P. P. Abreu, M. M. Souza, A.-A. F. de Almeida, E. A. Santos, J. C. de O. Freitas, and A. L. Figueiredo, “Photosynthetic Responses of Ornamental Passion Flower Hybrids to Varying Light Intensities,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 1993–2004, Aug. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s11738-014-1574-0.
Wild species and hybrids of passion flower are cultivated in many countries for their ornamental value, and used for landscaping as indoor and garden plants. However, knowledge of physiological responses of passion flower to changes in light level is limited. In this paper, the relationship among low (25 %), medium (50 %), and high light level (75 %) and photosynthetic efficiency was investigated on hybrids of Passiflora ‘Aninha’ and Passiflora ‘Priscilla’. Hybrids of P. ‘Aninha’ grown under 25 % showed higher net photosynthetic rate and light-saturated rate of net photosynthesis, while for hybrids of P. ‘Priscilla’ the highest values were observed at 50 %. For P. ‘Aninha’ and P. ‘Priscilla’ the highest level of light (75 %) was not favorable as regards the maximization of stomatal conductance and contributed to reduction in transpiration rate. The values of maximal quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry indicated efficient conversion of photosynthetically active radiation, being higher at 25 % light level and decreased progressively with the increase in light level. On the whole, leaf gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence indicated higher photosynthetic efficiency at low- and medium-light levels for the two studied hybrids. Summing up, hybrids of P. ‘Aninha’ and P. ‘Priscilla’, showed adaptability to the shade, and could be used for landscaping projects of indoor.
L. M. Aguacía, D. Miranda, and C. Carranza, “Effect of Fruit Maturity Stage and Fermentation Period on the Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa Deg.) and Sweet Granadilla Seeds (Passiflora Ligularis Juss.),” Agronomía Colombiana, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 305–314, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.15446/agron.colomb.v33n3.52460.
I. O. O. Aiyelaagbe, J. A. Fagbayide, and A. I. Makinde, “Effects of N Fertilization on the Vegetative Growth of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa) Seedlings,” p. 3, 2005.
The effects of N fertilization on the growth and dry matter production of juvenile-transition phase of yellow passion fruit plants were investigated in pot experiments conducted in 1996 and 2002/2003. The study covered the juvenile and transition stages of growth. In the first trial, the plants received N at rates equivalent to 30-120 kg ha-1. In the second trial, the plants received N at rates equivalent to 60-480 kg ha-1. In both trials, no N pots served as control. In the first trial, application of N 30-120 kg ha-1 had no consistent effects on the growth and dry matter accumulation by the passion fruit plants compared with control. In the second trial, the effects of N 0-120 kg ha-1 on vine length, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches and dry matter production were similar to those observed in the earlier trial. However, application of N 240 or 480 kg ha-1 consistently significantly enhanced vine length, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches and total dry matter accumulation of the plants. Except for number of branches, the effects of N 240 kg ha-1 on other growth parameters were often not significantly different from those of N 480 kg ha-1. Since, number of branches is positively related to fruit yield, thus N 480 kg ha-1 which produced the largest number of branches is considered the optimum N rate for the vegetative growth of yellow passion fruit during the juvenile and transition stages of growth.
I. O. Aiyelaagbe, I. O. Abiola, M. A. Sadiku, and M. A. Sadiku, “Growth Response of Juvenile Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis, F. Falvicarpa) to Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer in South Western Nigeria,” Nigerian Journal of Horticultural Science, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 18–22, 2005.
doi: 10.4314/njhs.v10i1.3404.
The effects of organic fertilizer (amended composted city refuse) and inorganic fertilizer (NPK + Mg 12-12-17+2) on the growth of juvenile passion fruit seedlings were investigated at Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria between 2003 and 2005. In the 2003/2004 season, organic fertilizer was applied at 1.5 and 3.0 t ha-1. In the 2004/2005 season, it was applied at 5 – 20 t ha-1. In both seasons, no fertilizer plots or those which received 500 kg N ha-1 sourced from inorganic fertilizer served as controls. In both cropping seasons, the effects of the different rates of organic fertilizer on the vine length, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches and number of tendrils of passion fruit did not differ significantly from one another or no fertilizer application. Dry matter production followed similar trends. However, except for dry weight of stem and root, inorganic fertilizer produced significantly larger growth attributes than organic fertilizer and no fertilizer application. This indicates that 20 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer is sub-optimal for vigorous growth of passion fruit. Keywords: fertilizer, passion fruit, vegetative growth. Nigerian Journal of Horticultural Science Vol. 10 2005: pp. 18-22
O. E. Akinboye, A. G. Nwokocha, and F. R. Abiola, “The Effect of Three Organic Amendments on Early Growth of Yellow Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Var. Flavicarpa),” IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 33–37, Mar. 2016.https://iosrjournals.org/iosr-javs/papers/vol9-issue3/Version-1/E09313337.pdf.
Yellow passion fruit has a bright future in Nigeria, but Low soil fertility in the tropics which Nigeria is inclusive presently posesa problem of adequate agronomic package for highly successful cultivation. Soil fertility therefore can be improved and maintained by the application of organic ammendments which are essential factors for improvement of crop yields.Field investigations were carried out on the effects of some organic ammendment (solid (kitchen) waste, cow dung and poultry droppings)on early growth of yellow passion fruit at the teaching and research farm, University of Ibadan. After a week of transplant (WAT), data on vine length, number of leaves and number of branches were collected over a period of seven weeks (at a weeks interval). Data collected were analysed using ANOVA and means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5 % probability level. Results obtained indicated significant response of yellow passion fruit plant to the various organic manure applications compared to control (no organic ammendment). However application of solid kitchen waste(SW) was found to be the most superior over other organic ammendment with respect to all the variables investigated. Completion of this investigation to the yield stage will confirm the effect of the manure applied on the fruit of the plant. This will help to make a more in-depth recommendation for passion fruit farmers.
F. Almeida BOCOLI et al., “Bokashi Use in the Passiofruit (Passiflora Edulis L.) Germination and Initial Growth,” Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 66, no. 4, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.17707/AgricultForest.66.4.08.
The passionfruit has high relevance to Brazilian fruticulture, widely used in the food business. Its seedlings production, might attempt to the utilized substrate characteristics, its organic matter content, adequate nutrients concentration, good aeration, and pathogens agents’ absence. Nowadays is increasing the use of renewable fertilizers in detriment to mineral ones, such as the bokashi and the organics compost in agriculture, although few studies are made to test how it affects different plants’ metabolism. Due to this circumstance, more studies must test its effectiveness. The bokashi possesses several favourable characteristics as nutrients rapid release, soil structure maintenance, some pests, and disease prevention and control. This study used the bran rice bokashi and the organic compost aiming to verify its effect on passionfruit seedlings germination and initial growth in the tube at the greenhouse. The study area was in the fruticulture sector, on the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS), Muzambinho Campus, Brazil. The treatments were different bran rice bokashi doses with organic compost: T1 (0%/100%, respectively bokashi/organic compost), T2 (2%/98%), T3 (4%/96%), T4 (8%/92%), T5 (16%/84%) and T6 (32%/68%). The adopted outline was the RBD, six treatments, and four repetitions, and eight tubes per portion. The obtained data submitted to statistical analysis, the treatments that stood out regarding the germination, were mainly the witness T1, T3, and T5. About the plants’ growth treatments T4, T5, and T6; the T5 was the best treatment due to the high seeds germination and plant development rate on this experiment conditions.
M. Amela García and P. Hoc, “Pollination of Passiflora: Do Different Pollinators Serve Species Belonging to Different Subgenera?,” Acta Horticulturae, vol. 561, pp. 71–74, Nov. 2001.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2001.561.10.
The pollination of 6 species of Passiflora (Passifloraceae) belonging to 3 subgenera was studied: P. caerulea, P. mooreana (subg. Passiflora), P. urnaefolia, P. misera (subg. Decaloba), P. foetida, and P.chrysophylla (subg. Dysosmia). The main pollinators of P. mooreana, P. caerulea and P. urnaefolia were large Apoidea: six species of Xylocopa (Anthophoridae), also, Bombus tucumanus (Apidae) for the better. The medium sized Apoidea Centris spp. (Anthophoridae) and Apis mellifera (Apidae), the hawkmoth Erinnyis ello (Sphingidae), Chlorostilbon aureoventris (Trochilidae) and other hummingbirds were occasional pollinators. The main pollinators of P. misera, P. foetida and P. chrysophylla were the medium sized Apoidea Ptiloglossa spp. (Colletidae) and Thygater analis (Apidae), while Xylocopa augusti pollinated occasionally. Species in the first group are principally served by large pollinators and those in the second group by medium sized ones. This is in accordance with the different size and firmness of the flowers of each group. The first group also showed more richness for pollinator species. Considering their floral features and pollinators, each species of the subg. Decaloba was grouped with one of the other two subgenera, so, at least in these aspects, subg. Decaloba seems to be more heterogeneous than Passiflora and Dysosmia.
S. R. M. de Andrade, S. D. Rosa, C. S. de Araújo, F. G. Faleiro, and N. T. V. Junqueira, “Preliminary studies on the Germination of Passiflora nitida.,” Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - Embrapa Cerrados, no. No.269, 2010.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113181034.
Passiflora nitida has a low germination rate, probably due to problems of dormancy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seed drying methods, storage time and immersion in gibberellic acid on germination rate of the specie. The seeds were dried in the sun presented 44% germination, 33% at heater and 17% greenhouse shade. In comparative storage experiments, fresh seeds without any treatment...
L. G. Angelini, C. Clemente, and S. Tavarini, “Pre-Germination Treatments, Temperature, and Light Conditions Improved Seed Germination of Passiflora Incarnata L.,” Agriculture, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 937, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/agriculture11100937.
Perennial medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) may represent interesting, environmentally friendly crops for the Mediterranean environments. Among MAPs, Passiflora incarnata L. (maypop) represents a very promising crop for its wide adaptability to diverse climatic conditions, low input requirements, and high added-value due to its unique medicinal properties. The main problem in P. incarnata large-scale cultivation is the poor seed quality with erratic and low seed germination, due to its apparent pronounced seed dormancy. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate different chemical and physical treatments for overpassing seed dormancy and enhancing seed germination rates of P. incarnata. The effects of (i) different pre-germination treatments (pre-chilling, gibberellic acid—GA3, leaching, scarification, non-treated control), (ii) light or darkness exposure, and (iii) temperature conditions (25, 30, and 35 ◦C constant and 20–30 ◦C alternating temperatures) have been examined in seed germination percentage and mean germination time of three P. incarnata accessions (F2016, FF2016, and A2016) grown in field conditions in Central Italy. Data showed that the pre-germination treatments generally stimulated faster germination compared to the control, with the best results obtained in the dark and with high temperatures. These findings are useful for the choice of the most suitable seed pre-germination treatment that can facilitate stable, high and agronomically acceptable germination rates in P. incarnata.
J. U. Ani and P. K. Baiyeri, “Impact of Poultry Manure and Harvest Season on Juice Quality of Yellow Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Var. Flavicarpa Deg.) in the Sub-Humid Zone of Nigeria,” Fruits, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 239–247, Jul. 2008.
doi: 10.1051/fruits:2008017.
Introduction. The production of high quality fruit juice involves several cultural inputs. Among other factors, fruit quality attributes are influenced by the cultivar, the climate, the harvesting time and soil fertility. Particularly, the soil fertility has a significant effect on the nutritional characteristics of the juice. Good practice as regards fertilization consists of applying rates adapted to plant optimum growth, yield and fruit quality. Materials and methods. Effects of four poultry manure rates [(0, 5, 10 and 15) t·ha–1] on the juice quality of passion fruits (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa) were evaluated for two cropping years (2005 and 2006). The seedlings of passion fruit vine were field-established in a randomized complete block design, and the manure treatments were replicated four times. Juice quality assessment was performed on fruits picked in December 2005, coinciding with the dry season and low soil moisture recharge, and August 2006, during the wet season and high soil moisture recharge. Results. The results obtained indicated a significant poultry manure effect on all the juice quality parameters studied; the quality of the juice increased gradually as the manure rate increased. Similarly, the season of fruit-picking had a significant effect on the juice quality. As expected, vines that received no manure produced fruits with the poorest juice quality, suggesting unfavorable nutritive conditions within the vines. The concentrations of anti-nutrient factors (tannin, hydrogen cyanide, phytate and calcium oxalate) were low in ripe yellow passion fruits, and insignificant regarding health hazards for consumers of yellow passion fruit. Conclusion. The results obtained showed that the manure rate and the harvest period affected the quality of passion fruit juice. Application of 15 t·ha–1 poultry manure generally gave the best juice quality; similarly, fruits harvested in the first cropping season had better juice quality.
P. Anthony, W. Otoni, J. B. Power, K. C. Lowe, and M. R. Davey, “Protoplast Isolation, Culture, and Plant Regeneration from Passiflora,” in Plant Cell Culture Protocols, R. D. Hall, Ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999, pp. 169–181.
doi: 10.1385/1-59259-583-9:169.
The family Passifloraceae contains over 580 woody or herbaceous species (1), the majority of species within the genus Passiflora being found in tropical South America. Passiflora eduhs fv. flavicarpa is considered to be the most important species (2) because of its value in the fruit juice industry. Additionally, this species is resistant to the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum and, consequently, is frequently used as a rootstock onto which is grafted P edulis Sims. Interspecific sexual hybridization has been attempted in Passiflora breeding programs, using wild-type germplasms to transfer disease resistance and other potentially desirable traits into cultivated species. However, fertile hybrids have been difficult to obtain (3). Somatic hybridization provides a means of circumventing such sexual incompatibilities. Indeed, novel fertile somatic hybrids have been produced between P. eduhs fv. flavicarpa and Passiflora incarnata (4). Since the latter species can survive winter temperatures of −16°C, such transfer of cold tolerance to the commercial crop would permit cultivation in more temperate climates (5). Somatic hybrid plants have also been produced between P edulis fv. flavicarpa and Passiflora amethystina, Passiflora cincinnata, Passiflora giberti, and Passiflora alata, respectively (6).
F. Antognoni, S. Zheng, C. Pagnucco, R. Baraldi, F. Poli, and S. Biondi, “Induction of Flavonoid Production by UV-B Radiation in Passiflora Quadrangularis Callus Cultures,” Fitoterapia, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 345–352, Jul. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.02.001.
Callus cultures from several species of Passiflora were initiated in vitro, and their capacity to produce four glycosyl flavonoids (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin) was analysed. The aim of the present work was to examine the possible role of UV-B irradiation and elicitation with methyl jasmonate (MJ) on the production of these compounds in callus cultures. All the species tested (P. incarnata, P. quadrangularis, P. edulis) formed friable callus from leaf explants after 4 weeks on medium supplemented with kinetin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Among them, P. quadrangularis turned out to have a faster growth rate and a more friable texture, and was therefore chosen for experiments with elicitors. In callus cultures only small amounts of isoorientin were found, while the concentration of the other flavonoids was below the detection limit. UV-B irradiation of calluses was able to increase the production of all four glycosyl flavonoids. After a 7-day exposure of cultures to UV-B light, the production of isoorientin reached concentrations similar to those found in fresh leaves from glasshouse-grown plants. Elicitation with methyl jasmonate also enhanced orientin, vitexin and isovitexin concentrations, even though the stimulation was about 6-fold weaker for orientin and vitexin and about 40-fold for isovitexin, than that exerted by UV-B treatment. Callus cultures treated with the UV-B dose which most enhanced flavonoid production showed a higher antioxidant activity compared to untreated calluses, with an increase ranging from 28% to 76%. Results show that the secondary metabolite biosynthetic capacity of Passiflora tissue cultures can be enhanced by appropriate forms of elicitation.
C. A. Antoniazzi et al., “In Vitro Regeneration of Triploid Plants from Mature Endosperm Culture of Commercial Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims),” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 238, pp. 408–415, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.05.001.
Due to the triploid nature of endosperm, an embryonic reserve tissue, in vitro culture of endosperm tissues has been considered a direct method for production of polyploids. In the present study, we report the establishment of an in vitro regeneration system from endosperm culture for production of triploid Passiflora edulis plants, the main commercial species of passionfruit. Surface-sterilized endosperms were cultured in MS medium with different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron (TDZ), and kinetin (KIN). The cultures were maintained in a growth chamber under controlled conditions, for 60 days. Thidiazuron was the only type of cytokinin that induced shoot production in the endosperm tissues; the highest number of shoots was produced in the presence of 4.5 and 9.0 μM TDZ. Flow cytometry and chromosomal analysis confirmed that endosperm-derived plants were triploid. The internal standard, Pisum sativum, and the diploid control, seed-derived Passiflora edulis plants (2n\,= 2×\,= 18), showed average DNA quantities of 9.09 and 3.35 pg respectively. Endosperm-derived P. edulis plants showed an average DNA content of 5.10 pg and a chromosome count of 27 (3n\,= 3×\,= 27), the same ploidy level as the endosperm (triploid). Our data open new prospects for breeding of passionfruit by means of a stable and reproducible regeneration system from endosperm culture leading to generation of triploid plants.
J. Apple and D. Feener, “Ant Visitation of Extrafloral Nectaries of Passiflora: The Effects of Nectary Attributes and Ant Behavior on Patterns in Facultative Ant-Plant Mutualisms,” Oecologia, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 409–416, May 2001.
doi: 10.1007/s004420000605.
Extrafloral nectary (EFN) plants are widespread and can be quite species-rich in some communities. Thus, ants that utilize extrafloral nectar may have the opportunity to discriminate among a wide variety of nectar sources, resulting in variation in the ant attention EFN plants receive. In this study, we compare ant visitation rates of three Passiflora species that coexist in an early successional neotropical forest. These three vine species (Passiflora auriculata, P. biflora, and P. oerstedii) differ in their extrafloral nectary structure and placement, and thus may attract different numbers or species of ants. Through censuses of ants tending extrafloral nectaries, we found that P. auriculata received significantly higher numbers of ant visitors than P. oerstedii, but did not differ significantly from P. biflora in its attractiveness to ants. We also found that termite worker baits (simulating herbivores) placed on P. auriculata and P. biflora were discovered by ants significantly more quickly than baits placed on P. oerstedii. In both ant visitation censuses and in termite bait trials, we found no significant associations between Passiflora species and the species of ant visitors. We also performed experimental manipulations of several characteristics of P. auriculata, which resulted in changes in levels of ant visitation. When petiolar nectaries of P. auriculata were experimentally blocked, visitation by the common ant Ectatomma ruidum declined, even though nectaries on the leaf surfaces were still functional. Connections with other vegetation also had an effect on ant visitation. Though experimental creation of connections between growing P. auriculata shoots and other vegetation did not enhance ant visitation, eliminating connections resulted in a significant decline in the number of ant visitors. The results of this study suggest factors that may contribute to variation in ant visitation of extrafloral nectary plants. In addition, this study demonstrates that extrafloral nectary plants co-occurring in a habitat and available to the same ants may differ in patterns of visitation by ants and perhaps in the quality of protection from herbivores that they receive.
B. A. Araujo de Sousa, F. T. C. Bezerra, L. F. Cavalcante, M. A. Ferreira Bezerra, W. E. Pereira, and I. C. dos Santos Oliveira, “Effect of Population and Organomineral Fertilization on Physico-Chemical Quality of Fruits of ’Passiflora Edulis’ Cv. Guinezinho,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, Feb. 2020.https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.109394192883344.
The phyto-technical management of crops, such as the conduction system, spatial arrangement of plants and mineral and organic fertilization are pre-harvest agronomic factors that can alter fruit qu...
E. C. Araújo, R. F. Daher, R. F. Silva, and A. P. Viana, “Path Analysis for Physiological Traits That Influence Seed Germination of Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa Deg,” Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 148–154, Jun. 2007.
doi: 10.12702/1984-7033.v07n02a06.
The quality of yellow passion fruit seed is determined by fruit storage and the duration of this period. Two or three harvest dates can thereby be defined to obtain maximum quality. This study aimed to obtain estimates of phenotype, genotype and residual correlation coefficients and evaluate the direct and indirect effects (path analysis) of genotype correlations in seed extracted from fruits stored for 7, 14 and 21 days at cooled (8 ºC) and at environment temperature (25 ºC). The variables accelerated aging and moisture content explained the higher germination percentage in the refrigerated environment. However, in natural conditions, the variables dry matter and electric conductivity influenced seed germination percentage strongly, evidencing that the indirect effects of accelerated aging, electric conductivity and weight reduction had the greatest influence on dry matter.
R. da C. Araújo et al., “Quality of Yellow Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims f. Flavicarpa Deg.) as Affected by Potassium Nutrition,” Fruits, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 109–115, Mar. 2006.
doi: 10.1051/fruits:2006009.
Introduction. The yellow passionfruit is consumed mainly as juice and is well accepted around the world. The nutritional state of the plant influences yield and fruit quality. We studied the particular effect of potassium nutrition on the quality of yellow passionfruit. Materials and methods. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Viçosa, in Brazil, outlined in a randomized block design. The treatments were five concentrations of K [(1, 2, 4, 6 and 8) mmol·L–1] in a modified nutritive solution of Hoagland and Arnon. The experimental unit consisted of one plant in a 20-L pot containing washed sand. The plants were irrigated by a circulating hydroponic system. The nutrients were re-added to the solution based on its electric conductivity and on the K content in each solution. Results and discussion. The K supply increased yield and average fruit weight up to the concentration of (6.43 and 6.24) mmol·L–1, respectively, and linearly increased the number of seeds per fruit, thickness and relative water content of the pericarp and vitamin C content. The total titratable acid content increased according to a square equation, with the maximum point at 5.27 mmol K ·L–1. The pulp percentage, pH and total soluble solids content were not influenced by K doses. Conclusions. The increase in K supply promoted yield and fruit quality. At 90% of the maximum yield, the fruits had adequate quality traits.
