Present-Worth Factor)
P =F

1
(1 + i ) n

---------------

(10.3.2)

10.3.2 1,000
6 10

(1 +1i ) i = 10 n = 6 0.5645 P
n

P = 1,000 (0.5645) = 564.50

10- 20


(i) (n)
Excel
Microsoft

10.3.3

(Net Present Value: NPV)
(Discounted Cash
Flow Rate of Return: DCFROR)
(Present Value Ratio: PVR)
(Payback Period)

- (Benefit-Cost Ratio)
(Rate of Return on Investment)

(1) (Net Present Value: NPV)

Bt = t
Ct = t
t = 1 n
r = (Discounted Rate)
10

10

r
(Hurdle Rate) (Discounted Rate) NPV

10- 21

n Ct
n Bt

NPV =

t
t
t =1 ( 1+r) t =1 ( 1+r)

n Bt Ct
NPV =
t
t =1 ( 1+r)

0 (Initial or Capital Cost: Co)

3

n Bt Ct
NPV = C 0 +
t
t =1 ( 1+r)

Net Present Value r = (Present Value of Cash Flows)
(Discounted) (Present Value of Costs)
(Discounted) r

NPV 0
NPV 0
NPV 0
(2) (Discounted Cash Flow
Rate of Return: DCFROR)
NPV

(Rate of Return: ROR) (Discounted Rate)

NPV 0
10- 22

 () (Discounted Cash Flow)

(Internal Rate of Return: IRR)

(Economic Internal Rate of Return: EIRR)

(DCFROR) i NPV = 0
n Bt Ct
NPV =
t
t =1 ( 1+i)

=0

DCFROR

DCFROR
DCFROR
(Trial and Error)
(Interpolate) (Discounted Rate) NPV
r NPV r NPV
0 r
(3) (Present Value Ratio: PVR)
PVR = (Net Present Value: NPV) /
(Present Value of Capital Costs)
=

n Bt Ct
NPV / C 0 =
t /Co
t =1 ( 1+r)

(Co) (Capital Costs)

1 0
(Discounted)
10- 23


PVR 0
PVR 0
PVR 0
(Profitability Index: PI)
PVR NPV (Co)
PI 1
(4) (Payback Period)

(Payback Period) = /

(Payback Period) =

(Discounted Payback Period)

10- 24

10.3.4

10.3.3 100,000
4 (Salvage Value) 0 100,000
35,000 (Straight Line Method)
30 4
(Discounted Rate: r) 20

10.2 1-4
53,000 100,000
0

30

(Capital Costs) 100,000
(Cash Flow)
- 100,000

1
100,000
35,000
25,000
40,000
12,000
28,000
25,000

2
100,000
35,000
25,000
40,000
12,000
28,000
25,000

3
100,000
35,000
25,000
40,000
12,000
28,000
25,000

4
100,000
35,000
25,000
40,000
12,000
28,000
25,000

53,000

53,000

53,000

53,000

(1)

(Net Present Value: NPV)

(Cash Flow) (Discounted Rate)
20 1 53,000 0

53,000 x

1
= 53,000 x 0.83 (Discounted Factor) = 43,990
(1 + 0.2 )1

(1 + 0.2 ) 2

1
n 1
(1 + i) n

1 2 2 2
10- 25

 53,000 B-C
10.3.3 (1)

(NPV)
2
53,000

3
53,000

4
53,000

(Discounted Factor)
0.83
0.69
36,570
(PV)
43,990
(PV of all cash flows)
Co
NPV

0.58
30,740

0.48
25,440
136,740
100,000
36,740

(Cash Flow)

0
- 100,000

1
53,000

(2)
(Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return: DCFROR)
36,740 11 DCFROR
(Discounted Rate) 20
Excel IRR
= IRR (-100,000, 53,000, 53,000, 53,000, 53,000) = 0.387 39%
39
20
DCFROR = 39%
(3) (Present Value Ratio: PVR)
PVR =

n Bt Ct
NPV / C 0 =
t /Co
+
(
1
r)
t =1

11

Excel NPV = 37,201

(Discounted Factor)
10- 26

 (1) NPV 36,740 (Co) 0

100,000
PVR = 36,740 / 100,000 = 0.367 0
PVR = 0.367
(Profitability Index: PI)

PI = ()/
PI = 136,740 / 100,000 = 1.37 1
PI = 1.37
(4) (Payback Period)
(Payback Period) = /

= 100,000 / 53,000 = 1.89
1.89

Payback Period = 1.89
(Discounted)
(Present Value: PV) 3.4.1 NPV 1
43,990 2 36,570 80,560
19,440 (100,000-80,560)
3 30,740 19,440 0.63 (19,440/30,740 = 0.63)

Discounted Payback Period = 2.63

10.3.5

(Financial Analysis)




10- 27


(Least Cost Method or Cost Effectiveness)
(Benefit Cost Ratio: BCR) NPV ROR
(Traditional
Project Valuation Tools)





(Discounted Rate)


(Risk Analysis) (Sensitivity Analysis)
Monte Carlo Simulation Decision Tree Analysis
Capital Asset Pricing Model Real Options

10- 28


3 4 (..2508) .. 2505
25 28 (..2517) .. 2510


.. 2538

.. 2539

.. 2540
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.
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, .. 2530.
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2545, 35
(2543),
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2536, 39
2532.
(www.coe.or.th)
(www.dpim.go.th)
. .
, 2544
(2537),
,
, 2537, 54
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