D. S. de Araújo, P. B. da Luz, L. G. Neves, and S. de Paiva Sobrinho, “Seed Cryopreservation of Passiflora Species,” Journal of Seed Science, vol. 38, pp. 248–253, Aug. 2016.
doi: 10.1590/2317-1545v38n3154922.
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the cryopreservation of seeds of Passiflora species, using different cryoprotectants. The completely randomized design was used with four treatments (T1 - DMSO at 7%; T2 - 0.3 M sucrose; T3 - storage in NL2 without cryoprotectants; T4 - control) and five replications of 50 seeds. The seeds were stored for 120 hours in NL2 (-196 °C), and thawing was conducted in a water bath (37 °C) for 20 minutes, proceeding with the germination and vigor tests. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test (5% of probability) using the SISVAR program. In P. mucronata, P. suberosa and P. edulis seeds, the responses obtained were favorable to cryopreservation without the use of cryoprotectants in regards to P. micropetala, there was a considerable loss of germination potential after storage in NL2. Given these circunstances, cryopreservation can be used for long-term conservation of Passiflora mucronata, P. suberous and P. edulis, without the use of cryoprotectants.
H. E. Arjona and F. B. Matta, “Ethylene Induced Ripening of Green Mature Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis, Sims),” HortScience, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 863a–863, Aug. 1990.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.25.8.863a.
Passion fruit has become a popular addition to our diet and is currently grown in the United States. Passion fruit shelf life could be extended if green mature fruit can be induced to ripen after exposure to ethylene. Greenhouse grown purple passion fruits were harvested in a green mature stage 55 and 60 days after anthesis (DAA) and stored for 10 days at 10°C. After storage half of the fruits were treated with 10 ppm ethylene for 35 hours and stored at room temperature (21°C) for 48 hours. The juice of treated and non-treated fruit was analyzed for comparison with juice of vine-ripened fruit. Total soluble solids and pH of the juice did not differ in green mature fruits harvested 55 and 60 DAA.. compared to vine-ripened fruits (70-80 DAA). Sucrose content decreased and fructose and glucose increased after storage, regardless of ethylene treatment. Fruits harvested 55 and 60 DAA, with or without ethylene and stored for 10 days, developed the same sugar content, soluble solids and pH as those that ripened on the vine.
H. E. Arjona, F. B. Matta, and J. O. Garner, “Growth and Composition of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) and Maypop (P. Incarnata),” HortScience, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 921–923, Jul. 1991.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.26.7.921.
Fruit growth (diameter) of purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) and maypop (P. incarnata L.) followed a sigmoidal growth curve. Passion fruit were larger than either greenhouse-grown or wild maypop fruit. Wild maypop produced larger fruit than greenhouse-grown maypop. Yellow passion fruit had the lowest percentage of pulp and the highest soluble solids concentration (SSC) and greenhouse-grown maypop had the lowest SSC among the four groups tested. Purple and yellow passion fruit had lower juice pH than maypop. Wild maypop fruit had the highest sucrose content and purple passion fruit had the lowest. Yellow and purple passion fruit juice had higher fructose and glucose contents than did maypop juice.
H. E. Arjona, F. B. Matta, and J. O. Garner, “Physico-Chemical Comparisons of Passion Fruit and Maypop,” HortScience, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1100a–1100, Sep. 1990.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.25.9.1100a.
Physico-chemical characteristics of purple and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) were compared with those of maypop (Passiflora incarnata L.). Fruit diameter of maypop and purple passion fruit followed a typical sigmoidal growth curve. There were no differences in growth rate between the two species during the exponential phase. Growth differences, occurred after the exponential phase (10 and 20 days after anthesis). Fruits of the commercial types were heavier than greenhouse and wild grown maypop. Wild grown maypop produced heavier fruit compared to greenhouse grown maypop. Commercial passion fruit produced heavier rinds and greater pulp weight. Yellow passion fruit had the lowest percentage pulp and the most soluble solids. Greenhouse grown maypop had the lowest soluble solids. No differences in juice pH were found between the two species. Wild maypop fruits had the highest sucrose and greenhouse grown purple passion fruit had the lowest. Yellow and purple passion fruit had higher fructose than maypop. Glucose was significantly different between the two species, but not within species.
M. B. Banu, M. Q. I. Matin, T. Hossain, and M. M. Hossain, “Flowering Behavior and Flower Morphology of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims),” International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 5–7, Aug. 2009.http://ggfjournals.com/assets/uploads/5-7.pdf.
An experiment was conducted at Crop Botany Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh to study flowering behaviour and flower morphology of passion fruit grown from cutting and grown from seed. Flowers opened within 10:52 to 12:25 hr. in plants grown from cuttings and within 10:55 to 12:31 hr. in seeded plants. From visible flower bud to full bloom requires 14.17 days for plants grown from cutting and requires 13.33 days for plants grown from seeds. Flowering started earlier in case of plants grown from cutting which continued 152 days as against 99 days in case of plant grown seed. Average size of floral parts was recorded more or less similar in both types of plants. Percentage of fruit set was higher under hand pollination than under natural pollination.
Plants produce an outstanding diversity of metabolites and many of these metabolites are hypothesized to be involved in coevolutionary interactions. Plants in the genus Passiflora and butterflies in the tribe heliconiine are model systems in the field of coevolutionary biology and a class of defensive metabolite, cyanogenic glycoside (CNglc), is hypothesized to mediate coevolutionary interactions within this system. CNglc are abundant and diverse within the genus Passiflora, however, little is still known regarding the microevolutionary forces that dictate the evolution of CNglc within Passiflora. Here, I describe research aimed at assessing the contribution of specialist heliconiine herbivores in the evolution of CNglc in Passiflora incarnata (purple passionflower). Specifically, I investigated predictions of the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution and investigate the relationship between CNglc, herbivory, and plant fitness. To achieve this, I sampled P. incarnata populations across a large latitudinal transect in the southeastern United States across which the presence and abundance of heliconiine herbivores vary. I then took a combination of experimental approaches toassess variation in defensive metabolites among populations. First, I utilized an untargeted NMR metabolomics methodology to identify metabolites associated with lepidopteran interactions and their corresponding latitudinal distributions. I found 43 metabolites or unknown NMR features that are associated with lepidopteran interactions, however, only 15 had a clinal distribution across latitude. Additionally, I identified multiple cyclopentenoids, which are precursors involved in CNglc biosynthesis in P. incarnata. In my next experiment, I investigated if CNglc varied over latitude and the influence of this defense on herbivory. I found a positive latitudinal distribution for CNglc with greater CNglc concentrations at high-latitude. Furthermore, CNglc was positively correlated with herbivory from a primarily specialist heliconiine herbivore community. Finally, I investigated if CNglc is under natural selection from herbivores. I measured natural selection in the presence and absence of herbivores to determine the effect they have on fitness and how this relates to CNglc. I found that this defense is not under natural selection, but the presence of herbivores influences the relationship of this trait to fitness. From this body of work, I show that cyanogenic glycosides mediate coevolutionary interactions with heliconiine specialists.
A. G. Battistus et al., “Physiological Maturity of Seeds and Colorimetry of Yellow Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa Degener),” African Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 9, no. 40, pp. 3018–3024, Oct. 2014.
doi: 10.5897/AJAR2014.9011.
The passion fruit is among the major fruit crops grown in Brazil, being propagated by seeds due to ease of implementation. However, obtaining seeds of quality is associated with the proper time of collection. Thus, the objective was to determinate the physiological maturity of seeds of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener) using the external color of the fruit. Seeds from passion fruit were collected from four plants. It was adopted a completely randomized design, separating the fruit into four stages of maturation, based on color of the epicarp and quantified as Munsell color chart and refractive index analysis using digital colorimeter. Seeds of completely green fruit did not germinate. Seeds from fruits with advanced stage of maturation tending to wilt, staining with 5 Y 7/10 according to the Munsell color chart and measures of refractive index falling, showed better physiological potential according to the integrity of their membranes, accumulation of dry matter and performance in tests of vigor. This stage was identified as the stage of physiological maturity of the passion fruit. Key words: Maturation stage, germination, electric conductivity, vigor.
K. Bemkaireima, T. Angami, and M. S. Singh, “Response of Different Size and Growth Regulator on Cuttings of Passion Fruit Var. Purple (Passiflora Edulis Var. Edulis Sims).”
A study was carried out on the response of different size and growth regulator on cuttings of passion fruit var. Purple (Passiflora edulis var. edulis Sims) under semi-controlled greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of four levels of IBA (250, 500,750 and 1000 ppm). The types of cuttings consisting of two nodes (N2), three nodes (N3) and four nodes (N4) cuttings. Significant differences were observed in all the parameters under study. The result obtained from the study exhibited that three node cuttings (N3) performed better in respect to length of shoot (3.25 cm), NPK content in leaf (3.49 %),(0.27 % ),(2.40 %), number of roots (26.58), and dry matter percentage in leaf (1.27). Four node cuttings (N ) showed better responses in terms of survival percentage (45.00), number of leaves (6.53), 4 the longest root (13.75 cm), diameter of roots (3.76 mm) and leaf area (55.90 cm2). Among the IBA treatments, 750 ppm was found to be the best concentration in many of the parameters viz., number of leaves per cutting (5.50), number of roots per cutting (30.36), diameter of roots (4.93 mm), NPK content in leaf (4.13 %)(0.26 %)(2.19 %) and dry matter percentage in leaf (1.31).
Maypop (Passiflora incarnata L.) seeds were photoblastically negative and had pronounced heat requirements for germination characteristic of a warm season species. Optimal germination (approximately 90%) was achieved at 35°C, while a drastic fall in germination occurred at lower temperatures (reduced by approximately 50 and 15% at 30 and 25°C, respectively). Mean germination times (MGT) were inversely proportional to temperatures independent of light conditions. The “x intercept” method identified the lowest germination threshold for maypop seeds at 25.4 and 23.9°C in darkness and light, respectively. The negative effect of light on germination occurred during the first 24 or 36 hours of incubation as a function of temperature (35 and 30°C, respectively). Red and farred light were more effective than blue and white light in inhibiting germination at 30°C, but at 35°C no difference in germination rate was observed. Seed exposure to repeated irradiation with red and far-red light induced no difference in germination percentage, suggesting that the influence of phytochrome is only slight or absent.
S. Berberich, R. Geneve, and M. Williams, “Effect of Planting Date and Protective Structures on Finishing Date for Container-Produced Passiflora ‘Lady Margaret,’” University of Kentucky, Kentucky, PR-533, 2006.https://www.uky.edu/hort/node/88.
Passiflora ‘Lady Margaret’ is a desirable passion flower cultivar for container production in Kentucky because it is easy to propa- gate from cuttings, is relatively cold tolerant, and begins to flower early in the season (5). Although it is not hardy in Zone 6, it can be grown as a single-season crop using a two-month production schedule (Figure 1) (1). Currently, passion flowers sold in Kentucky are shipped from the southern United States. This demonstrates potential for local producers, but there is little information available about planting dates and time to finish. The objective of this research was to investigate the use of heated and unheated protective structures and planting dates on growth and flowering of P. ‘Lady Margaret.’ The goal was to develop a range of finishing dates to provide growers with flexible production schedules to meet potential markets.
S. Berberich, R. Geneve, and M. A. Williams, “Pinching of Passiflora ‘Lady Margaret’ and A‘ Methyst’ Reduces Shoot Number and Delays Flowering,” University of Kentucky, Kentucky, PR-533, 2006.https://www.uky.edu/hort/node/88.
Passion flowers (Passiflora sp.) have good market potential as high-value container-produced plants for patio or garden use, and selected cultivars can be successfully grown in Kentucky as a single- season crop using a two-month production scheme in an outdoor nursery (Figure 1) (1). However, cultural practices that reduce the time to flowering and increase overall flower production must be developed for this condensed production schedule.
A. P. Bhati, S. Goyal, R. Yadav, and N. Sathyamurthy, “Pattern Formation in Passiflora Incarnata: An Activator-Inhibitor Model,” Journal of Biosciences, vol. 46, no. 3, p. 84, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s12038-021-00202-1.
Based on a careful examination of the onset of violet colored dots along the filaments in the developing floral bud stage and the formation of alternating bands of violet and white color in the matured flowers of Passiflora incarnata (Passion flower), it is concluded that the pattern arises from a competition between the production of violet colored anthocyanin and the colorless flavonols along the filaments. The activator-inhibitor model of Gierer and Meinhardt along with the reaction diffusion theory of Turing is used to explain the formation of concentric rings in the flower.
D. Bilalis et al., “Effect of Irrigation on Growth and Development of the Root System of Two Medicinal Plants, Hyssopus Officinalis and Passiflora Incarnata,” Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 212–217, Nov. 2014.
doi: 10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:10410.
Medicinal and aromatic plants are known to be used by a large portion of global population for their medicinal therapeutic effects. Water is among the most important factors for the development, yield and quality of medicinal plants since its de iciency may cause serious growth damages and yield losses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two irrigation rates on the development and characteristics of the root system of medicinal plants Hyssopus of icinalis L. and Passi lora incarnata L. The experiments were conducted in 2013 in western Greece in the region of Agrinio according to completely randomized design. The root parameters that were determined were root density, root diameter, root surface and root volume, while some soil parameters and abscular mycorrhiza colonization were also measured. The results indicated that for both medicinal plants the increase of irrigation rate had a positive effect on density and volume of the root system, and the other characteristics of the root correlated with the growth and the forage yield of the plants. In conclusion, irrigation can positively affect the growth and development of the root system of H. of icinalis and P. incarnate with a bene icial impact on overall plant growth and productivity.
S. Biricolti and A. Chiari, “Meristem Culture and Micrografting of Passiflora Edulis f. Edulis,” Advances in Horticultural Science, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 171–175, 1994.https://www.jstor.org/stable/42881766.
Meristem culture is a potential regeneration technique for obtaining virus-indexed stock plants for the mass propagation of Passiflora edulis f. edulis. The effects of various ratios and concentrations of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and the auxin indolebutyric acid (IBA) on meristem culture of P. edulis are reported and discussed. BA (with or without IBA) appeared to induce a rapid meristem enlargement, with the formation of clusters of young leaves, and histological and anatomical monitoring showed the formation of expiant callus. The meristems did not regenerate any shoots althbugh they survived for a long time. In a second experiment, meristems excised from a greenhouse grown plant were micrografted onto in vitro germinated seedlings. 50% of the micrografted meristems developed a small leaf two weeks after micrografting. Micrografted plants were successfully transplanted in a greenhouse into a standard soil mix in small pots.
C. D. Birk, G. Provensi, G. Gosmann, F. H. Reginatto, and E. P. Schenkel, “TLC Fingerprint of Flavonoids and Saponins from Passiflora Species,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, vol. 28, no. 14, pp. 2285–2291, Aug. 2005.
doi: 10.1081/JLC-200064212.
Several Passiflora species, known in Brazil as maracujás, are used as flavour and as juice in food industries, whereas passionflower extract has an ancient tradition in folk medicine as a sedative. Due to few phytochemical and pharmacological studies, there are no quality criteria for these Passiflora species as raw material. In this work, we present unique fingerprints of fourteen samples of Passiflora species relating to the presence of flavonoids and saponins. These chemical characterisations can provide, for example, authentication of samples, detection of adulterations, and differentiation between closely related species.
L. L. Bomtempo, A. M. Costa, H. Lima, N. Engeseth, and M. B. A. Gloria, “Bioactive Amines in Passiflora Are Affected by Species and Fruit Development,” Food Research International, vol. 89, pp. 733–738, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.09.028.
Bioactive amines were determined in selected passion fruit species and throughout fruit development. The same amines (spermine, spermidine, agmatine, putrescine and tryptamine) were found in four Passiflora species (2008–2010 growing seasons) at different concentrations: P. alata had higher polyamines (spermine+spermidine, 8.41mg/100g); P. setacea and P. nitida had higher putrescine (>7.0mg/100g); and P. setacea had higher agmatine contents (1.37mg/100g) compared to the others. The indolamine tryptamine was present at low concentrations in all species (~0.05mg/100g). P. nitida and P. alata had the highest soluble solids (~18°Brix); P. edulis had the lowest pH (2.97) and P. nitida the highest pH (4.19). Throughout P. setacea fruit development, the concentrations of spermidine, putrescine and agmatine decreased; spermine contents did not change; and pH decreased. Fruit shelf life and some of the health promoting properties of Passiflora and their synthesis are modulated by species.
L. Bueno dos Reis et al., “Agrobacterium Rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Passionfruit Species: Passiflora Cincinnata and P. Edulis f. Flavicarpa,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 738, pp. 425–431, Mar. 2007.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.738.51.
In vitro-grown passionfruit (Passiflora cincinnata and P. edulis f. flavicarpa) seedlings were decapitated and inoculated with an overnight grown Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1601 suspension culture. The first responses were observed 20-30 d after inoculation. Hairy roots differentiated at the inoculation sites were used to establish individual root clones and used to initiate long term cultures on semi-solid medium. A series of control, non-infected shoots were also set up in order to ensure that any induced responses were not a result of normal rooting or healing responses. Hairy roots showing root tips of 1.5-2.0 cm in length were carefully detached from the shoots and transferred individually for further growth and proliferation to Petri dishes containing semi-solid MS medium supplemented with Timentin (350 mg L-1) and kanamycin (150-200 mg L-1). Elongating hairy roots were subcultured onto fresh medium every 15 days. During this time the clones retained their high growth rates and antibiotic resistance phenotypes. The regenerated roots displayed typical features of hairy roots such as hairiness, plagiotropism, branching and growth habit. The nptII and nos genes were detected by PCR in genomic DNA from root clones of both species, at the 6th passage, whereas nos gene was detected in regenerants derived from somatic embryos of P. cincinnata. Physiological confirmation of the transformed nature was provided by the auxin autotrophic response and resistance to kanamycin. Spontaneous plant regeneration from roots growing on selective semi-solid MS medium devoid of growth regulators was occasionally observed via organogenesis for P. edulis f. flavicarpa. P. cincinnata displayed higher rates of regeneration, and surprisingly regenerants were recovered via both organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Histological analysis revealed the direct pathway of shoot regeneration through organogenesis. P. cincinnata regenerated plants were successfully acclimatized under ex vitro conditions.
D. A. Cadorin, F. Villa, G. M. Dalastra, K. Heberle, and M. C. C. Rotili, “Pre-germination treatment in granadilha (Passiflora ligularis) seeds.,” Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 256–261, 2017.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20183099202.
The granadilha is a sweet passion fruit, and the fruit is consumed while fresh. The method for seedling propagation is via sexual, but germination rates are low due to dormancy found in the seeds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate gibberellic acid and temperature in granadilha seed germination. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 (temperature, 25°C...
D. A. Cadorin, F. Villa, G. M. Dalastra, K. Heberle, and M. C. C. Rotili, “Tratamentos pré-germinativos em sementes de granadilha (Passiflora ligularis),” Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 256–261, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.5965/223811711632017256.
The granadilha is a sweet passion fruit, and the fruit is consumed while fresh. The method for seedling propagation is via sexual, but germination rates are low due to dormancy found in the seeds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate gibberellic acid and temperature in granadilha seed germination. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 (temperature, 25 °C constant, and alternating 20-30 °C) x 2 (100 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid and absence), containing 5 replications and 80 seeds per repetition. They were evaluated every two days, until sixty days’ germination percentage, for germination speed index, germination velocity time, height (mm) and dry weight (mg) of seedlings. Best results were obtained for the granadilha seeds were found using 100 mg L-1 of GA3 and alternating temperatures of 20-30 °C. The highest percentage of granadilha seed germination was 53.2% at the temperature of 20-30 °C alternating.
B. L. Caleño-Ruíz, G. Morales-Liscano, B. L. Caleño-Ruíz, and G. Morales-Liscano, “Propagación asexual de especies endémicas y amenazadas del género Passiflora en los Andes colombianos,” Colombia Forestal, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 67–82, Dec. 2019.
doi: 10.14483/2256201x.14302.
M. A. M. Camargo, A. C. M. Coronado, E. C. Mora, and S. Y. M. Fernández, “Evaluation of Pregerminative Treatments in Gulupa Seeds (P. Edulis f. Edulis Sims).,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 42, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452020590.
Abstract The genus Passiflora, commonly known as fruits of passion, includes numerous species, including gulupa (Passiflora edulis f. edulis), of nutracetic and economic importance, both for consumption in nature and for its agro-industrial applicability. This research was developed to evaluate the effects of various pre-germinative treatments on the germination of gulupa seeds from the municipality of Ramiriquí (Boyacá), such as: exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorite of sodium (NaOCl), gibberellic acid (GA3), distilled water imbibition and stratification at 4 °C, in varying concentrations and exposure times (24 and 48 hours), using an experimental design completely random, with three repetitions of 50 seed each one. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between treatments, with H2O2 being 15% the most effective, with a germination percentage (PG) of 88% in exposed seeds for 48 hours. In the presence of NaOCl the percentages were lower 36 - 40%. GA3 at 100 ppm for 24 hours recorded 51% PG, at the other concentrations of this growth regulator and exposure times this value was lower. The use of H2O2 has not been reported as a treatment to induce germination in the genus Passiflora. These results can be applied for the treatment of seeds in plant species can be a viable, effective, economical and easily applicable alternative.
M. Campos, M. Uliana, D. V. Montero, G. Lima, and L. C. Ming, “Effect of Organic Fertilization on Biomass Production and Bioactive Compounds in Passiflora Incarnata L.,” International Journal of Phytocosmetics and Natural Ingredients, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 11–11, Sep. 2015.
doi: 10.15171/ijpni.2015.11.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of biomass of Passiflora incarnata L. in response to different levels of organic fertilizer and compare the content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and TEAC in leaves and stems. The experiment was conducted with family farmers in Botucatu (Brazil), between October 2013 and February 2014. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse and then transplanted to the field with spacing 0.30m x 0.60m without staking and irrigated by sprinkler. The experimental design was a randomized block design with five treatments and four blocks. The organic fertilization and liming were made in the row with rabbit manure, chicken manure, organic waste and dolomitic limestone 30 days before transplanting. Leaves and stems of P. incarnata were dried in oven with air circulation at 40 °C / 48 h. The analysis of total flavonoids and polyphenols were performed according to the spectrophotometric method using the Folin-Ciocalteau reactive. Results showed that organic fertilization had a positive effect on the plant´s development, incising the biomass production (dry matter). However, the production of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, total flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity were not influenced by the effect of organic fertilization.
J. Cárdenas, C. Carranza, D. Miranda, and S. Magnitskiy, “Effect of GA3, KNO3, and Removing of Basal Point of Seeds on Germination of Sweet Granadilla (Passiflora Ligularis Juss) and Yellow Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa),” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 853–859, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452013000300023.
Passiflora seeds germinate erratically presenting difficulties for their handling in a greenhouse. The effect of removing of basal point of seeds (RB) and pre-imbibition of seeds of sweet granadilla and yellow passion fruit in 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg mL-1 solutions of gibberellic acid (GA3) or 0.1% KNO3 solution was studied. The experiment was conducted in greenhouses in La Plata, Colombia. Two accessions PrJ1 and PrJ2 of sweet granadilla were evaluated. There were calculated the final percentage of germination (PG), mean germination time (MGT), and the mean germination rate (MGR). The leaf area and dry mass of seedlings were measured 22 days after sowing (das); with this data, specific leaf area and relation root/ shoot were calculated. In all cases, the highest germination percentages were achieved treating seeds with KNO3 (89, 92, and 87% for yellow passion fruit, PrJ2, and PrJ1, respectively), but the increase in MGR (3.3 germinated seeds per day) and the decrease in MGT (16 days) were only significant for PrJ1. RB had a significant reduction of PG in all cases (28, 12, and 33% for passion fruit, PrJ2 and PrJ1, respectively). With the increase in the concentration of GA3, PG was reduced for two accessions of sweet granadilla, for yellow passion fruit this trend was not clear, no treatment with GA3 showed significant differences with the control. Leaf area (24.07 cm2) and dry mass of seedlings (135 mg) were significantly higher than seeds previously treated with KNO3 only for PrJ1.The solution of KNO3 0,1% is recommended to improve the germination and initial growth of granadilla seedlings.
W. T. Cárdenas-Pira, E. Torres-Moya, S. Magnitskiy, and L. M. Melgarejo, “Physiological Responses of Purple Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims F. Edulis) Plants to Deficiencies of the Macronutrients, Fe, Mn, and Zn during Vegetative Growth,” International Journal of Fruit Science, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 344–358, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1890673.
The purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis) is a promising crop in Colombia because of its high potential for international markets and high profitability. However, without adequate fertilization, the metabolic processes of plant growth can be affected. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of macro- and micronutrient deficiencies on growth, photosynthesis, and transpiration in purple passion fruit plants during vegetative development. Seedlings with four to six leaves (three-months-old) were transplanted to a sand culture and subjected to mineral deficiencies using the missing element technique under greenhouse conditions. The plants subjected to Fe deficiency had the lowest maximum photosynthetic rate at saturation by light (1.72 µmol CO2 m−2s−1) at 72 days after treatment, while the lowest apparent quantum efficiency (0.008 µmol CO2 µmol photons−1) was observed in the plants with Mg deficiency. The lowest values of maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, Fv/Fm (0.69) and transpiration rate (2.39 µg H2O cm−2s−1) were found in the plants with P deficiency. The mineral nutrient deficiencies negatively affected metabolic processes in the purple passion fruit plants, with the highest impact on photosynthesis observed with the Fe or Mg deficiencies. The plants subjected to P deficiencies were the most affected plants in terms of transpiration rate.
M. K. V. Carr, “The Water Relations and Irrigation Requirements of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims): A Review,” Experimental Agriculture, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 585–596, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1017/S0014479713000240.
It is generally accepted that the two forms of Passiflora edulis, the golden and the purple, originated on the edges of tropical rainforests in Brazil. Extensive hybridisation has since taken place between these two forms and their hybrids. The passion fruit (a vine) is now grown throughout the tropics and subtropics. A limited amount of basic, fundamental research has been published on the water relations of passion fruit. Leaf production and expansion are both sensitive to water deficits, while water stress reduces leaf and floral bud initiation. A single axillary flower bud forms at each leaf node of new growth along with a tendril. Flower bud development and fruit set are less sensitive to water stress than leaf initiation. Heavy rain during pollination prevents fertilization. Unevenness in crop distribution during the year is possibly linked to water stress and temperature variation. Potential evapotranspiration rates in Brazil varied between 3.5 mm d−1 and 5.8 mm d−1. The value for the crop coefficient increases from about 0.6 during apical vegetative growth up to about 1.25 during flowering and fruiting. Water productivities still need to be determined. Micro-sprinklers and drip are the most effective ways of applying irrigation water with precision to passion fruit. Opportunities exist for international cooperation in research projects of mutual interest on passion fruit water relations.
R. V. de Carvalho et al., “Storage of seeds Passiflora alata, Passiflora cincinnata e Passiflora setacea in aluminum packages at room temperature.,” Magistra, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 154–160, 2017.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20193363061.
The possibility of storing seeds in commercial packaging at room temperature greatly facilitates the logistics of seed commercialization. The objective of this work was to evaluate the seedlings emergence from seeds of sweet and wild passion fruit cultivars stored in commercial packaging containers at room temperature. The experiments were carried out at the Embrapa Genetic Resources and...
M. A. de F. Carvalho, R. Paiva, D. P. Vargas, J. M. P. Porto, R. C. Herrera, and V. C. Stein, “In Vitro Germination of Passiflora Gibertii N. E. Brown with Mechanical Scarification and Gibberellic Acid,” Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 1027–1032, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2012v33n3p1027.
The objective of this work was to study the in vitro germination of Passiflora gibertii N. E. Brown seeds, regarding the scarification type, the effect of using GA3 growth regulator and the use of fresh or dry seeds. Ripe fruit seeds were washed in water and dried for four days (dry seeds). After this period, new seeds were isolated from fruits and washed in water (fresh seeds). Different scarification methods were tested (removing the tip seed by using forceps and scalpel or with sandpaper and the control treatment with no scarification). After scarification, seeds were inoculated in MS culture medium, containing half of its salt concentration supplemented with different concentrations of GA3 (0, 28.87, 57.74, 86.61 and 115.47 ?M) and were kept in a growth room under controlled conditions. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a triple factorial scheme 3x2x5 (scarification type, fresh or dry seeds and GA3 concentration) with four replications per treatment, each one consisting of five test tubes and each tube containing one seed. The evaluation was carried out in intervals of two days for 45 days. The percentage of germinated seeds and the germination speed index (GSI) were observed. Highest averages for the variables analyzed were obtained with the seed tip scarification by using forceps and scalpel. The highest percentage of germination was obtained for dry seeds with the seed tip scarification. The GA3 growth regulator addition to the culture medium had no effect on the analyzed variables.
P. P. de Carvalho, C. A. Antoniazzi, R. B. de Faria, I. F. de Carvalho, D. I. Rocha, and M. L. da Silva, “In Vitro Organogenesis from Root Explants of Passiflora Miniata Mast., an Amazonian Species with Ornamental Potential,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 62, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.1590/1678-4324-2019170803.
ABSTRACT The present study reports a shoot organogenesis-based system for in vitro regeneration of Passiflora miniata, an Amazonia passion fruit species. Root segments were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations (range 2-9 µM) of 6-benzyladenine (BA); thidiazuron (TDZ) or kinetin (KIN). Plant growth regulators were not added to the control treatment. Root explants have showed a high regenerative potential. After 30 days of in vitro culture, the root explants showed several shoots formed direct and indirectly. TDZ provided the best response in the differentiation adventitious shoots, mainly in the presence of 6.8 µM. The cytokinins BA and KIN responded producing a reduced number of shoots. After 120 days, rooted regenerated plants were transferred to a greenhouse for acclimatization. This regeneration system opens new perspectives for micropropagation and conservation of this wild Amazonic passion fruit species.
High salinity in the root zone affects the growth of many plant species. Soil salinity can lead to reduced emergence and low growth of seedlings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of banana passion fruit (P. tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) L. H. Bailey) seedlings under saline stress. The salinity effect on growth and dry matter (DM) production of banana passionfruit seedlings was evaluated under greenhouse conditions at Tunja / Colombia. Plantlets were grown in plastic bags filled with soil and 0; 20; 40 and 80mM NaCl were added to the soil, which induced the following different electrical conductivity levels: 0.70; 2.38; 3.47 and 5.49 dS m-1 respectively. Salt was added gradually to the soil, up to the mentioned concentration. Results indicate significant differences among treatments. Plants of the control treatment without salt had higher number of leaves, total stem + shoot length, specific leaf weight, leaf area and DM in relation to salt treated plants. Leaf area and DM production were drastically reduced by salinity, especially by 80mM NaCl. The DM partitioning was also affected by salinity, reducing dry matter accumulation in leaves and increasing the DM in petioles + stems + shoots and roots. The findings from the study indicate that banana passionfruit seedlings are moderately sensitive to salt stress.
N. R. Castillo, D. Ambachew, L. M. Melgarejo, and M. W. Blair, “Morphological and Agronomic Variability among Cultivars, Landraces, and Genebank Accessions of Purple Passion Fruit, Passiflora Edulis f. Edulis,” HortScience, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 768–777, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI14553-19.
Global demand for juice of the purple passion fruit, Passiflora edulis f. edulis, is growing, making it a promising species for farmers to grow in the highland tropics, to which it is adapted. However, research centers and private companies have done little to produce new high-yielding varieties. The objective of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the agronomic and morphological characteristics of 50 passion fruit genotypes across two different elevations and agro-ecological sites as a base for germplasm enhancement. Three groups of genotypes were commercial cultivars (8 genotypes), genebank accessions (8), and landraces (34) collected from throughout the highlands of Colombia. The locations were at 1800 m above sea level (masl) (Pasca), in a place where cultivation of passion fruits is common; and at 2500 masl (Susacón), at a higher elevation site compared with most commercial plantings equal to a new agroecology for cultivation of the crop. Results indicated that the mid-elevation site produced higher yields (kg fruit/plant) than the high elevation site, although some landraces were highly productive there. Commercial cultivar and genebank accessions clustered together in a principal component analysis (PCA); while landraces showed high levels of variation in the trait descriptors with five different clusters. Therefore, landraces of purple passion fruit contained greater genetic diversity than commercial cultivars or the genebank, and breeding programs for the crop should use landraces to increase diversity of varieties available to producers and to further expand the crop to new regions, at higher elevations, or with different agro-ecologies.
N. R. Castillo, L. M. Melgarejo, and M. W. Blair, “Seed Structural Variability and Germination Capacity in Passiflora Edulis Sims f. Edulis,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 11, p. 498, 2020.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00498.
Purple passion fruit, Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis, is an important semi-perennial, fruit bearing vine originating in South America that produces a commercial tropical juice pulp for international and national consumption. Within the round purple passion fruit are a large number of membranous seed sacs each containing individual seeds. Little is known about the seed anatomy of the commercial passion fruit, differences between wild collected and commercial types, and its effect on seedling germination. Therefore, our main objective for this study was to analyze the seed anatomy variability of different germplasm as well as the effect on viability and germination of the seeds of this species. Germplasm was evaluated from three sources: (1) commercial cultivars grown in current production areas, (2) genebank accession from the national seed bank, and (3) landraces collected across different high and mid-elevation sites of the Andean region. A total of 12 morphometric descriptors related to seed anatomy were evaluated on the 56 genotypes, of which three were most informative: Angle to the vertex which is related to the shape of the seed, the thickness of the tegument and the horizontal length; separating the seed according to its source of origin. Germination was found to be positively correlated with the number (r = 0.789) and depth (r = 0.854) of seed pitting. Seeds of the commercial cultivars had more seed pits and higher germination compared to seeds of landraces or genebank accessions showing a possible effect of domestication on the crop. Interestingly, passion fruits often germinate during the rainy season as escaped or wild seedlings especially in the disturbed landscapes of coffee plantations, so some dormancy is needed but faster germination is needed for intensive cultivation. Harnessing passion fruit diversity would be useful as the semi-domesticated landraces have valuable adaptation characteristics to combine with rapid germination selected in the commercial cultivars. The variability of seed pitting with cultivars more pitted than landraces possibly resulting in faster germination may indicate that purple passion fruit is still undergoing a process of selection and domestication for this trait.
A. G. Cavalcante et al., “Physiology and Production of Yellow Passion Fruit with Hydroabsorbent Polymer and Different Irrigation Depths,” Revista Ceres, vol. 67, pp. 365–373, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1590/0034-737X202067050004.
ABSTRACT The yellow passion fruit is grown under different edaphoclimatic conditions. Irrigation standardizes and increases the development and productivity of the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and productive aspects of yellow passion fruit with application of hydroabsorbent polymer at different irrigation depths. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement. The treatments were soil with and without polymer and five dephts of irrigation (60 to 100% of crop evapotranspiration). Initial, maximum, and variable chlorophyll fluorescence, physiology (photosynthetic rate, internal carbon concentration, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency) and production of yellow passion fruit were the variables analyzed. The hydrogel probably retained water in its structure, reducing the ability to dissipate excess energy. Setting the irrigation depth at an estimated 82% of crop evapotranspiration increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency of yellow passion fruit plants. Maximum yield was 17.2 t ha-1 in irrigated plants at 100% evapotranspiration (ETc) in soil without hydrogel.
U. M. T. Cavalcante, L. C. Maia, R. J. M. C. Nogueira, and V. F. dos Santos, “Respostas fisiológicas em mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg.) inoculadas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e submetidas a estresse hídrico,” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 15, pp. 379–390, Dec. 2001.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062001000300008.
O efeito da simbiose entre fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e o maracujazeiro amarelo submetido a estresse hídrico por sete dias, iniciado 40 dias após a inoculação, foi estudado em experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualisado em arranjo fatorial, correspondendo a dois tratamentos hídricos (com e sem estresse), três isolados de FMA (Gigaspora albida, Gigaspora margarita e Glomus etunicatum), dois níveis de inóculo de FMA (200 e 400 esporos/planta) e um tratamento adicional (sem inoculação), com quatro repetições. Foi usado solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo (3 mg de P/dm³). Medidas de resistência difusiva, transpiração e temperatura foliar foram tomadas em 4 folhas de cada tratamento. O crescimento foi avaliado pela altura, área foliar e biomassa seca total. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa NTIA da EMBRAPA. Nas mudas inoculadas o estresse não afetou o crescimento, ao contrário das não micorrizadas que não cresceram em ambas as condições hídricas. As mudas associadas aos FMA e submetidas ao estresse apresentaram maiores valores de resistência difusiva e temperatura foliar, e menores taxas de transpiração que as não estressadas. Mudas inoculadas com G. etunicatum apresentaram menor resistência difusiva em relação às demais mudas inoculadas e maior transpiração em relação a G. albida. Em geral a micorrização beneficiou as mudas de maracujazeiro, promovendo o crescimento, mesmo sob estresse hídrico.
J. C. Cavichioli, C. Ruggiero, C. A. Volpe, E. M. Paulo, J. L. Fagundes, and F. S. Kasai, “Florescimento e frutificação do maracujazeiro-amarelo submetido à iluminação artificial, irrigação e sombreamento,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 92–96, Apr. 2006.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452006000100026.
Photoperiod, air temperature and soil moisture are factors that determine the yield of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.). The low yield from August to November is due to the lack of flowering and fructification of the plant because of climatic conditions. The aim of this work was to evaluate flowering and fructification of yellow passion fruit submitted to artificial light, irrigation and shade. Four systems of production were compared: artificial light/irrigation/shade; artificial light/irrigation; artificial light/shade; artificial light and a natural condition system. The treatments were submitted to artificial light in three different days: April 12, April 27 and May 12. The experiment was carried out at Escola Técnica Agrícola de Adamantina, SP, Brazil, from April to November of 1997. The results permited to conclude that artificial light with and without irrigation increased the number of flowers, the number of fruits and total yield of yellow passion fruit. The irrigation did not affect the flowering, the fructification and the yield in the treatment with artificial light, but reduced the number of flowers in the shaded treatment. The shading with and without irrigation reduced the number of flowers. The artificial light/irrigation/shade treatment increased the percentage of fructification. The flowering, the fructification and the yield were not significantly affected by the different times of lighting.
C. B. M. Cerqueira-Silva, O. N. Jesus, E. S. L. Santos, R. X. Corrêa, and A. P. Souza, “Genetic Breeding and Diversity of the Genus Passiflora: Progress and Perspectives in Molecular and Genetic Studies,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 14122–14152, Aug. 2014.
doi: 10.3390/ijms150814122.
Despite the ecological and economic importance of passion fruit (Passiflora spp.), molecular markers have only recently been utilized in genetic studies of this genus. In addition, both basic genetic researches related to population studies and pre-breeding programs of passion fruit remain scarce for most Passiflora species. Considering the number of Passiflora species and the increasing use of these species as a resource for ornamental, medicinal, and food purposes, the aims of this review are the following: (i) to present the current condition of the passion fruit crop; (ii) to quantify the applications and effects of using molecular markers in studies of Passiflora; (iii) to present the contributions of genetic engineering for passion fruit culture; and (iv) to discuss the progress and perspectives of this research. Thus, the present review aims to summarize and discuss the relationship between historical and current progress on the culture, breeding, and molecular genetics of passion fruit.
C. B. M. Cerqueira-Silva, F. G. Faleiro, O. N. de Jesus, E. S. L. dos Santos, and A. P. de Souza, “The Genetic Diversity, Conservation, and Use of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Spp.),” in Genetic Diversity and Erosion in Plants: Case Histories, M. R. Ahuja and S. M. Jain, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 215–231.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-25954-3_5.
The characterization of genetic variability is important for conservation and biodiversity as well as the strategies and research techniques that contribute to such characterizations of flora, including the use of morpho-agronomic descriptors and molecular markers. In this chapter, we present and discuss the issues related to the genetic diversity of passion fruit (Passiflora spp.) to provide the reader with an updated view on the advances and challenges associated with the characterization, conservation and genetic diversity of the genus Passiflora. Passiflora, whose species are commonly known as passion fruits, stands out in the family Passifloraceae both for its number of species (approximately 520) and its ecological and economic importance. Passion fruits grow in various countries, and they are diversely represented in the Americas; in particular, Colombia and Brazil grow approximately 170 and 150 species of Passiflora, respectively. Despite increasing interest in this genus, genetic characterization, and breeding programs remain modest, especially considering the number of species not yet studied. Because almost all passion fruit diversity estimates derive from accessions maintained in germplasm banks using ex situ conservation to reduce the loss of species genetic variability, the scientific community must increase the number of these accessions. In addition, an urgent need exists for estimations of the diversity of natural populations and expanded analyses of passion fruit accessions present in germplasm banks, to provide more realistic estimates regarding the diversity of Passiflora and its representation in germplasm banks, both for conservation and biodiversity.
C. B. M. Cerqueira-Silva, F. G. Faleiro, O. N. de Jesus, E. S. L. dos Santos, and A. P. de Souza, “Passion Fruit (Passiflora Spp.) Breeding,” in Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits: Volume 3, J. M. Al-Khayri, S. M. Jain, and D. V. Johnson, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 929–951.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91944-7_22.
The genus Passiflora, commonly known as passion fruit, is prominent in the family Passifloraceae due to its numerous species (approximately 520) and economic importance. The biodiversity of this genus is widely represented in the Americas, where Colombia and Brazil harbor approximately 170 and 150 species of Passiflora, respectively. The economic interest in passion fruit species emerged due to the beauty of their flowers, their active medicinal properties, their essential oils that can be extracted for the cosmetics industry and their production of fruit for consumption or for obtaining derivatives. Brazil is considered the largest producer of passion fruit, although its national productivity is low (an average of 14 mt/ha/year) compared with the potential for passion fruit cultivation (50 mt/ha/year). This low productivity is partly caused by a lack of cultivars adapted to different production regions and their susceptibility to major diseases. Although the number of passion fruit breeding programs has increased, the results obtained thus far have been modest compared with existing demands. Such programs therefore represent a burgeoning field of research and financial investment. Among the obstacles faced by breeders, the low representation of Passiflora in germplasm banks (considering its species richness and wide geographical distribution) and the scarcity of biological and agronomic information for most accessions are the most salient. Despite the difficulties encountered in Passiflora research over the past two decades, there has been a notable increase in the use of molecular tools for the characterization of this genus and in the number of cultivars registered and effectively available for the large-scale production of passion fruit. Thus, in this chapter, we present an overview of innovations and modern technologies, including advances in breeding programs and molecular tools, related to the availability of genetic resources for Passiflora. These technologies can be used as strategies to improve every stage of breeding programs, from pre- to post-breeding. Finally, we discuss future perspectives for studies leading to the genetic breeding of passion fruit (Passiflora spp.).
J. M. Chaín and H. F. Causin, “Germinability and Antioxidant Metabolism in Passiflora Caerulea L. Seeds Exposed to Salt Stress,” Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales nueva serie, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 23–34, May 2018.
doi: 10.22179/REVMACN.20.563.
P. caerulea is the Passiflora species with the widest distribution in Argentina. Despite the need to cultivate it to decrease the extraction impact on its natural populations, the information on how environmental factors affect seed germinability is scarce. In order to evaluate the greminative response and the role of the antioxidant metabolism against saline stress, freshly collected seeds were germinated in the presence of 0 (control), 30, 60 or 90 mM NaCl. The percentage of germination, the content of soluble and carbonylated proteins, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the generation of reactive oxygen species both in the pre-germination phase and during germination were evaluated. The removal of the aryl and the micropillar integument after 3 h imbibition proved to induce a rapid germination and activation of the enzymes catalase, glutathione S-transferase and peroxidases, together with an increase and a decrease in the generation of O2.- and H2O2, respectively, at the root apex. Even though the germination and activity of some of the studied enzymes decreased with the increase in external NaCl levels, when comparing populations of the control and 90 mM NaCl treatments having similar germination percentages, a marked induction of peroxidase activity was observed in the latter group. The proportion of carbonylated proteins did not differ among treatments, which suggests that, despite this species cannot be considered as halo-tolerant, the fact that the antioxidant metabolism efficiently contributed to prevent oxidative damage to the proteome may constitute an important mechanism to facilitate its establishment in environments with moderate salinity.
Y.-C. Chen, C. Chang, and H.-L. Lin, “Topolins and Red Light Improve the Micropropagation Efficiency of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims) ‘Tainung No. 1,’” HortScience, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 1337–1344, Aug. 2020.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI15078-20.
Passion fruit is a commercial crop of economic importance worldwide, with recent increases in demand for high-quality plants for commercial production. Plant tissue culture is widely used for the mass propagation of many commercial crops, however its application on passion fruit is challenged by the problem of low reproducibility, leaf chlorosis, and growth retardation resulted from in vitro culture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cytokinins and light quality on in vitro culture of nodal segments of passion fruit ‘Tainung No. 1’. Three aromatic cytokinins were tested in a modified MS basal medium. The bud proliferation rates of segments initiated on a media containing 1 mg·L−1 meta-topolin riboside (mTR) or benzyladenine (BA) were not significantly different at the same concentration. Buds cultured on medium supplemented with mTR grew and elongated for 4 weeks, while buds on a medium containing BA formed rosettes. After transfer to a medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs), shoots rooted spontaneously within 8 weeks. Furthermore, the effects of continuous propagation under a high proportion of red light affected the subsequent plant growth. Red LED induced an increase in the chlorophyll content (2.71 mg·g−1) compared with other light qualities (1.05–2.63 mg·g−1) and improved plantlet quality. Acclimated plants were grown in the field, and the flower morphology and fruit set were of commercial quality. Findings showed that replacing BA with mTR as the main cytokinin and using a high proportion of red light during the tissue culture induction period produced high-quality plantlets in 3 months. This system is economical and will be further developed for the commercial propagation of passion fruit vines in the future.
V. Chinniah and V. Thiagarajan, “Anatomical Investigation on the Leaves and Stem of Passiflora Incarnata (Passifloraceae),” International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, vol. 6, pp. 537–543, Jul. 2015.
doi: 10.7897/2277-4343.064101.
The present study was designed to explore the anatomical features of leaf and stem of Passiflora incarnata. Macroscopical, microscopical analysis for the standardization of Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae) which has been widely used to treat various disorders like cancer, insomnia, ulcer and convulsion etc. Leaves-green colour, palmate shape with 3 lobes, obtuse apex, serrate margin, pinnate venation. Stem- green colour, cylindrical shape. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of anamocytic or anisocytic stomata, unicellular or uniseriate covering trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, simple unbranched termination, biforked termination and repeatedly branched dendroid type of termination. The observation of cellular level morphology or anatomy is a major aid for the authentication of drugs. These characters are especially important for identification of drugs. These studies will contribute further investigation on this plant.
A. Ciubotaru, “SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIFLORA INCARNATA L. PLANTS IN THE «ALEXANDRU CIUBOTARU» NATIONAL BOTANICAL GARDEN (INSTITUTE).”
Plants commonly produce multiple, seemingly redundant defenses, but the reasons for this are poorly understood. The specificity of defenses to particular herbivores could drive investment in multiple defenses. Alternatively, genetic correlations between defenses could lead to their joint expression, even if possessing both defenses is non-adaptive. Plants may produce multiple defenses if putative resistance traits do not reduce damage, forcing plants to rely on tolerance of damage instead. Furthermore, resource shortages caused by herbivore damage could lead to compensatory changes in expression and selection on non-defense traits, such as floral traits. Natural selection could favor producing multiple defenses if synergism between defenses increases the benefits or decrease the costs of producing multiple defenses. Non-linear relationships between the costs and benefits of defense trait investment could also favor multiple defenses.
Passiflora incarnata (‘maypop’) is a perennial vine native to the southeast United States that produces both direct, physical traits (leaf toughness and trichomes) and rewards thought to function in indirect defense (extrafloral nectar in a defense mutualism with ants), along with tolerance of herbivore damage. I performed two year-long common garden experiments with clonal replicates of plants originating from two populations. I measured plant fitness, herbivore damage, and defense traits. I ran a genotypic selection analysis to determine if manipulating herbivore damage through a pesticide exclusion treatment presence mediated selection on floral traits, and if herbivore damage led to plastic changes in floral trait expression. To evaluate the role of selection in maintaining multiple defenses, I estimated fitness surfaces for pairwise combinations of defense traits and evaluated where the fitness optima were on each surface.
I found that resistance traits did not reduce herbivore damage, but plants demonstrated specific tolerance to different classes of herbivore damage. Tolerance was negatively correlated with resistance, raising the possibility that tolerance of herbivore damage instead of resistance may be the key defense in this plant, and that production of the two type of defense is constrained by underlying genetic architecture. Plants with higher levels of generalist beetle damage flowered earlier and produced proportionally more male flowers. I found linear selection for both earlier flowering and a lower proportion of male flowers in the herbivore exclusion treatment. I found that selection favored investment in multiple resistance traits. However, for two tolerance traits or one resistance and one tolerance trait, investment in only one trait was favored.
These results highlight the possibility of several mechanisms selecting for the expression of multiple traits, including non-defense traits. Resistance traits may have a non-defensive primary function in this plant, and tolerance may instead be a key defense strategy. These results also emphasize the need to consider the type of trait–resistance or tolerance–when making broad predictions about their joint expression.
J.-A. Cleves-Leguízamo, “Functional Analysis of Trellising Systems and Their Impact on Quality and Productivity in Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims f. Flavicarpa and f. Pupurea, Degener) Cultivars in Colombia,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 43, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452021886.
Abstract In the last decade, passion fruit cultivation has regained special importance expressed in the increase of the planting area in order to supply growing markets. This study systematizes research and production experiences gathered in more than three decades of technical work in the central region of Colombia, at locations of Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Huila, Tólima, Quindio and Risaralda. Extensive field visits were conducted with farmers, students and technicians. Initially, general information on passion fruit cultivation, edaphoclimatic requirements are reviewed, analyzing the effect of climatological variables such as wind speed, relative humidity, temperature, rainfall and sunshine, in intensive production processes, which are manifested in the monthly distribution of production volume, expressed as percentage, taking as a reference the three support and conduction systems (simple trellis, “T” system and double cordon), highlighting attributes, advantages, disadvantages and their relationship with productivity and quality. Finally, the effect of pollinating agents was described. It was concluded that according to the ecophysiological requirements of passion fruit cultivation under tropical Colombian conditions, the trellising system, which presents the greatest advantages for cultural and phytosanitary management is the simple trellis, obtaining higher production volumes of optimum quality.
D. L. Cole, T. R. Hedges, and T. Ndowora, “A Wilt of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis f. Edulis Sims) Caused by Fusarium Solani and Phytophthora Nicotianae Var. Parasitica,” Tropical Pest Management, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 362–366, Jan. 1992.
doi: 10.1080/09670879209371728.
A wilt of purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims) is widespread in Zimbabwe. Fusarium solani was consistently isolated from discoloured vascular tissue of plants obtained from several farms. All isolates of the fungus were pathogenic. The possible role of Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica in the wilt disease was investigated because it was frequently isolated from the stem base of plants affected by passion fruit wilt and from dying seedlings. Plants inoculated with F. solani slowly succumbed to the wilt, whereas those infected with a mixture of F. solani and P. nicotianae v. parasitica or P. nicotianae v. parasitica alone died rapidly. Planting stock is grown from seed of P. edulis which is very susceptible to both pathogens. Red passion fruit (Passiflora caerulea) is resistant to both pathogens and should be considered as an alternative rootstock.
M. H. M. Cordeiro, R. D. S. Rosado, A. G. de L. Souto, J. P. G. Cremasco, C. E. M. dos Santos, and C. H. Bruckner, “Sour Passion Fruit Hybrids with a Low Photoperiod and Temperature Requirement for Genetic Improvement in Higher-Latitude Regions,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 249, pp. 86–92, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.032.
Sour Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) breeding programs search for genotypes with photoperiod insensitivity that can develop cultivars better adapted for higher-latitude regions by increasing the harvest period. This work aimed to characterize flowering and fruiting in sour passion fruit hybrids based on low photoperiod and temperature requirements. The hybrids were obtained by crossing plants with normal photoperiod and temperature requirements and inbred lines with a low photoperiod and temperature requirement. The hybrid plants and cultivars were evaluated on a weekly basis by counting the flowers and fruits on each plant. The collected data were then examined via descriptive statistical analysis. Hybrid plants showed flowers throughout the experimental period during the winter season, from May to August, with reduced photoperiods and temperatures. Nonetheless, the sour passion fruit cultivars had indiscernible flowering and fruiting traits during this winter period. This study identified sour passion fruit hybrids that produced flowers and fruits under low photoperiod and temperature conditions.
L. S. Correa, C. Ruggiero, and J. C. de Oliveira, “The occurrence of Acalymma sp. (Coleop. Chrysomelidae) on seedlings of passionflower (Passiflora edulis f. flaviocarpa Deg.).,” Cientifica, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 229–230, 1977.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19780553835.
Adults of a species of Acalymma were found feeding on the leaves and root collar of seedlings of Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa in an experimental nursery at Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Though these beetles are common on many plant species, this is the first record of them from passion fruit. Though the seed-beds were sprayed twice (at an interval of 10 days) with methyl-parathion, and a...
E. Costa, P. A. M. Leal, A. R. Sassaqui, and V. do A. Gomes, “Doses de composto orgânico comercial na composição de substratos para a produção de mudas de maracujazeiro em diferentes tipos de cultivo protegido,” Engenharia Agrícola, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 776–787, Oct. 2010.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-69162010000500001.
Contents of commercial organic compound mixed with soil were used as substrate in the production of Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg. seedlings. The experiment was carried out in the Aquidauana Campus at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, from September to December of 2007. Six environments were used: plastic greenhouse with height of 2.5m; nursery with height of 2.5m covered by shade net with black monofilament of 50% shading rate; nursery with height of 2.5m covered by Aluminum shading screen with shading rate of 50%; nursery with height of 1.8m covered by straw of native coconut; plastic greenhouse with height of 4.0m, zenith opened and thermal shade netting from Aluminet® under the roof and nursery with height of 3.5m covered by shade net with black monofilament of 50% shading rate. Five commercial organic compound contents of 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28%, mixed with soil were used. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized split-plot scheme where the environments were principal plot and substrates were subplots. The greenhouse with height of 4.0 m, the nursery with height of 3.5 m and the nursery covered with coconut fibers showed the best seedlings. The contents of 7%, 14% and 21% of commercial organic compounds were viable for composition of the substrates with local soil.
E. Costa, E. T. Rodrigues, V. B. Alves, L. C. R. dos Santos, and L. C. R. Vieira, “Efeitos da ambiência, recipientes e substratos no desenvolvimento de mudas de maracujazeiro-amarelo em Aquidauana - MS,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 31, pp. 236–244, Mar. 2009.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452009000100033.
A definição do melhor sistema de produção de mudas de maracujazeiro em função do tipo de ambiente, de recipientes e de composições de substratos resulta em informações úteis que beneficiam os produtores. Desta forma, foi conduzido um experimento com a formação de mudas de maracujazeiro-amarelo, em ambientes protegidos, na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, nos meses de setembro a novembro de 2006. Teve por objetivo avaliar quatro ambientes protegidos, dois tipos de recipientes e três composições de substratos. Foram avaliados as alturas de plantas e o número de folhas. Em síntese, o ambiente com tela de monofilamento, a sacola de polietileno e o substrato "solo + composto orgânico + vermiculita, na proporção volumétrica de 1:1:1 v/v", apresentaram os melhores resultados para altura e número de folhas do maracujazeiro na região de Aquidauana-MS.
P. R. Costa et al., “Morphometry, ’in Vitro-Ex Vitro’ Germination and Tetrazolium Testing of Stinking Passionflower [’Passiflora Foetida’ Var. ’Glaziovii’ Killip] (Passifloraceae) Seeds,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1075–1082, 2016.
doi: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.08.p7175.
Passiflora foetida L. has broad utility as a medicinal and ornamental plant; however, information regarding varieties and the physiological potential of their seeds are scarce. Here, we aim to evaluate in vitro and ex vitro germination behaviour and to adapt tetrazolium methodology for P. foetida var. glaziovii Killip. The botanical identification and characterisation were performed through the observation of morphological characters and consultation of the relevant literature. Ex vitro germination was performed on rolled and flat Germitest paper at continuous (25 degreesC) and alternating (20 and 30 degreesC; night and day, respectively) temperatures. Seeds with the completely removed integument were used for in vitro germination and tetrazolium tests. The in vitro germination test was performed with MS medium using seeds conditioned under different light qualities (white, red, far-red or darkness) and at two temperature regimes (25 degreesC; 20 and 30 degreesC alternating temperature). For the tetrazolium test, seeds were soaked in different concentrations of tetrazolium salt (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 or 10 g L-1) at different temperatures (30, 35, 40 or 45 degreesC) for two hours in the dark. This is the first record of P. foetida var. glaziovii, a wild herbaceous vine with glandular trichomes on its leaves, bracts and stipules; fruit bacoid, elliptic, glabrous, in Esp rito Santo State, Brazil. The seeds are small (approximately 4.87 mm long and 2.15 mm wide) and non-photoblastic, and in vitro germination must be performed using an alternating temperature (20 and 30 degreesC) regime. The best result of germination was achieved using a concentration-temperature combination of 10 g L-1 tetrazolium and 30 degreesC.
A. M. Costa, H. C. de Lima, J. G. Padua, F. G. Faleiro, R. de C. A. Pereira, and G. A. Campos, “Seedling production of the wild passion fruit (Passiflora setacea).,” Comunicado Técnico - Embrapa Cerrados, no. No.176, 2015.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20183015814.
BRS Pérola do Cerrado is the first cultivar released from Passiflora setacea breeding program. Fruits are green; present weigth around 50 to 120 g, length with 5 to 6 cm and width with 4 to 5 cm. The pulp shows yellow pearl color, sweet flavor different of Passiflora edulis pulp. The seedlings production comprehend the stages of cleaning, aril removal, seeds dormancy break by phytohormones...
M. L. Crochemore, H. B. C. Molinari, and L. G. E. Vieira, “Genetic Diversity in Passion Fruit (Passiflora Spp.) Evaluated by RAPD Markers,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 46, pp. 521–527, Dec. 2003.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-89132003000400005.
The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity within a Passiflora collection by PCR-RAPD markers. Genetic analysis was performed in 70 accessions, representing 11 species of the genus Passiflora. The use of only five primers produced 136 reproducible polymorphic bands. The hierarchical classification showed high levels of dissimilarities between and within the species studied. A clear separation was obtained among species and accessions of P. edulis and P. edulis f. flavicarpa, which were forms of the high commercial value species. The fingerprints produced from the studied genotypes would allow the identification of improved varieties/populations in an easy, fast and inexpensive manner.
L. G. Cueva-Yesquén, M. C. Goulart, D. Attili de Angelis, M. Nopper Alves, and F. Fantinatti-Garboggini, “Multiple Plant Growth-Promotion Traits in Endophytic Bacteria Retrieved in the Vegetative Stage From Passionflower,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 11, p. 621740, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.621740.
Bacteria exhibiting beneficial traits like increasing the bioavailability of essential nutrients and modulating hormone levels in plants are known as plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria. The occurrence of this specific group of bacteria in the endophytic environment may reflect the decisive role they play in a particular condition. This study aimed to determine the taxonomical diversity of the culturable bacterial endophytes, isolated in the vegetative stage of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata), and assess its potential to promote plant growth by phenotypic and genotypic approaches. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene allowed us to classify 58 bacterial endophytes into nine genera. Bacillus (70.7%) was the most dominant genus, followed by Pseudomonas (8.6%) and Pantoea (6.9%). A few isolates belonged to Rhodococcus and Paenibacillus, whereas the genera Lysinibacillus, Microvirga, Xanthomonas, and Leclercia were represented by only one isolate. The strains were tested for nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, indole-acetic-acid synthesis, and siderophore production. Moreover, PGP related genes (nifH, ipdC, asb, and AcPho) were detected by PCR-based screening. Most of the isolates (94.8%) displayed a potential for at least one of the PGP traits tested by biochemical assays or PCR-based screening. Nine strains were selected based on results from both approaches and were evaluated for boosting the Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) germination and growth. All tested isolates improved germination in vitro, and the majority (78%) increased growth parameters in vivo. The results suggested that most of culturable bacteria inhabiting P. incarnata in the vegetative stage could be used as probiotics for agricultural systems. Besides, their occurrence may be associated with specific physiological needs typical of this development stage.
A. F. Cunningham, “Landscape Distance and Connectivity Effects on Pollination of Passiflora Incarnata L.,” USDA Forest Service, Savannah River, New Ellenton, SC (US), May 2000.https://www.osti.gov/biblio/807893.
To test the effect of landscape distance and habitat corridors on pollen-mediated gene flow between fragmentary plant populations, principle investigator used fluorescent dye as a pollen analog, unique tags on pollinators and known allozyme markers using experimental and wildtype Passiflora incarnata at Savannah River Site. Results indicate no significant effect of a corridor on pollen-mediated gene flow.
L. Cutri, N. Nave, M. B. Ami, N. Chayut, A. Samach, and M. C. Dornelas, “Evolutionary, Genetic, Environmental and Hormonal-Induced Plasticity in the Fate of Organs Arising from Axillary Meristems in Passiflora Spp.,” Mechanisms of Development, vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 61–69, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.05.006.
Tendrils can be found in different plant species. In legumes such as pea, tendrils are modified leaves produced by the vegetative meristem but in the grape vine, a same meristem is used to either form a tendril or an inflorescence. Passiflora species originated in ecosystems in which there is dense vegetation and competition for light. Thus climbing on other plants in order to reach regions with higher light using tendrils is an adaptive advantage. In Passiflora species, after a juvenile phase, every leaf has a subtending vegetative meristem, and a separate meristem that forms both flowers and a tendril. Thus, flowers are formed once a tendril is formed yet whether or not this flower will reach bloom depends on the environment. For example, in Passiflora edulis flowers do not develop under shaded conditions, so that tendrils are needed to bring the plant to positions were flowers can develop. This separate meristem generally forms a single tendril in different Passiflora species yet the number and position of flowers formed from the same meristem diverges among species. Here we display the variation among species as well as variation within a single species, P. edulis. We also show that the number of flowers within a specific genotype can be modulated by applying Cytokinins. Finally, this separate meristem is capable of transforming into a leaf-producing meristem under specific environmental conditions. Thus, behind what appears to be a species-specific rigid program regarding the fate of this meristem, our study helps to reveal a plasticity normally restrained by genetic, hormonal and environmental constraints.
M. H. R. da Silva et al., “Endophytic Fungi from Passiflora Incarnata: An Antioxidant Compound Source,” Archives of Microbiology, vol. 202, no. 10, pp. 2779–2789, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s00203-020-02001-y.
Endophytes are considered one of the most important microbial resources for obtaining biomolecules of therapeutic use. Passiflora incarnata, widely employed by the pharmaceutical industry, shows therapeutic effects on anxiety, nervousness, constipation, dyspepsia and insomnia based on their antioxidant compounds. In this study, from 315 endophytic fungi isolated from P. incarnata leaves, 60 were selected to determinate presence of chemical constituents related with antioxidant activity, based on their production of soluble pigments. The promising fungi were evaluated specifically on their potential to produce phenolic compounds, flavonoids and for antioxidant activity. Five isolates significantly produced flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the ethyl acetate and n-Butanol extracts, also saponins and high antioxidant activity against the DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical. A strain of Aspergillus nidulans var. dentatus (former Emericella dentata) was able to produce tannins as well; its butanolic extract was very similar than the BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) (94.3%\,× 94.32%) and Rutin (95.8%) reference substances in the DPPH radical scavenging. Similarly, a Chaetomium strain exhibited 93.6% and 94.7% of antioxidant activity in their ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions, respectively. The chromatographic analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction from the Aspergillus strain revealed the production of orcinol (3.19%). Four-methoxymethylphenol (4.79%), sorbicillin (33.59%) and ergosterol (23.08%) was produced by Trichoderma longibrachiatum and isopropenyl-1,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydroazulene were found in two Fusarium oxysporum strains. The phytochemical screening showed that all analyzed fungi were able to produce a kind of secondary metabolite (phenols, flavonoids, tannins and/or saponins). The study shows a great underexplored potential for industrial application of P. incarnata endophytes.
N. T. da Silva et al., “Endosperm Culture: A Facile and Efficient Biotechnological Tool to Generate Passion Fruit (Passiflora Cincinnata Mast.) Triploid Plants,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 142, no. 3, pp. 613–624, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-020-01887-2.
Triploid plants represent an important resource for the breeding of fruit and ornamental plants. Here, we report a facile and robust system for regenerating passion fruit triploid plants (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) through in vitro endosperm culture. We describe the histological and biochemical aspects associated with the de novo shoot organogenesis. Endosperms were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mg L−1 of 6-benzyladenine or thidiazuron, while a cytokinin-free medium was used as control. The highest percentage of organogenic calli (56%) was estimated at 1.7 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine, whereas the highest average number of shoots (24.85) per explant was estimated at 1.6 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine. Flow cytometry and chromosomal analysis confirmed that endosperm-derived plants were triploid, with a chromosome count of 27 (2n = 3x = 27) as well as a DNA amount similar to that of endosperm and 1.5 times greater than in diploid counterparts (2n = 2x = 18). The regeneration of adventitious shoots was evident 30 days after culture and occurred from the reprogramming of edge cells of the endosperm. During this process, lipids and proteins were quickly mobilized in the early stages of shoot organogenesis, whereas carbohydrates were synthesized throughout the development of adventitious shoots. This observation illustrates the mobilization dynamics of endosperm reserves during de novo shoot organogenesis in P. cincinnata.
G. M. da Silva, A. C. F. da Cruz, W. C. Otoni, T. N. S. Pereira, D. I. Rocha, and M. L. da Silva, “Histochemical Evaluation of Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Passiflora Edulis Sims (Passifloraceae),” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 539–545, Oct. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-015-9699-4.
The aim of this study was to describe the accumulation of reserves during the somatic embryogenesis process in Passiflora edulis Sims FB-300, obtained from mature zygotic embryos, using histochemical methods. Mature zygotic embryos were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog induction media supplemented with 31.06 μM of picloram, 2.22 μM of benzyladenine, and 2.27 μM of thidiazuron. The zygotic embryo explants, at different developmental stages, were collected and fixed in Karnovsky solution and subsequently subjected to dehydration in an ethanol series and embedded in acrylic resin. Transverse and longitudinal sections (5-μm thick) were stained with toluidine blue for anatomical characterization, using Xylidine Ponceau for the detection of total protein, periodic acid-Schiff reagent for neutral polysaccharides, Sudan black B to detect lipids, and Lugol’s reagent for the starch detection. Histological sections revealed the formation of protuberances and globular stage somatic embryos in the cotyledonary region of the zygotic embryo. Histochemical tests revealed the presence of large quantities of protein bodies in zygotic embryos of P. edulis, which were gradually metabolized during somatic embryo development. Lipid bodies and starch grains were identified only after 20 d of culture, suggesting the use of these compounds as energy source for de novo synthesis. The present study describes the anatomical changes and the pattern of reserve accumulation during the somatic embryogenesis process in P. edulis.
M. da Silva Morrone et al., “Passiflora Manicata (Juss.) Aqueous Leaf Extract Protects against Reactive Oxygen Species and Protein Glycation in Vitro and Ex Vivo Models,” Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, vol. 60, pp. 45–51, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.028.
The leaf extracts of many species of genus Passiflora have been extensively investigated for their biological activities on several rat tissues, but mainly in the central nervous system and liver. They posses anxiolytic-like, sedative effects and antioxidant properties. Evidences suggest a key role of C-glycosylflavonoids in the biological activities of Passiflora extracts. Some species (such as P. manicata) of the genus are still poorly investigated for their chemical and biological activity. In this work, we aim to investigate both antioxidant and antiglycation properties of aqueous extract of P. manicata leaves (PMLE) in vitro and ex vivo models. Crude extract showed the C-glycosylflavonoid isovitexin as the major compound. Isoorientin and vitexin were also identified. In TRAP/TAR assay, PMLE showed a significant antioxidant activity. PMLE at concentrations of 10 and 100 μg mL⁻¹ significantly decreasing LDH leakage in rat liver slices. Antioxidant effect also was observed by decreased in oxidative damage markers in slices hence hydrogen peroxide was added as oxidative stress inductor. PMLE inhibited protein glycation at all concentrations tested. In summary, P. manicata aqueous leaf extract possess protective properties against reactive oxygen species and also protein glycation, and could be considered a new source of natural antioxidants.
C. V. da Silva et al., “Organogenesis from Root Explants of Commercial Populations of Passiflora Edulis Sims and a Wild Passionfruit Species, P. Cincinnata Masters,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 407–416, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-011-9991-x.
Root explants of a wild passionfruit species (Passiflora cincinnata) and three P. edulis commercial populations (‘FB 100’, ‘FB 200’, and ‘FB 300’) were incubated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.44 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) to induce shoot organogenesis. Shoots elongated in liquid medium with 2.89 μM gibberellic acid (GA3) under agitation were rooted in coconut fiber and acclimatized followed by transfer to a greenhouse into pots containing mixture of coconut fiber and Plantmax® (1:1). Explant samples were collected during organogenesis and submitted to light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Root explants of P. cincinnata responded earlier than those of P. edulis. However, on the third assessment, at 90 days, the genotype ‘FB 200’ showed shoot number significantly higher than ‘FB 100’ and ‘FB 300’, not differing from P. cincinnata. Organogenesis in P. cincinnata and P. edulis occurred via direct pathway, which was confirmed by anatomical studies and SEM. Flow cytometric analysis revealed no variation in DNA content of regenerated plantlets among all genotypes. Nuclear DNA (2C) values (pg) in regenerants of P. cincinnata (2.99 pg) and P.edulis (3.26–3.28 pg) were consistent with DNA amounts of seed-derived control plants.
C. Dai and L. F. Galloway, “Do Dichogamy and Herkogamy Reduce Sexual Interference in a Self-Incompatible Species?,” Functional Ecology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 271–278, 2011.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01795.x.
1. Dichogamy and herkogamy respectively represent the temporal and spatial separation of male and female reproductive functions. They are regarded as mechanisms to avoid selfing, to promote outcrossing and, particularly in self-incompatible plants, to reduce sexual interference. However, little is known about the extent to which these mechanisms reduce sexual interference, and whether this reduction impacts fitness. 2. We studied patterns of dichogamy and herkogamy, their influence on sexual interference, and the fitness outcome in self-incompatible Passiflora incarnata. We manipulated flowers to be adichogamous or unisexual to evaluate fruit production under increased and decreased sexual interference. 3. Incomplete protandry guaranteed that almost half of the pollen could be successfully exported without interfering with the stigmas, indicating dichogamy may facilitate male pollination success. We found no difference in pollen deposition between natural and emasculated flowers, suggesting that herkogamy does not decrease self pollination. Increased herkogamy resulted in reduced pollen deposition and lower probability of setting fruits, however, a higher seed number. No difference in female fitness was detected under experimentally increased or decreased sexual interference. 4. Taken together, our results suggest that dichogamy is mostly driven by the advantage to male fitness and herkogamy is chiefly determined by female fitness. The lack of difference in female fitness under varied levels of sexual interference indicates that male function is more likely to play a role in shaping floral traits that reduce sexual interference.
C. Dai and L. F. Galloway, “Male Flowers Are Better Fathers than Hermaphroditic Flowers in Andromonoecious Passiflora Incarnata,” New Phytologist, vol. 193, no. 3, pp. 787–796, 2012.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03966.x.
• The diversity of plant breeding systems provides the opportunity to study a range of potential reproductive adaptations. Many mechanisms remain poorly understood, among them the evolution and maintenance of male flowers in andromonoecy. Here, we studied the role of morphologically male flowers (‘male morph’) in andromonoecious Passiflora incarnata. • We measured morphological differences between hermaphroditic and male morph flowers in P. incarnata and explored the fruiting and siring ability of both flower types. • Male morph flowers in P. incarnata were of similar size to hermaphroditic flowers, and there was little evidence of different resource allocation to the two flower types. Male morph flowers were less capable of producing fruit, even under ample pollen and resource conditions. By contrast, male morph flowers were more successful in siring seeds. On average, male morph flowers sired twice as many seeds as hermaphroditic flowers. This difference in male fitness was driven by higher pollen export from male morph flowers as a result of greater pollen production and less self-pollen deposition. • The production of male morph flowers in P. incarnata appears to be a flexible adaptive mechanism to enhance male fitness, which might be especially beneficial when plants face temporary resource shortages for nurturing additional fruits.
M. R. Das, T. Hossain, M. A. B. Mia, J. U. Ahmed, A. J. M. S. Kariman, and M. M. Hossain, “Fruit Setting Behaviour of Passion Fruit,” vol. 2013, May 2013.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2013.45132.
Passion fruit has great prospective to fascinate fruit consumer for its taste and delicious fruit juice and improvement of the economic condition of the fruit grower in the developing countries. The self-incompatibility in the passion fruits is an imperative reason to be considered regarding fruit production. Pollination is an essential for self-sterile crops as passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.). The experiment was conducted in the field and laboratories of the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh to investigate the fruit setting behavior of passion fruits at during five flashes. We estimated to study fruit setting behavior of passion fruit at different flashes and determine effective pollination method and suitable flashes among five flashes. Result revealed that percent of fruit set of passion fruit was recorded highest; Seeds per plant were recorded highest in third flash when flowers were pollinated by hand compared with self-, and natural pollinations. Length-breadth ratios of fruits in third flashes were recorded higher when pollinates by hand. Individual fruit weight was also recorded higher at third flash. Plants required minimum days from flower anthesis to full maturity during third flash. On the other hand, fruit growth behavior of hand pollinated flowers was recorded higher during third flash of passion fruit. Results indicated that all studied characteristics of fruit and seed of passion fruit of third flash performed best.
M. R. Davey, P. Anthony, J. B. Power, and K. C. Lowe, “Isolation, Culture, and Plant Regeneration From Leaf Protoplasts of Passiflora,” in Plant Cell Culture Protocols, V. M. Loyola-Vargas and F. Vázquez-Flota, Eds. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006, pp. 201–210.
doi: 10.1385/1-59259-959-1:201.
The family Passifloraceae contains many species exploited in the food, pharmaceutical, and ornamental plant industries. The routine culture of isolated protoplasts (naked cells) followed by reproducible plant regeneration, is crucial to the genetic improvement of Passiflora spp. by somatic cell technologies. Such procedures include somatic hybridization by protoplast fusion to generate novel hybrid plants, and gene introduction by transformation. Seedling leaves are a convenient source of totipotent protoplasts. The protoplast-to-plant system developed for Passiflora edulis fv. flavicarpa is summarized in this chapter. The procedure involves enzymatic degradation of leaf tissue using commercially-available Macerozyme R10, Cellulase R10, and Driselase. Isolated protoplasts are cultured in Kao and Michayluk medium, semi-solidified with agarose. The medium containing the suspended protoplasts is dispensed as droplets or thin layers and bathed in liquid medium of the same composition. Shoot regeneration involves transfer of protoplast-derived tissues to Murashige and Skoog-based medium. The protocols developed for P. edulis are applicable to other Passiflora spp. and will underpin the future biotechnological exploitation of a range of species in this important plant family.
V. L. de Almeida, C. G. Silva, and P. R. V. Campana, “Chapter 9 - Flavonoids of Passiflora: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Biotechnological Application,” in Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, vol. 71, Atta-ur-Rahman, Ed. Elsevier, 2021, pp. 263–310.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-91095-8.00004-0.
The genus Passiflora is native to the tropical and semitropical countries of the Americas although species are growing in Asia and Australia. Brazil is considered a center of diversity of the genus. Some species are listed as official plant drugs in the pharmacopoeias of many countries. They are traditionally used for therapeutic purposes such as sedatives and tranquilizers. The Passiflora species and its flavonoids are important natural products with a broad spectrum of biological activities and nutraceutical properties. Flavonoids comprise a class of structurally diverse and complex compounds which possess several functions in plants including ultraviolet protection, defense against pathogen infection, signaling during nodulation, regulating auxin transport, as well as being responsible for the coloration of flowers, fruits, and leaves. Moreover, these compounds display some interesting pharmacological properties that have been explored by the pharmaceutical industry. The phytochemical aspects regarding the Passiflora species have been studied extensively. The flavonoids are the main secondary metabolites, being, therefore, considered by their chemical markers. This chapter provides an overview of some aspects related to the flavonoid biosynthesis, isolation, and structure elucidation using spectroscopic methods such as mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and chromatographic-spectroscopic hyphenated techniques. In addition, we hope to address a few strategies and achievements through a biotechnological approach to the in vitro production of flavonoids. Overall, the Passiflora genus and its flavonoids offer a remarkable potential for research mainly within the interfaces of chemistry/biotechnology/pharmacology. This chapter intends to assemble the most important literature concerning the value of the Passiflora species as a source of bioactive flavonoids.
M. A. de Figueiredo Carvalho et al., “Morphogenetic Potential of Native Passion Fruit (Passiflora Gibertii N. E. Brown.) Calli,” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 141–151, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-013-0015-4.
Some species of non-cultivated passion fruit plant have important contributions to genetic improvement. However, there are few studies concerning about embryogenic and organogenic calli mainly related with structural alterations during their development. The objective of this work was to characterize, structurally the callogenesis on leaf explants of Passiflora gibertii N. E. Brown. The cotyledons were inoculated in MS culture medium, containing half salt concentration, supplemented with sucrose (3 %), and picloram+kinetin for the calli formation. Different calli colors were obtained and used for structural analyses. The calli colors were translucent, white, dark-yellow, white-brown, light-yellow, and white-yellow. After 30 days of cultivation, the calli were fixed in Karnovsky and prepared for the visualization under the scanning and transmission electron microscope and optic microscope. Translucent and light-yellow calli did not present morphogenic characteristics. The cells had different shapes forming non-organized cellular system and the absence or reduced starch content. On the other hand, white and dark-yellow calli manifested embryogenic characteristics such as small isodiametric cells, an organized cellular, dense cytoplasm rich in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, small vacuole and significant starch contend. The culture medium supplemented with 4.14 μM of picloram +0.46 μM of kinetin is the most suitable to induce embryogenic cells.
J. S. de Melo Filho et al., “Organic Fertilizers as Mitigating Effects of Water Salinity on Passiflora Cincinnata Seedlings,” Acta Agronómica, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 501–511, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.15446/acag.v67n4.69475.
E. de O. Borges, C. B. C. Martins, R. R. da Silva, and P. H. G. Zarbin, “Terpenoids Dominate the Bouquet of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Passiflora Edulis in Response to Herbivory by Heliconius Erato Phyllis (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae),” Arthropod-Plant Interactions, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 123–131, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s11829-017-9560-2.
G. de Oliveira Belo, M. M. Souza, G. S. Silva, and M. P. Lavinscky, “Hybrids of Passiflora: P. Gardneri versus P. Gibertii, Confirmation of Paternity, Morphological and Cytogenetic Characterization,” Euphytica, vol. 214, no. 1, p. 2, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-017-2021-2.
Two new varieties of interspecific hybrids of Passiflora have been developed from the cross between P. gardneri versus P. gibertii, both registered under the Passiflora Society International. Twelve putative hybrids were analyzed. Hybridization was confirmed using RAPD and SSR markers. Primer UBC11 (5′-CCGGCCTTAC-3′) generated informative bands. Primer SSR Pe75 has amplified species-specific fragments and a heterozygote status was observed with two parent bands 300 and 350 bp. The molecular markers generated have been analyzed for the presence or absence of specific informative bands. Based on the morphological characterization, we have identified two hybrid varieties: P. ‘Gabriela’ and P. ‘Bella’. P. ‘Gabriela’ produced flowers in bluish tones, bluish petals on the adaxial and abaxial faces, light blue sepals on the adaxial and light green on the abaxial faces, corona with the base of filaments in intense lilac color and white apex. P. ‘Bella’ produced flowers in lilac tones, intense lilac petals on the adaxial and abaxial faces, dark lilac sepals with whitish edges on the adaxial and light green on the abaxial faces, corona with the base of filaments in intense lilac color and white apex. The cytogenetic analysis verified that the hybrids have the same chromosomal number as the parents (2n = 18); the formation of bivalents between the homeologous chromosomes (n = 9) was observad, leading to regular meiosis, which allows the sexual reproduction and use of these hybrids in breeding programs.
J. C. de Oliveira Freitas et al., “Resistance to Fusarium Solani and Characterization of Hybrids from the Cross between P. Mucronata and P. Edulis,” Euphytica, vol. 208, no. 3, pp. 493–507, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-015-1588-8.
The development of resistant cultivars is an alternative to control phytosanitary problems affecting passion fruit crops. This study was conducted to obtain progenies through interspecific crosses between Passiflora edulis × Passiflora mucronata, perform the genetic assessment of the progenies obtained, and evaluate and select genotypes resistant to Fusarium solani. When P. mucronata was used as female parent, 516 seeds were obtained, with 20 % germination and survival of nine hybrid genotypes. On the other hand, in the reciprocal cross, 9 seeds were obtained and only one genotype survived. Due to the small number of genotypes obtained, 10 hybrid genotypes and their parents P. edulis (susceptible) and P. mucronata (resistant) was propagated by cuttings. Nine plantlets of each genotype were taken to the field in a randomized block design, with three replications, aiming at morphological characterization. Twenty quantitative and 7 qualitative descriptors were assessed. Nine clones of each individual were kept in a greenhouse, inoculated with F. solani, and assessed 76 days after inoculation. Later, the fungus was re-isolated. The offspring genotypes of the cross in which P. edulis was the female parent did not flourish. For most quantitative and qualitative traits, hybrids were similar to P. mucronata. The genotypes studied formed six groups. Resistance to the fungus was detected in the genotypes of P. mucronata, from Bahia, and two hybrid genotypes. The resistant hybrid can be backcrossed with P. edulis and/or used as rootstock for sour passion fruit.
P. T. F. de Oliveira et al., “Production of Biomolecules of Interest to the Anxiolytic Herbal Medicine Industry in Yellow Passionfruit Leaves (Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa) Promoted by Mycorrhizal Inoculation,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 99, no. 7, pp. 3716–3720, 2019.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.9598.
L. P. A. M. de, K. S. Maciel, R. S. Alexandre, and J. C. Lopes, “The Physiological Quality of Yellow Passion Fruit (’Passiflora Edulis’ Sims. f. ’flavicarpa’ Deg.) Seeds with Different Water Content Placed in a Cold Chamber Room and Environmental Conditions,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 452–457, 2019.
doi: 10.21475/ajcs.19.13.03.p1462.
Seed quality is extremely important for the crop production system, and storage conditions are important to preserve this quality. The objective this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of yellow passion fruit seeds with different water contents placed in a cold chamber room (4 degreesC) and in a natural laboratory environment (25 +- 2 degreesC) for a period of eight months (240 days). Passion fruit seeds were harvested in orchards of the southern region of Espirito Santo, with water content adjusted to 10%; 14%; 18% and 22%, and placed in a cold chamber room and a natural laboratory environment. Germination, germination speed index, shoot and root length, fresh and dry mass of normal seedlings were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two environments (cold chamber room and natural laboratory environment) and with a plot experimental arrangement subdivided according to time, with four replicates of 25 seeds within each environment. Yellow passion fruit seeds placed in a cold chamber room and natural environment with 14% of water content presented a higher physiological quality during eight months of storage. Yellow passion fruit seeds placed in a cold chamber room and natural environment presented maximum germination and vigour with 60 days of storage. Yellow passion fruit seeds exhibit orthodox behaviour, and should be stored at 14% of water content, in a cold chamber room and natural environment, without loss of viability and physiological quality over eight months, presenting maximum germination and vigour after 60 days storage, without the presence of pathogens.
R. A. de Sales, C. S. Ambrozim, Y. T. da Vitória, R. A. de Sales, and S. S. Berilli, “Influência De Diferentes Fontes De Matéria Orgânica No Substrato De Mudas De Passiflora Morifolia,” Enciclopédia Biosfera, vol. 13, no. 24, pp. 606–615, Dec. 2016.
doi: 10.18677/EnciBio_2016B_057.
M. Delanoy, P. Van Damme, X. Scheldeman, and J. Beltran, “Germination of Passiflora Mollissima (Kunth) L.H.Bailey, Passiflora Tricuspis Mast. and Passiflora Nov Sp. Seeds,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 198–203, Oct. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2006.07.007.
Passiflora mollissima, Passiflora tricuspis and Passiflora nov sp. are three passion fruit species occurring in Bolivia. Germination percentages and rates were determined for 11 different treatments. Per species, germination of 100 seeds was monitored every 3 days, during 90 days. Germination started after 9 days and 50% of final germination was reached within a month or less. Successful, recommended methods for P. mollissima are removing the basal point of seeds (27% germination) or removing the basal point in combination with pre-soaking seeds for 48h in 50ppm GA3 (18%). Pre-soaking seeds for 24h in 400ppm GA3 (42%) and removal of the basal point in combination with pre-soaking seeds for 48h in 50ppm GA3 (36%) are suggested methods to improve germination of P. nov sp. Removing the apical point of P. tricuspis seeds resulted in maximal germination (57%). No unique treatment gave satisfactory results for the three species tested. Exogenous dormancy, probably a combination of mechanical and chemical dormancy is present in the three species studied. Presence of physical dormancy was found in P. mollissima.
M. Delanoy, X. Scheldeman, I. Vandebroek, P. Van Damme, and S. Beck, “Small-Scale Cultivation of Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa and Passiflora Lingularis in the Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia,” Belgian Journal of Botany, vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 238–248, 2007.https://www.jstor.org/stable/20794642.
Little is known about presence, use, cultivation and potential of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa and Passiflora ligularis in the Yungas of La Paz in Bolivia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 307 respondents in Nor Yungas and Sur Yungas. Interviewees were asked about local name(s), use(s) and preference of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa over Passiflora ligularis. Interviewees who grew one or both species were also asked about their cultivation practices and commercialisation of passion fruits. Results show that Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa was most frequently used to prepare juices, whereas Passiflora ligularis fruits were most often used for fresh consumption. The majority of farmers owned less than five plants. Transplanting was the only cropping practice the majority applied. This low input cultivation system resulted in fruits that were well filled but under standard calibre for export. Average annual yield of 35 kg Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa fruits per plant, however, was high.
K. Dhawan, S. Kumar, and A. Sharma, “Anxiolytic Activity of Aerial and Underground Parts of Passiflora Incarnata,” Fitoterapia, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 922–926, Dec. 2001.
doi: 10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00322-7.
The petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of Passiflora incarnata whole plant and sorted out plant parts have been evaluated for their anxiolytic activity using the elevated plus-maze model in mice. The methanol extracts of leaves, stems, flowers, and whole plant exhibited anxiolytic effects at 100, 125, 200 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. The roots were practically devoid of anxiolytic effects. These results show that roots and flowers of P. incarnata act as natural adulterants by causing a significant increase in the anxiolytic dose. Therefore, separation of these parts is recommended prior to any pharmacological, phytochemical and standardization studies on P. incarnata.
K. Dhawan, S. Kumar, and A. Sharma, “Comparative Biological Activity Study on Passiflora Incarnata and P. Edulis,” Fitoterapia, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 698–702, Aug. 2001.
doi: 10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00306-9.
The correct identity of Passiflora incarnata and P. edulis was recently established using various parameters. To strengthen these findings, the anxiolytic activity of these two controversial plants has been comparatively investigated. The methanol extract of P. incarnata exhibited significant anxiolytic activity at an oral dose of 125 mg/kg, whereas P. edulis was devoid of any significant activity.
K. Dhawan, S. Kumar, and A. Sharma, “Comparative Anxiolytic Activity Profile of Various Preparations of Passiflora Incarnata Linneaus: A Comment on Medicinal Plants’ Standardization,” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 283–291, Jun. 2002.
doi: 10.1089/10755530260127970.
Objectives: Mother tincture preparation of Passiflora incarnata from five reputable manufacturers of homeopathic medicines were compared to the bioactive fraction of methanol extract of P. incarnata (standard) for their anxiolytic activity in mice using the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety. Materials and Methods: The extracts of P. incarnata were further subdivided in four doses, i.e., 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg, suspended in a vehicle, and administered orally to groups of mice. Methanol extract of P. incarnata (125 mg/kg, orally) was taken as a standard. Anxiolytic activity was measured using the elevated plus-maze model. All treatments were given orally. Forty-five (45) minutes after the treatments, mice were placed on the center of the elevated plus-maze and the number of entries in open arms were measured for 5 minutes. Subjects: Studies were performed with Swiss albino mice. Results: The dried mother tincture preparations exhibited maximum anxiolytic activity at 300 mg/kg (SBL); 400 mg/kg (DWSI and DWSG); 200 mg/kg (DRCG), and nil (BHL) respectively, with reference to anxiolytic activity exhibited by the methanol extract of aerial parts of P. incarnata (125 mg/kg). Conclusions: To ensure uniformity and consistency of the biologic effects exhibited by plant-derived phytopharmaceuticals, uniform standards are required globally. The monographs on P. incarnata mention standardization of the plant using any known flavonoid as the chemical marker and the marker compound was not the one responsible for the plants multifarious biologic effects. The recent report of a trisubstituted benzoflavone compound (BZF) as the main bioactive phytoconstituent of P. incarnata made it feasible to resort to biologic standardization of this plant using BZF as the biomarker compound. The biologic standardization would ensure bioequivalence of the medicinal preparations of P. incarnata. These studies also recommend the incorporation of leaf constants, ash values, extractive values, thin layer chromatography profile (vital "fingerprints" specific for a plant), and the quantitative assay by determining the bioactive BZF moiety in pharmacopoeias in order to ensure uniform biologic results and standards of P. incarnata because the plant currently has tremendous usefulness. The herbal pharmacopoeias, which are still in their "infancy," can be strengthened by incorporating the appropriate bioactive constituents that need to be identified by using modern technological procedures. Once the appropriate bioactive constituent(s) are established and authenticated, their qualitative and quantitative assay procedures can be developed. Reporting the vital fingerprint parameters of the plant and incorporation of assay procedures of the bioactive phytomoiety in the official monographs of medicinal plants, will certainly strengthen the herbal pharmacopoeias. This is perhaps the most important scientific approach that would ensure uniform standards and bioequivalence of plant-medicines - a need to revive faith in the healing potentials of plant-derived medicines.
K. Dhawan, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, and A. Sharma, “Correct Identification of Passiflora Incarnata Linn., a Promising Herbal Anxiolytic and Sedative,” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 137–144, Sep. 2001.
doi: 10.1089/109662001753165710.
Passiflora incarnata Linn. and Passiflora edulis Sims are the two important plants of the family Passifloraceae that have often been reported as synonymous because of their identical morphological and microscopic characteristics. P. incarnata is a popular sedative and anxiolytic, whereas, P. edulis is rarely reported to possess significant central nervous system depressant activity. P. edulis, as the name of the species reflects, is mainly grown for edible purposes. During a survey of literature on the genus Passiflora, it was noticed that in many references the two plants are mentioned synonymously. The designation by Sir William J. Hooker in 1843, followed by the citation of P. edulis as the synonym of P. incarnata in Index Kewensis of 1895, not only substantiated the controversial identity but also caused confusion to researchers. The prevailing confusion might have led to improper selection of the bioactive plant, thereby accounting for inconclusive and contradictory pharmacological reports on either of the two plants. In this work, we establish key identification parameters to differentiate P. incarnata from P. edulis. Various leaf constants such as vein-islet number, vein-termination number, stomatal number, and stomatal index are different for the two species. Physicochemical parameters such as ash values and extractive values and the thin layer chromatography profile of the petroleum ether extract of P. incarnata and P. edulis are also distinct and different. Various clinical uses of P. incarnata for anxiety and allied diseases are discussed.
K. Dhawan, S. Dhawan, and A. Sharma, “Passiflora: A Review Update,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 1–23, Sep. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.023.
This review describes the morphology, microscopy, traditional and folklore uses, phyto-constituents, pharmacological reports, clinical applications and toxicological reports of the prominent species of the genus Passiflora. Flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and volatile constituents have been reported as the major phyto-constituents of the Passiflora species. A few species of Passiflora have been used for curing various ailments, the most important being Passiflora incarnata Linneaus which possesses significant CNS depressant properties. The studies performed by the authors with the newly isolated benzoflavone (BZF) moiety from P. incarnata have been discussed. In the concluding part, various virgin areas of research on the species of this genus have been highlighted with a view to explore, isolate and identify the medicinally important phyto-constituents which could be utilized to alleviate various diseases affecting the mankind.
L. L. C. Dias, D. M. Ribeiro, C. S. Catarina, R. S. Barros, E. I. S. Floh, and W. C. Otoni, “Ethylene and Polyamine Interactions in Morphogenesis of Passiflora Cincinnata: Effects of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Action Modulators, as Well as Ethylene Scavengers,” Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 9–19, Sep. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s10725-010-9478-5.
Ethylene is a plant hormone that is of fundamental importance to in vitro morphogenesis, but in many species, it has not been thoroughly studied. Its relationship with polyamines has been studied mainly because the two classes of hormones share a common biosynthetic precursor, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). In order to clarify whether competition between polyamines and ethylene influences in vitro morphogenetic responses of Passiflora cincinnata Mast., a climacteric species, different compounds were used that act on ethylene biosynthesis and action, or as ethylene scavengers. Treatment with the ethylene inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) caused a greater regeneration frequency in P. cincinnata, whereas treatment with the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) lessened regeneration frequencies. The data suggested that levels of polyamines and ethylene are not correlated with morphogenic responses in P. cincinnata. It was ascertained that neither the absolute ethylene and polyamine levels, nor competition between the compounds, correlated to the obtained morphogenic responses. However, sensitivity to, and signaling by, ethylene appears to play an important role in differentiation. This study reinforces previous reports regarding the requirement of critical concentrations and temporal regulation of ethylene levels for morphogenic responses. Temporal regulation also appeared to be a key factor in competition between the two biosynthetic pathways, without having any effects on morphogenesis. Further studies investigating the silencing or overexpression of genes related to ethylene perception, under the influence of polyamines in cell differentiation are extremely important for the complete understanding of this process.
G. D. M. G. Dias, D. C. Dos Anjos, B. N. D. Souza, M. Pasqual, B. G. C. Homem, and I. D. J. S. Costa, “Silicon in the Embriogenic Potential of Callus in Vitro of Passiflora Edulis,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 345, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.5539/jas.v10n5p345.
Adding silicon to the culture medium may contribute, to improve many growth parameters including embryogenesis and organogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the embryogenic potential of passion fruit in vitro (Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa O. Deg), submitted to different concentrations of silicon. Nodal segments of plants were inoculated at five concentrations of silicic acid added to the culture medium, 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 g L-1. After 60 days, the visual characteristics (% contamination, callus, bud, root and oxidation), cytochemical test and microanalysis of X-rays evaluated. Concentrations of 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 g L-1 of silicon did not differ in relation to callus formation. By the cytochemical test, all treatments presented embryogenic cells indicated by the reaction to acetic Carmine and, little reaction to the Evans blue associated with cell death. By the microanalysis of X-rays, the nutrients sulfur and phosphorus, presented significant absorption responses at the concentration of 1.5 g L-1 of silicon in comparison to the other concentrations. The silicon added to the culture medium has a response in the formation of cells with embryogenic potential in nodal segments of passion fruit. The concentration of 2.0 g L-1 of silicon acid (H4SiO4) has a high embryogenic potential in passionflower cells, Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa O. Deg.
The use of biostimulants and biocontrollers in nurseries can favor the obtaining of high quality seedlings. The effect of the application of biostimulants with and without inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum on growth and development of passion fruit seedlings was evaluated. The trial was carried out in a farm located in Santiago Mariño municipality, Aragua State, Venezuela, using a completely...
A. A. Diniz et al., “Leaf Composition and Productivity of Yellow Passion Fruit (’Passiflora Edulis’ Sims.) Access ‘Guinezinho’ in Soil with Bovine Biofertilizer and Nitrogen,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 133–139, Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p2013.
The use of alternative inputs, derived from the fermentation of fresh organic matter, exerts significant importance in the pasiculture in partial substitution to synthetic commercial fertilizers.An experiment was conducted in the period from 2013 to 2014 to evaluate the effects of bovine biofertilizer and nitrogen, on leaf mineral composition of macronutrients, micronutrients and sodium and productivity of yellow passion fruit. The treatments were arranged in randomized blocks with three replicates and nine plants per plot, using the factorial scheme 5 x 2, referring to the bovine biofertilizer applied to the soil in the liquid form (B) in the proportions in water (W) of 0 (0B + 4W); 25 (1B + 3W); 50 (2B + 2W); 75 (3B + 1W) and 100% (4B + 0W), in the soil without and with nitrogen. The bovine biofertilizer was applied at level of 4 L plant-1 of each proportion in water, at 7 days before and 90 days after transplanting of the seedlings with aged 50 days from fruit seeds well developed in size, oblique shape and mass and the nitrogen was applied to every 30 days after transplantation of the seedlings until the end of the experiment. The plants, in general, were adequately supplied in N, Mg, S, B, Cu and Zn, but deficient in P, K, Ca, Cu, Fe and Mn at the beginning of flowering. The highest fruit production of 30.75 t ha-1 were obtained from the plants on soil with 100% of bovine biofertilizer and with nitrogen. Due to the superiority of fruit productivity in plants with biofertilizer bovine and nitrogen compared to those treated with only bovine biofertilizer, it is verified that the organic input does not substitute the nitrogen for the cultivation of the yellow passion fruit.
M. M. do Rêgo, E. R. do Rêgo, W. C. Otoni, and C. H. Bruckner, “Epigenetic Effect in Induced in Vitro Tetraploids Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 829, pp. 167–176, Jun. 2009.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.829.24.
Y. Dong, X. BingQuan, Y. Jun, and Z. Ming, “The germplasm resources of passion fruit and its research and utilization situation.,” South China Fruits, no. No.1, pp. 36–37, 2005.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20053068108.
This article is discussed on the following headings: 1. taxonomy; 2. origin and main cultivars; 3. biological characteristics; 4. research and utilization situation; 5. prospect of utilization in China. It is indicated that the main cultivated cultivars are yellow, purple ones and their hybrid. Besides Passiflora edulis, there are P. mollissima [P. tripartita var. mollissima], P. ligularis, P....
H. DongMei, W. Bin, M. FuNing, C. Di, X. Yi, and S. Shun, “Techniques for Improving the Tissue Culture Efficiency of Purple Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis).,” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 469–474, 2021.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20210125496.
Purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) has gained attention in Southern China, and its planting area has increased during the last several years. Through tissue culturing, virus-free plants are produced as maternal parents for seedling production. However, there are some difficulties that affect passion fruit tissue culture efficiency, including high contamination rates in explant...
M. C. Dornelas and M. L. C. Vieira, “Plant Regeneration from Protoplast Cultures of Passiflora Edulis Var. Flavicarpa Deg., P. Amethystina Mikan. and P. Cincinnata Mast.,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 103–106, Dec. 1993.
doi: 10.1007/BF00235300.
Protoplasts isolated from seedling cotyledons of yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Deg.) and two related wild species, P. amethystina Mikan. and P. cincinnata Mast., divided in culture and produced calli. Shoot regeneration was obtained in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962) containing 2.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Regenerated plants produced roots in half-strength hormone-free MS medium and could be transferred to soil after being acclimatized.
R. dos Santos Moura et al., “Effects of Salinity on Growth, Physiological and Anatomical Traits of Passiflora Species Propagated from Seeds and Cuttings,” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 17–32, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-020-00675-8.
Salinity of the soil and irrigation water is one of the main factors limiting the growth of plants. The objective of this study was to assess the biometric, physiological and anatomical responses of passion fruit species Passiflora spp. propagated from cuttings and seeds under various salinity conditions. A completely randomized factorial design was used, with three species (P. edulis Sims, P. gibertii N.E.Br. and P. cincinnata Mast.), five salt concentrations (0.3, 1.8, 3.3, 4.8, and 6.3 dS m−1) and two propagation methods (cuttings and seeds), with twelve repetitions each. There was a negative effect of rising levels of NaCl for the majority of biometric and physiological traits evaluated. The species propagated from seeds presented the most severe morphophysiological and anatomical alterations under salinity. P. edulis (the most commonly cultivated species) showed the greatest morphophysiological changes under salinity, inducing larger stem diameter, chlorophyll content index, total water consumption, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, total dry weight, root dry weight/shoot dry weight ratio, root length and volume and also more severe anatomical alterations, such as midrib cell disorganization, greater thickness of palisade parenchyma, lower intercellular volume in the spongy parenchyma and greater deposition of calcium oxalate in the leaves and roots. On the other hand, the wild species, P. cincinnata and P. gibertii, were more tolerant to salinity, with less severe biometric, physiological and anatomical changes.
W. dos Santos Soares et al., “Shining Light on Anther Culture, a Poorly Understood Regeneration Route in Passion Fruit (Passiflora Gibertii N. E. Brown): Histological, Hormonal, and Phytochemical Aspects,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, May 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-021-10179-z.
Plant regeneration from reproductive organs is a poorly understood route in passion fruit. The present study provides a morpho-hystological description of somatic embryogenesis from anther culture in Passiflora gibertii N. E. Br., as well as a phytochemical profile and genetic analysis of ploidy in the generated embryos. Flower buds were collected during the pre-anthesis period. Murashige and Skoog culture medium was supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-benzyladenine. Embryogenic calluses were collected at different ages for histological, biochemical, and genetic evaluation of their ploidy. Anatomical characterization revealed the cell layers of the epidermal tissue involved in morphogenic events. Specifically, regions of intense cell division led to embryo formation and its subsequent regeneration. Moreover, as shown by hormonal and secondary compounds’ profiles, these regions were characterized by the presence of reserve compounds and higher levels of proteins and pectins. Finally, flow cytometry confirmed the diploid nature of the embryos. The present results define a pioneering study of anthers in P. gibertii N. E. Brown, and could serve as a blueprint for future in vitro regeneration protocols.
R. A. Drew, “Micropropagation of Passiflora Species (Passionfruit),” in High-Tech and Micropropagation V, Y. P. S. Bajaj, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1997, pp. 135–149.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-07774-0_9.
The genus Passiflora (family Passifloraceae) comprises 400 species, of which 50 to 60 bear edible fruits (Martin and Nakasone 1970); however, the genus is as well known for its colourful flowers. Most of the Passiflora species are indigenous to tropical and South America but about 40 occur in Asia, the South Pacific Islands, Australia and Madagascar (Purseglove 1968).
R. A. Drew, “In Vitro Culture of Adult and Juvenile Bud Explants of Passiflora Species,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 23–27, Jul. 1991.
doi: 10.1007/BF00116605.
Cultivar E23, an F1 hybrid of P. edulis and P. edulis f. flavicarpa is usually propagated by shoot-tip grafting. Various media were tested to evaluate the potential of E23 for in vitro propagation. Adult tissue was difficult to culture and did not respond to media containing low (<10 µM) concentrations of growth regulators. Growth of adult buds on intact stem sections was promoted by 1 week of dark incubation on MS basal medium plus 150 µM 2iP, 200 µM adenine sulphate and 17.1 µM IAA (3 mg l−1), and further developed into shoots on MS medium plus 4.9 µM 2iP (1 mg l−1) and 5.7 µM IAA (1 mg l−1). By contrast, juvenile shoots of E23, and Passiflora species: edulis f. flavicarpa, edulis, alata, caerulea, mollissima, coccinea, herbertiana and suberosa grew rapidly on MS medium plus 10 µM kinetin and 5 µM IAA. Rapid multiplication was achieved on MS plus 20 µM BA, 10 µM kinetin, 5 µM IAA, and roots initiated on MS plus 5 µM IAA.
J. Duarte Filho, M. A. da S. Vasconcellos, C. M. Carvalho, and S. Leonel, “Germination of Passiflora giberti N. E. Brown in relation to temperature.,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 468–470, 2000.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20013013643.
Seeds were removed from Passiflora giberti [P. gibertii] fruits, washed, dried for 4 days, then germinated on moistened filter paper at one of 6 controlled daily temperature regimes, viz., 30, 25 or 20°C constantly, 30° for 8 h alternating with 25 or 20° for 16 h, or 25° for 8 h alternating with 20° for 16 h. The best germination was obtained in the treatment in which temperature alternated...
M. O. Duarte, M. F. Alves, M. Yamamoto, S. M. Sano, A. A. A. Barbosa, and P. E. Oliveira, “Self-Sterility and Self-Fertility of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) in the Cerrado of Central Brazil,” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 61–68, Mar. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-013-0041-2.
Many species of wild passion fruit are used for the genetic breeding of passion fruit crop and kept in germplasm banks. This study investigated floral biology, breeding system, and chromosome number of Passiflora species that occur in areas of Cerrado in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, from 2008 to 2010. In general, the species bloomed in the rainy season, the anthesis was diurnal, except for P. tricuspis, and flowers were open from 6 to 12 h. At the time of flower opening, the nectar was already accumulated in the nectariferous chamber. Protandry occurred only in P. tenuifila. Bees were the main flower visitors of these species. There were significant differences in the diameter and length of the floral androgynophore among species. Passiflora amethystina, P. tenuifila (both subgenus Passiflora), and P. suberosa (subgenus Decaloba) were self-fertile, while P. cincinnata (subgenus Passiflora) and P. tricuspis (subgenus Decaloba) were self-sterile, which contrasted with the usual trends in the group. The chromosome number for P. tricuspis was 2n = 12, P. amethystina and P. tenuifila were 2n = 18 chromosomes, and P. suberosa was 2n = 24 chromosomes, which conformed to the recorded results for the group. Overall conservative chromosome numbers, and self-fertility in P. amethystina are interesting results for breeding programs and basic information for conservation.
L. T. Durkee, “The Floral and Extra-Floral Nectaries of Passiflora. II. The Extra-Floral Nectary,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 1420–1428, 1982.
doi: 10.2307/2443103.
Extra-floral nectaries of nine species of Passiflora were studied with light and electron microscopy prior to and during secretion. There is no evidence of ER or Golgi participation in the secretion of nectar. The vascular tissue supplying the nectary is characterized by companion and phloem parenchyma cells which are usually larger than the sieve elements, a configuration similar to that found in leaf minor veins. In the petiolar nectaries, large masses of membrane-bound protein are commonly found in these cells. This protein is absent in laminar nectaries.
F. B. d’Utra Vaz, A. V. P. dos Santos, G. Manders, E. C. Cocking, M. R. Davey, and J. B. Power, “Plant Regeneration from Leaf Mesophyll Protoplasts of the Tropical Woody Plant, Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis Fv Flavicarpa Degener.): The Importance of the Antibiotic Cefotaxime in the Culture Medium,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 220–225, Feb. 1993.
doi: 10.1007/BF00237058.
Enzymatic digestion of newly expanded leaves of glasshouse-grown seedlings of passionfruit released protoplasts which exhibited highest division frequency (38.6%) when plated at a density of 1.5×105 ppts ml−1 in agarose-solidified droplets of KM8P medium containing the antibiotic cefotaxime (250 μg ml−1). Cefotaxime was essential for sustained cell division. Protoplast-derived calli were cultured on agarsolidified MS medium with 5.0 mg H NAA, 0.25 mg l−1 BAP and additional vitamins. These calli regenerated shoots on transfer to MS medium with 1.0 mg l−1 BAP. Regenerated shoots were rooted in half-strength MS medium with 3.0 mg l−1 IBA and 0.5 mg l−1 NAA (7 d), followed by sub-culture to MS medium lacking growth regulators. The ability to regenerate plants from protoplasts of passionfruit is discussed in relation to the application of somatic cell techniques for the genetic improvement of this economically important tropical woody plant.
D. A. de S. Esashika, F. G. Faleiro, and N. T. V. Junqueira, “Phenology of the Production of Flowers and Fruits of Wild and Hybrid Species of the Genus Passiflora,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 40, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452018188.
Abstract Wild species of passion fruit have characteristics that could be used in the passiflora culture, among them the production of fruits in the off-season of the sour passion fruit. The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenology of flowers and fruits production in wild species cultivated in the Brazilian Savanna Central Region. For each access, a 1-meter-long strip (2 m2) was evaluated for the presence of flowers and fruits from January 2015 to December 2016. The hybrid and wild species of passiflora that produce floral buds, flowers and fruits during the off-season of passion fruit sour include: BRS Céu do Cerrado (P. incarnata x P. edulis), P. alata Dryand, P. bahiensis Klotzsch, P. coccinea Aubl., P. maliformis L., P. quadriglandulosa Rodschied, P. auriculataKunth, P. decaisneana G. Nicholson, P. sidifolia M. Roem., P. suberosa L., P. tholozanii Sacco, P. quadrangularis x P. alata. It was also verified the presence of species and hybrids with high ornamental potential due to the beauty of their flowers and their production during the whole year, such as: P. suberosa L., P. tholozanii Sacco, P. coccinea x P. setacea, P. coccinea x P. quadrifaria. These species and hybrids have high potential for passiflora breeding programs as a source of genes of interest.
M. Eshghi Khas, A. Abbasifar, and B. ValizadehKaji, “Optimization of in Vitro Propagation of Purple Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis), an Important Medicinal and Ornamental Plant,” International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 305–314, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.22059/ijhst.2020.297194.342.
Tissue culture techniques can be beneficial for quick clonal propagation and production of disease-free plants of purple passion fruit as one of the most important medicinal and ornamental plants. These techniques are essential tools for the production of transgenic plants and high-value phytochemicals. The present study was planned to introduce an efficient in vitro propagation for purple passion fruit(Passiflora edulis Sims.). To do so, the effect of different plant growth regulators was investigated on micropropagation medium of purple passion fruit. For proliferation stage, nodal segments were cultured in media supplemented with various combinations of different plant growth regulators including: BA (0, 2.2, 4.4 and 8.9 μM), TDZ (2.3, 4.5 and 9.1 μM), GA3 (0 and 2.9 μM) and IBA (0 and 0.5 μM). For rooting, shoots with about 1.5 cm long originating from explants were removed and cultured in half-strength MS medium containing different concentrations of auxin-based plant growth regulators including: IAA (0, 1.1, 2.9, 5.7 and 11.4 μM), IBA (1, 2.5, 4.9 and 8.9 μM), and NAA (1.1, 2.7, 5.4, 10.7 μM). For the proliferation stage, the best plant growth regulator combination was 8.9 μM BA+2.9 μM GA3+0.5 μM IBA, resulting in the maximum shoot proliferation, number of shoots per explants, and shoot length. Half-strength MS medium supplemented with 5.4 μM NAA or 8.9 μM IBA was the most effective treatment for the rooting of shoots. Gradual acclimatization of the rooted plantlets was performed and the plantlets were established in the soil successfully. The micropropagated plants did not exhibit any visually detectable variation to their mother plants.
L. R. Fachi, W. Krause, H. D. Vieira, D. V. Araújo, P. B. Luz, and A. P. Viana, “Digital Image Analysis to Quantify Genetic Divergence in Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) Seeds,” Genetics and Molecular Research, vol. 18, no. 3, 2019.
doi: 10.4238/gmr18331.
Passion fruit is a native fruit of tropical America, with Brazil being the world’s leading producer and consumer of this fruit, with an estimated annual production of 554,598 Mg, and yield of 13,500 kg.ha -1 Phenotyping through digital images has been used to evaluate morphological characteristics of seeds. Knowledge of the degree of genetic divergence plays an important role, as it assists in the adoption of appropriate strategies for improvement in passion fruit populations. . The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic divergence among full-sibling families of passion fruit through morphophysiological characteristics of seeds using the Ward-Modified Location Model (Ward-MLM) method. Seeds of 98 full-sibling families (FSF) of passion fruit from the breeding program of the Mato Grosso State University were evaluated considering physiological descriptors of seeds, using germination and vigor tests; and morphological descriptors of seeds, using a digital imaging seed analysis device and software. We found that the Ward-MLM method was efficient in detecting genetic divergence using seed morphological and physiological descriptors, simultaneously. The descriptors that contributed the most to the genetic divergence among FSF were those related to seed geometry. This method formed three heterotic groups. Group II had the largest mean emergence speed index (1.106) and seedling emergence percentage (65.8%), and Group III had the largest means of seedling dry weight (4.140 g), radicle length (6.30 mm), germination speed index (2.503), and seed germination percentage (90 %). We conclude that crosses between FSF groups II and III are a good option to improve seed characteristics.
F. G. Faleiro, N. T. V. Junqueira, T. G. Junghans, O. N. de Jesus, D. Miranda, and W. C. Otoni, “Advances in Passion Fruit (Passiflora Spp.) Propagation,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 41, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452019155.
Abstract The propagation of many passion fruit species (Passiflora spp.) is done by seeds or sexual method, although asexual propagation, such stem cuttings, grafting or tissue culture is also possible and very useful in many cases. In this work, it was presented information on scientific and technological advances in sexual and asexual propagation of passion fruit, considering the different propagation methods and their applications. New demands for research and development activities are also related, given the wide range of passion fruit species and its potential for food, ornamental and medicinal use.
G. A. Faria et al., “Estabelecimento de protocolo para propagação in vitro de Passiflora caerulea,” Research, Society and Development, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. e157997158–e157997158, Aug. 2020.
doi: 10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7158.
Besides being of gastronomic and medicinal importance, Passiflora caerulea L. has been used as rootstock for commercial passion fruit, due to its resistance to phytopathogenic diseases. However, this species is susceptible to viral pathogens and presents a low germination rate. Therefore, tissue culture becomes a viable alternative for providing large-scale production, in a short period of time and free of viral diseases, being an important tool in the preservation and propagation of this species. However, there are only few studies related to the in vitro cultivation of P. caerulea, Thus, this study aimed at establishing an in vitro protocol for the species P. caerulea. using the Culture medium MS was used, with 100% and 50% concentrations of salts (MS 100% and MS 50%). To perform the experiment, the morphometry of P. caerulea seeds was initially carried out, in order to choose the seminiferous material for later germination. Then, microcuttings from plants germinated from those seeds were inoculated in medium MS 100% and MS 50%, with no addition of phytohormones. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 25 replications and the number of buds, sprout length, number of leaves, leaf color and micropile development were evaluated. The use of MS 50% showed to be feasible for the in vitro establishment of P. caerulea, without compromising the development and quality of the plants, providing cost reduction in the production of the culture medium.
J. L. C. Faria and J. Segura, “In Vitro Control of Adventitious Bud Differentiation by Inorganic Medium Components and Silver Thiosulfate in Explants of Passiflora Edulis F. Flavicarpa,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 209–212, Jul. 1997.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-997-0024-8.
Hypocotyl and leaf explants from Passiflora edulis F. flavicarpa were evaluated for morphogenesis when cultured on several nutrient media supplemented with benzyladenine and indoleacetic acid. The effect of silver thiosulfate on growth-regulator-induced morphogenesis was also investigated. Murashige and Skoog medium was more effective than woody plant medium in promoting adventitious bud differentiation. The omission of ammonium or nitrate from the Murashige and Skoog medium and a disequilibrium from the Murashige and Skoog nitrate: ammonium ratio drastically reduced the bud-forming capacity of the explants. The inclusion of silver thiosulfate in the culture medium significantly increased the differentiation and development of adventitious shoots. Regenerated shoots were excised and induced to root on basal Murashige and Skoog medium. Plants were transplanted to pots and grown ex vitro.
L. G. T. Feba, “Produção de biomassa, compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante em Passiflora incarnata L. mediante adubação orgânica e diferentes períodos de corte em solo arenoso.” 2018.
F. F. Fernandes et al., “The Passion Fruit Liana (Passiflora Edulis Sims, Passifloraceae) Is Tolerant to Ozone,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 656, pp. 1091–1101, Mar. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.425.
Passiflora edulis Sims is a liana species of high economic interest and is an interesting model plant for understanding ozone action on disturbed vegetation. In this work we hypothesized that P. edulis has adaptive responses to oxidative stress that enable it to tolerate ozone damage based on its capacity to grow under a diversity of environmental conditions and to dominate disturbed areas. We exposed seedlings to three levels of ozone in a Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) system (22, 41 and 58 ppb h AOT40 and 13.52, 17.24 and 20.62 mmol m−2 POD0, over 97 days) for identifying its tolerance mechanisms. Anatomical (leaf blade structure and fluorescence emission of chloroplast metabolites), physiological (leaf gas exchange, growth rate and biomass production) and biochemical (pigments, total sugars, starch, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant metabolites, reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation derivatives) responses were assessed. Ozone caused decreased total number of leaves, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the mesophyll cells, and accelerated leaf senescence. However, O3 did not affect carbohydrates content, net photosynthetic rate, or total biomass production, indicating that the carboxylation efficiency and associated physiological processes were not affected. In addition, P. edulis showed higher leaf contents of ascorbic acid, glutathione (as well high ratio between their reduced and total forms), carotenoids, and flavonoids located in the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. Our results indicate that P. edulis is an O3-tolerant species due to morphological acclimation responses and an effective antioxidant defense system represented by non-enzymatic antioxidants, which maintained the cellular redox balance under ozone.
G. E. Fernández M., L. M. Melgarejo, and N. A. Rodríguez C., “Algunos aspectos de la fotosíntesis y potenciales hídricos de la granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) en estado reproductivo en el Huila, Colombia,” Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 206, Apr. 2015.
doi: 10.17584/rcch.2014v8i2.3214.
The sweet granadilla fruit is appreciated in the national and international markets for its organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. However, very few studies have been done on its ecophysiology in the highproduction areas of Colombia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe and analyze some aspects of the photosynthesis and water potentials of sweet granadilla in the production phase on two farms located in the municipality of Santa María (Huila, Colombia): La Ceiba (2,060 m a.s.l.) and La Yerbabuena (2,270 m a.s.l.). The climatic variables were monitored and the parameters of gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and water potentials were measured. The average temperature in La Yerbabuena was 16.24°C and, in La Ceiba, it was 17.15°C, with a PAR of 470.9 and 1,186.2 μmol photons m-2 s-1, respectively. The values Amax, RD and Ic for La Ceiba (23.6, 2.24 and 34.6 μmol m-2 s-1) were higher when compared to La Yerbabuena (17.5, 1.34 and 21 μmol m-2 s-1); the latter showed a high capacity to use available light to ensure a greater photosynthetic efficiency (ĭ) of 0.0457 at low values of radiation. The water potential in the leaves (close to -0.2 MPa) and soil (near -0.01 MPa) and the Fv/Fm value (above 0.86) during the predawn indicated the absence of stress in the plants. In conclusion, both environments were favorable for the development of sweet granadilla because, despite the environmental characteristics and the different light intensities, a highly efficient photosynthesis (ĭ) was maintained.
G. Ferreira et al., “Efeito de arilo na germinação de sementes de Passiflora alata curtis em diferentes substratos e submetidas a tratamentos com giberelina,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 27, pp. 277–280, Aug. 2005.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452005000200022.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a germinação de sementes de Passiflora alata Curtis sob o efeito da presença de arilo em diferentes substratos de papel e submetidas a pré-tratamentos germinativos. Foram realizados dois experimentos (com e sem remoção de arilo), com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 8 tratamentos e 5 repetições de 25 sementes, em esquema fatorial 2x4 (substratos x tratamentos pré-germinativos) para cada experimento. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos substratos (sobre papel em gerbox e entre papel em rolo) e tratamentos pré-germinativos (sementes embebidas em GA3 e água, papel de germinação umedecido com GA3 e água). Pode-se verificar que a germinação das sementes sem arilo foi maior, em substratos sobre papel ou entre papel, umedecidos com GA3.
D. A. T. Ferreira, M. C. Sattler, C. R. Carvalho, and W. R. Clarindo, “Embryogenic Potential of Immature Zygotic Embryos of Passiflora: A New Advance for in Vitro Propagation without Plant Growth Regulators,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 629–638, Sep. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-015-0796-1.
In vitro strategies for Passiflora have been developed owing to its economic and ecological importance. However, plantlet regeneration through somatic embryogenesis has presented some problems, such as the reproducibility of the protocol and formation of abnormal embryos and plantlets. Thus, this study aimed to establish a protocol exploring the embryogenic potential of immature zygotic embryos (IZE) of the wild species Passiflora miniata Vanderpl. and Passiflora speciosa Gardn. Friable calli, which formed on the abaxial surface of the cotyledons, yielded globular, heart-shaped, torpedo and cotyledonary somatic embryos, characterising the embryogenic response as asynchronous. A high percentage of normal regenerants (90 %) was obtained from IZE in media lacking 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in comparison to the value of normal plantlets (60 %) regenerated from mature zygotic embryos inoculated in media with 2,4-D. This result demonstrates that IZE of P. miniata and P. speciosa possess sufficient levels of endogenous phytohormones to trigger a high rate of indirect somatic embryogenesis. All regenerated plantlets had the same genome size and chromosome number as the explant donor plants. Therefore, the indirect embryogenic pathway, employing IZE inoculated into media free of growth regulators, did not cause changes in the karyotype and morphology. Based on these results, IZE should be considered as explant for the establishment of somatic embryogenesis in other species. Besides, a new, reliable and relatively rapid protocol to recover plantlets of P. miniata and P. speciosa yielded several plants, which were acclimatised and used for ornamental purposes and breeding programs, and for reintroduction into biological reserves.
M. dos S. Ferreira et al., “Optimization of Culture Medium for the in Vitro Germination and Histochemical Analysis of Passiflora Spp. Pollen Grains,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 288, p. 110298, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110298.
Pollen viability studies are essential for high production of fruits and seeds, as well as for genetic improvement and conservation strategies. The objective of this work was to investigate the most suitable culture medium for in vitro germination of pollen grains and pollen tube growth of 11 wild Passiflora species and to examine the viability by means of histochemical testing with 2% Alexander’s solution. This is the first study to provide data on the pollen tube growth of passion fruit. For in vitro germination, two culture media were used, BK and SM, both supplemented with different concentrations of sucrose (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%). The experimental design was completely randomized in an 11×7 × 2 factorial scheme (species x sucrose concentrations x culture media). Sucrose influenced the germination of pollen grains and the pollen tube growth. P. edmundoi had the highest germination rate (89%) and pollen tube length (2.6 mm) in SM culture medium supplemented with 30% and 15% sucrose, respectively. Regarding the histochemical analysis, all the Passiflora species presented high percentage of viable pollen grains (above 79%). The information obtained in this study allowed identifying the most suitable culture medium for each Passiflora species, helping in the choice of male parents with high potential for fertility, to maximize the potential success of controlled crosses in genetic improvement programs. The results can also support studies of the conservation of pollen grains.
2003 [2004]. Four main subdivisions (subgenera) are proposed for the genus Passiflora, replacing the taxonomic system of 25 subgenera currently in use. Twenty six newly proposed names or changes in rank for other infrageneric categories are presented
There may be many factors contributing to reduction in longevity and productivity in passion fruit plants, especially diseases of viral, bacterial or fungal etiologies, among which passion fruit woodiness, bacterial spot, root and collar rot, fusarium wilt, anthracnose and scab are the most important. The incidence of woody fruits in young plants totally compromises the productivity and quality of fruits. Fusariosis, root and collar rot have swept out entire crops, leading to irreversible wilt and consequent death of plants. Bacteriosis, anthracnose and scab cause severe losses under favorable environmental conditions and the absence of preventive control. The permanent incidence of diseases in some areas may turn the crop unprofitable, causing its periodical migration to new areas. This review will cover the main passion fruit diseases, their symptoms, etiology, epidemiology and management.
A. A. Fisher, P. Purcell, and D. G. Le Couteur, “Toxicity of Passiflora Incarnata L,” Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 63–66, Jan. 2000.
doi: 10.1081/CLT-100100919.
Background: Herbal medicines may have significant adverse effects which are not suspected or recognized. Case Report: A 34-year-old female developed severe nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, prolonged QTc, and episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia following self-administration of a herbal remedy, Passiflora incarnata L., at therapeutic doses. The possible association of symptoms with passiflora was not recognized for several days. She required hospital admission for cardiac monitoring and intravenous fluid therapy. Conclusions: Passiflora incarnata was associated with significant adverse effects in this patient. It is important to ask specifically about the use of herbal medicines in patients with undiagnosed illnesses.
L. R. da Fonseca et al., “Herbal Medicinal Products from Passiflora for Anxiety: An Unexploited Potential,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2020, p. e6598434, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.1155/2020/6598434.
Herbal medicines containing Passiflora species have been widely used to treat anxiety since ancient times. The species Passiflora incarnata L. is included in many Pharmacopoeias, and it is the most used species in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there are around 600 species of the genus Passiflora and probably other species that can be used safely. Thus, this article was based on a search into the uses of the main species of the genus Passiflora with anxiolytic activity and its main secondary metabolites and some pharmacological studies, patents, and registered products containing Passiflora. Furthermore, the Brazilian Regulatory Health Agency Datavisa, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency of the United Kingdom, and the European Medicines Agency websites were consulted. The results showed that Passiflora species have health benefits but clinical trials are still scarce. The complexity of Passiflora extracts creates challenges for the development of herbal medicines. P. incarnata is the most studied species of the genus and the most used in natural anxiolytic herbal medicine formulations. However, there are hundreds of Passiflora species potentially useful for medicinal and nutraceutical purposes that are still little explored.
S. A. Foré and T. P. Spira, “Macrogeographic Allozyme Variation in Passiflora Incarnata,” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, vol. 129, no. 4, pp. 326–330, 2002.
doi: 10.2307/3088703.
Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) is native to the southern United States and common in old fields and roadsides. This herbaceous, perennial vine has hermaphroditic flowers yet is self-incompatible. Large bees pollinate these flowers that produce fruits that may be eaten by mammals. Although the mode of sexual reproduction suggests the potential for long distance dispersal of genes, this species also displays extensive vegetative reproduction from rhizomes. Vegetative reproduction may reduce the amount of genetic variation within a population and increase differentiation among populations. We report on the macrogeographic allozymic variation within P. incarnata. Plants were collected from three regions in South Carolina (SC) and Georgia (GA). Genetic data were collected from nine polymorphic loci with starch gel electrophoresis of allozymes. In our sample of 168 plants from SC and GA, we observed 82 different multilocus genotypes. Plants with the same multilocus genotype were collected within and among regions. Genetic data indicated that there was little genetic differentiation among regions. These data suggest that there is extensive long distance transport of genes and that the species may rely heavily on sexual reproduction to establish new habitat.
M. Fraccaroli et al., “Pre-Analytical Method for Metabolic Profiling of Plant Cell Cultures of Passiflora Garckei,” Biotechnology Letters, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2031–2036, Nov. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10529-008-9785-3.
Passiflora garckei cell cultures were used as a model to describe a reproducible sample preparation method. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was employed to isolate the plant metabolites for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and to subsequently detect the differences between yeast extract elicited and control cells. Compared with previous results obtained by using a Sephadex LH-20 column, SPE coupled with NMR spectroscopy improves the analysis of aromatic compounds e.g.: trans-feruloyl derivatives and trans-coumaroyl derivatives. Moreover, it decreases the concentration of sugars that usually overlap with many plant metabolite signals.
J. M. França et al., “Morphophysiology, Phenotypic and Molecular Diversity of Auxin-Induced Passiflora Mucronata Lam. (Passifloraceae),” Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 90, pp. 1799–1814, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201820160898.
ABSTRACT Genetic diversity allows identification of potential intraspecific genotypes in the genus Passiflora. The objective of this study was to examine the morphological and genetic diversity of auxin-induced Passiflora mucronata. The experiments were arranged in a complete randomized block design, with a 9 x 2 factorial arrangement (nine genotypes x presence and absence of auxin, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)), with four replicates of 16 cuttings. The rooting and vegetative growth responses were variable. Genotype 5 was more responsive in the absence of IBA and genotypes 3, 8 and 9 were more responsive in the presence of IBA. Auxin increased rooting rate and percentage, reducing the average time of root protrusion in eight days. IBA also contributed to increase photosynthesis and dry root and shoot mass in 55.55 and 44.44% of the genotypes, respectively. The highest relative contribution to phenotypic diversity in the absence of auxin was rate (38.75%) and percentage (20.27%) of rooting, whereas in the presence of auxin was stomatal conductance (23.19%) and root dry mass (20.91%). Similarity was found for phenotypic and molecular divergence in the presence of IBA, in which genotypes 1 and 6; genotypes 5, 8 and 9; and genotype 3 were clustered in distinct groups.
M. S. M. Freitas, P. H. Monnerat, I. J. C. Vieira, and A. J. C. de Carvalho, “Flavonóides e composição mineral de folhas de maracujazeiro amarelo em função da posição da folha no ramo,” Ciência Rural, vol. 37, pp. 1634–1639, Dec. 2007.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782007000600020.
Este trabalho foi realizado em maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa) cultivado em condições de campo, no município dos Campos do Goytacazes-RJ, com o objetivo de determinar os teores de rutina, vitexina e flavonóides totais e dos nutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Zn, Mn e Cl em folhas de diferentes posição no ramo. O experimento constou de 10 tratamentos, que consistiam na coleta das folhas 1 (mais nova) a 10 (mais velha) de um mesmo ramo, com quatro repetições. A amostragem foliar foi feita em março de 2004 e cada amostra constou de 20 folhas coletadas de 20 plantas por repetição. Os teores de rutina, vitexina e flavonóides totais variaram em função da posição ou idade das folhas, sendo maiores nas folhas mais jovens ou na região apical dos ramos do maracujazeiro amarelo. Os teores de flavonóides totais, expressos em vitexina, diminuíram da folha 1 para a folha 8, de 24,4 para 14,9mg g-1 de matéria seca. Os teores de N, P, K e Zn foram maiores e os de Ca, Mg, B, Cl e Mn foram menores nas folhas mais jovens. Os teores de S e Fe não variaram com a posição da folha no ramo.
A. Frye and C. Haustein, “Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Harmala Alkaloids in Three Species of Passiflora,” American Journal of Undergraduate Research, vol. 6, no. 3, Dec. 2007.
doi: 10.33697/ajur.2007.020.
Harmala alkaloids are a common plant extract with a number of reported uses including as stimulants and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Their reported activity has led some researchers to identify them as the principal active constituent in passion flowers, an abundant plant which has been identified to have a number of pharmaceutical uses of its own. Harmalas are commonly extracted using chloroform; however, in this case, a green extraction process using ethyl acetate and sodium bicarbonate was applied. Analysis of the harmala alkaloids in Passiflora caerulea, Passiflora incarnata and Passiflora “Coral Glow” was performed quantitatively using the HPLC. Comparison of HPLC results from plant extracts to results from standard solutions concluded that harmol and harmine were present in minor amounts in Passiflora incarnata, harmine was present in large amounts in Passiflora caerulea, and no significant amounts of harmala alkaloids were found in Passiflora “Coral Glow”. The extraction process and HPLC analysis also revealed the presence of the flavonoid derivative Vitexin in Passiflora incarnata. Vitexin was present in relatively large amounts, and as a flavonoid derivative, the compound may have powerful antioxidant activity.
Colombia is the country with the highest number of species of Passiflora in the world and most species have edible fruits and are cultivated. This investigation aims to better understand the range of seed dormancy exhibited in the fleshy fruits of Passifloraceae species, and to determine how to break this dormancy efficiently and reliably. Thus, in this investigation seed germination of Passiflora edulis and P. maliformis were studied. Seeds were extracted, conditioned, dried and scarified. Several chemical pre-treatments were applied (e.g. GA3 500, 1000, 2000 ppm, KNO3 1%, KNO3 1.5% - KH2PO4 1.5%). Illuminated germinators were used with constant temperature (i.e. 25, 30 ºC) and alternate temperature (i.e. 15/25, 15/30, 19/33, 20/30, 20/35 ºC). Germination was recorded as radicle protrusion. Removing the seed aril with water allowed a clean germination test in both species. For P. edulis the greatest germination was obtained at 20/30 ºC, while the poorest germination was found at constant temperature. Manuallyscarifi ed seeds provided the most rapid germination in all temperatures. For P. maliformis the highest germination was obtained for non-manually scarifi ed seeds treated with boiling water and tested at 20/35 ºC. Pre-treatment with GA3 or KNO3 did not promote germination in both species. It is concluded that seeds of P. edulis and P. maliformis have physical dormancy. Scarifying seeds of Passiflora spp. enabled the water potential of the embryo to increase and for seeds to germinate. Meanwhile, the chemical pre-treatmeant of seeds showed no additional benefit. Thus, physiological dormancy does not occur, and physical barriers are the only factor preventing germination of viable seeds of the two Passiflora species studied.
S. P. Gachanja and P. O. Ochieng, “Effect of Row Spacing of Purple Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis Var. Edulis Sims.) on Fruit Yield in Kenya,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 218, pp. 23–28, Jan. 1988.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1988.218.1.
S. P. Gachanja, “Training and Pruning of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims) in Kenya,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 49, pp. 219–222, Jul. 1975.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1975.49.26.
An observation trial was initiated at the National Horticultural Research Station, Thika, Kenya, in April 1970 to observe the economic life of passion fruit under various cultural training systems: (a) training two shoots as leaders to the wire and in opposite directions, then leaving them unpruned; (b) training one leader; (c) training two leaders; and (d) training three leaders along the wire in opposited directions, the laterals being allowed to hang down freely due to the regular removal of tendrils. The passion fruit plant bears fruit on the current season’s wood and therefore, after laterals had borne their last fruits in treatments b, c, and d, the growth was renewed by pruning the unproductive laterals back to the new developing laterals, as close to the leader as possible. Pruning away the unproductive laterals, tendrils, dead laterals and dead leaves promotes a more efficient coverage of the sprays in the vines, assisting in the control of pests and diseases. This has demonstrated the importance of pruning passion fruit vines in order to help, by cultural practices, a reduction in the spread of brown spot disease caused by the fungus Alternaria passiflora.
C. H. Galeano Mendoza, I. Cerón-Souza, and L. V. Arango, “Agronomic Evaluation of a Colombian Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims) Germplasm Collection,” Agronomy Research, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1649–1659, 2018.
doi: 10.15159/ar.18.190.
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is one of the most promissory crops in Colombia with approximately 7,400 ha cultivated, an average production of 89,000 t and an average yield of 15 t ha-1. However, low yields as well as harvest problems including fruit quality, generate important losses, mainly due to lack of improved cultivars with particular characteristics for each market (fresh consumption, agroindustry) and specific adaptations to biotic and abiotic stress factors in producer areas. Therefore, as a pre-breeding phase, this study aimed at characterizing preliminary the production and physiochemical characteristics of 60 passion fruit germplasm accessions maintained in Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA). We cultivated these accessions in the field for 22 months between 2014 and 2015, measuring 17 variables associated to both yield production and fruit quality. We analysed data using phenetic and multivariate methods to establish levels of genetic diversity. Additionally, we constructed a selection index (SI) with the most informative variables to select individuals according to fruit weight, shape and colour, as well as juice percentage. Results of genetic grouping and principal components showed a broad genetic diversity across the working collection, without any population substructure. Fruit volume, pulp and seed weight were the variables that explained 80% of the phenotypic variation. Finally, we identified 30 promissory accessions as parental for the first cycle of recurrent selection using the SI. We conclude that this core collection represents the diversity included in the working collection with promissory accessions to initiate an intra-population recurrent selection program.
V. N. Gama, J. T. Cunha, I. de Melo Lima, M. A. Bacarin, and D. M. Silva, “Photosynthetic Characteristics and Quality of Five Passion Fruit Varieties under Field Conditions,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 941–948, Mar. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s11738-012-1137-1.
Due to photosynthetic mechanisms respond very quickly to most stressors and due to strong concerns regarding the impact of climate change on future plant productivity, the purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of in vivo photosynthetic efficiencies and fruit quality of five cultivars of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Degener). The experiments were conducted in the northern region of Espírito Santo State using cultivars FB 200, FB 300, BRS Gigante Amarelo, BRS Sol do Cerrado, and BRS Ouro Vermelho. Analyses were performed 6 months after planting, when the plants were beginning reproduction and were repeated two times during the next 4 months until fruit ripening. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient, total chlorophyll content, and gas exchange were measured in the leaves. Physical and chemical fruit attributes were also assessed. The lowest fluorescence rates were identified in the FB 300, BRS Sol do Cerrado, and BRS Ouro Vermelho cultivars, which exhibited better capacities for quinone A (QA) reoxidation and better electron transfer efficiencies from Photosystem II to Photosystem I acceptors. Better photochemical performances (PItotal) and CO2 assimilations (A) resulted in higher fruit pulp yields, demonstrating the superior quality of the FB 300, BRS Sol do Cerrado, and BRS Ouro Vermelho cultivars.
V. B. Gangstad, “A Morphological Study of the Leaf and Tendril of Passiflora Caerulea,” The American Midland Naturalist, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 704–708, 1938.
doi: 10.2307/2420303.
No studies of the internal anatomy of either leaf or tendril have been made. This paper presents the details of these two structures as demonstrated by the use of lactic acid. This technique was suggested by Professor J. T. Buchholz and it proved a cery satisfactory procedure. E. Strasburger (1897) give a formula for the preparation of lactophenol, but in this investigation lactic acid without the phenol gave the desired results.
M. T. A. M. E. L. A. GARCÍA, B. G. GALATI, and A. M. ANTON, “Development and Ultrastructure of the Megagametophyte in Passiflora Caerulea L. (Passifloraceae),” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 73–81, May 2003.
doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00140.x.
Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis of Passiflora caerulea L. were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The archesporial tissue is generally formed by one cell. The megaspore mother cell gives rise to a linear tetrad of megaspores. The chalazal megaspore is the functional one, and originates a Polygonum-type female gametophyte. The antipodals are ephemeral. Abundant starch is found in the nucellar cells, specially the ones adjacent to the megagametophyte. The two synergids show ultrastructural differences, involving the filiform apparatus, the nucleolus and the endoplasmic reticulum; these differences suggest a functional differentiation, probably related to the reception of the pollen tube. This is the first report in angiosperms of substantial morphological differences between the two synergids.
R. Garcia, G. Pacheco, E. Falcão, G. Borges, and E. Mansur, “Influence of Type of Explant, Plant Growth Regulators, Salt Composition of Basal Medium, and Light on Callogenesis and Regeneration in Passiflora Suberosa L. (Passifloraceae),” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 47–54, Jul. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-010-9892-4.
Passiflora suberosa is used in popular medicine, improvement programs, and as an ornamental plant. The goal of this study was to establish efficient protocols for plant regeneration and callus induction from nodal, internodal and leaf segments excised from in vitro-grown plants. The different morphogenetic responses were modulated by the type and concentration of plant growth regulators, according to the basal medium and light conditions. Shoot formation occurred through three pathways: (1) development of preexisting meristems, (2) direct organogenesis, and (3) indirect organogenesis. Development of preexisting meristems was observed from nodal segments (1 shoot/explant) in response to α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), picloram (PIC), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), using two basal media (MS and MSM). Direct organogenesis in this species was obtained for the first time in this work, through shoot development from internodal segments in the presence of 6-benzyladenine (BA). The highest regeneration rates were achieved on MSM medium, regardless of the BA concentration. Indirect organogenesis was achieved from all explant types on media supplemented with BA, used alone or in combination with NAA. The highest regeneration efficiency was obtained from internodal segments cultured on MSM medium plus 44.4 μM BA. Compact, friable, or mucilaginous non-morphogenic calluses were induced by thidiazuron, PIC, 2,4-D, and NAA. High-yielding friable calluses obtained on MSM medium supplemented with 28.9 μM PIC are being used for the establishment of suspension cultures and further analysis of the production of bioactive compounds.
R. O. Garcia, G. Pacheco, M. G. Vianna, and E. Mansur, “In Vitro Conservation of Passiflora Suberosa L.: Slow Growth and Cryopreservation,” Cryo Letters, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 377–388, 2011 Sep-Oct.
Passiflora suberosa is a tropical species used as an ornamental, in popular medicine and in improvement programs. The goal of this study was the development of in vitro conservation strategies for this species, including medium-term storage through slow growth, and long-term storage through cryopreservation using vitrification-based techniques. Plants were maintained under slow growth conditions on half strength MSM or one quarter strength MSM medium for 12 months without decrease in regrowth ability. The efficiency of vitrification and encapsulation-vitrification protocols was compared in order to determine the optimal conditions for successful cryopreservation. Several parameters were evaluated, including pregrowth on medium with high sucrose concentrations, type of vitrification solution (PVS2 and PVS3), exposure time to vitrification solutions, and recovery conditions. The highest recovery was obtained with the encapsulation-vitrification protocol after a pretreatment with 0.3 M sucrose and post-cryopreservation incubation in the dark for 30 days on MSM medium supplemented with 0.44 micromole BA.
A. García-Castro, A. Volder, H. Restrepo-Diaz, T. W. Starman, and L. Lombardini, “Evaluation of Different Drought Stress Regimens on Growth, Leaf Gas Exchange Properties, and Carboxylation Activity in Purple Passionflower Plants,” Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 57–64, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.21273/JASHS03961-16.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of water stress on leaf water potential, plant growth, and photosynthesis in purple passionflower (Passiflora incarnata). Twenty 4-L pots with two plants in each pot were arranged in a completely randomized design. Ten pots received a daily irrigation dose of 100% evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the 43-day experiment (control). The other 10 pots were subjected to a reduced irrigation (RI) treatment, which was implemented stepwise to achieve a gradual increase in stress, by irrigating them with 50% ET first, then with 25% ET and, finally, with 10% ET. The last stress phase was followed by a recovery phase in which all treatments received the same amount of water (100% ET). A lower water potential was obtained at 10% ET compared with control plants (−2.51 and −0.98 MPa, respectively). Plants in both 25% and 10% ET irrigation treatments had reduced net CO2 assimilation rates (4.25 and 3.50 μmol·m−2·s−1, respectively) than plants watered with 100% ET (8.53 and 6.77 μmol·m−2·s−1, respectively). Values of maximum carboxylation rate allowed by rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), calculated 31 days after treatment (DAT) application (when RI plants were irrigated with 10% ET) decreased by ≈60%, whereas rate of photosynthetic electron transport and triose phosphate use (TPU) were reduced by ≈30% and ≈45% in the stress treatment compared with the control during the 10% ET irrigation period, respectively. Values of water potential and net CO2 assimilation rates in previously stressed plants were not different from the control treatment in the recovery phase, suggesting that P. incarnata plants could adapt well to landscaping situations where periods of extreme drought can be expected.
A. S. Gavade, G. B. Vambhurkar, A. M. Jagtap, M. D. Kengar, N. M. Jagtap, and O. A. Patil, “Passiflora Incarnata as Natural pH Indicator,” Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 4, 2018.
doi: 10.5958/2321-5844.2018.00002.X.
The substance which causes change in colour with respect to change in pH of solution is termed as acid-base indicator. At different pH range every indicator shows different range of colors. There are numbers of chemical or synthetic indicators which are used in acid-base titration but these are slight costlier and not available easily every time hence natural indicator i.e. obtained from plant source are come forth, because plants easily available everywhere extraction process is less expensive. We use Passionflower and phenolphthalein as indicators in titration s of strong acid-strong base (HCl and NaOH), strong acid–weak base (HCl and NH3), and weak acid-strong base (CH3COOH and NaOH) and weak acid-weak base (CH3COOH and NH3). The result obtained from titration of natural indicator (i.e. passionflower extract) are near to the result obtained from titration of standard indicator(i.e. phenolphthalein).in this research work we successfully prove that natural indicator can also used in titration.
H. Geiger and K. R. Markham, “The C-Glycosylflavone Pattern of Passiflora Incamata L.,” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 41, no. 9-10, pp. 949–950, Oct. 1986.
doi: 10.1515/znc-1986-9-1023.
From the herbage of Passiflora incarnata have been isolated eight flavone-C-glycosides based on apigenin and luteolin, six of them had not been found before in that plant. The constitution of all compounds is prooven.
A. L. Generoso et al., “Mature-Embryo Culture in the Cryopreservation of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims) Seeds,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 256, p. 108638, Oct. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108638.
Passion fruit seeds gradually lose their viability when preserved over long periods in cold chambers. Cryopreservation can overcome this problem, but there are two main obstacles: the initial water content in the seed and the regeneration of seedlings after the process. We aim to evaluate the cryopreservation of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds with different initial water contents and in vitro and ex vitro germination efficiency in seedling regeneration. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design in a 4\,× 2 factorial arrangement that consisted of four initial water contents (25, 15, 10, and 5%) in passion fruit seeds, with and without immersion in liquid nitrogen. After cryopreservation, the seeds from all treatments were divided into three groups: (1) underwent ex vitro germination on paper rolls, (2) the embryos were isolated and cultured in vitro, and (3) processed in permanent slides to study anatomy by light microscope. The cryopreserved seeds with a water content of 10% showed greater ex vitro (4%) and in vitro (100%) germination. Thus, for cryopreservation of passion fruit seeds, the water content of 10% and in vitro growth of isolated mature embryos is the most indicated combination to achieve higher germination rates quickly and uniformly, without anatomical damage to the cells and which provides a new alternative for safe long-term preservation of passion fruit seeds.
R. M. Gesimba, “Mechanical Strengths, Hydraulic Conductance and Growth of Passiflora Edulis f. Edulis Grafted on Five Different Rootstocks at Three Different Cleft Lengths and Their Susceptibility to Wind Damage in Nakuru Kenya,” International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1–9, Sep. 2016.http://www.sciencedomain.org/abstract/16108.
R. M. Gesimba, “Screening Passiflora Species For Drought Tolerance, Compatibility With Purple Passion Fruit, Fusarium Wilt Resistance And The Relationship Between Irrigation, Drenching And Media Composition In The Control Of Fusarium Wilt,” PhD thesis, The Ohio State University, 2008.https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu1228238434.
L. E. Gilbert, “Butterfly-Plant Coevolution: Has Passiflora Adenopoda Won the Selectional Race with Heliconiine Butterflies?,” Science, May 1971.
doi: 10.1126/science.172.3983.585.
Hooklike trichomes of Passiflora adenopoda provide a specific, effectively absolute defense against heliconiine butterfly larvae, a major class of Passiflora herbivores. It is suggested that since mechanical defenses are usually more selective in ...
L. E. Gilbert and J. M. MacDougal, “Passiflora Microstipula, a New Species of Passifloraceae from Southeast Mexico,” Lundellia, vol. 2000, no. 3, pp. 1–5, Dec. 2000.
doi: 10.25224/1097-993X-3.1.1.
Passiflora microstipula was originally collected as seed in 1978 at the Los Tuxtlas biological station, Veracruz, Mexico. When plants grown from these seeds flowered in cultivation the next year, it was immediately clear that this species represented a completely new group within Passiflora. P. microstipula exhibits unusual characteristics such as tendril-borne flowers and conspicuously winged seeds. Observations of this species in cultivation revealed that significant morphological changes occur as development proceeds from a seedling to reproductively mature lianas. Morphology and ecology are discussed with regard to the species’ likely taxonomic placement within the genus.
Maypop is undoubledly the showiest of the native Passiflora species. It is an evergreen, flowering vine that climbs by tendrils. Its height and spread varies depending on the structure it climbs on. The flower of is a spectacular pink and purple and generally reaches a width of 3 to 5 inches. Each unique flower lasts about one day appearing in the summer and early fall. They fill the plant making Maypop a fine flowering plant for most of Florida. The leaves have three lobes and smooth margins. Ovoid, green fruits are abundantly produced and can be found on the vine along with the flowers. Fruits are light weight and the flesh is spongy and white. They are attractive and edible (but not very tasty) and attain a diameter of 2 ½ to 3 inches.
M. S. Gins et al., “Antioxidant Content and Growth at the Initial Ontogenesis Stages of Passiflora Incarnata Plants under the Influence of Biostimulant Albit,” Russian Agricultural Sciences, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 384–389, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.3103/S1068367417050068.
The aim of this study was to determine the accumulation of antioxidants at аn early stage of development of organs of P. incarnata L. plants grown in greenhouses (medicinal aromatic plants were used for comparison), as well as to evaluate the effect of biostimulant Albit. The use of amperometric and biochemical methods made it possible to measure and evaluate the total antioxidant content in aqueous extracts of leaves of aromatic plants with sedative effects compared to aqueous extracts of P. incarnata L. leaves. The latter are characterized by a lower level of antioxidant accumulation. Seed treatment with biostimulant Albit and foliar treatment of aerial parts of the P. incarnata L. plant increased the total antioxidant content and the content of carotenoids, chlorophylls a and b, and the yield of aerial parts of the plant by 10–15%. The findings suggest that the P. incarnata L. plants grown in greenhouses can be used to create antioxidant herbal remedies.
M. de M. A. Gomes et al., “Brassinosteroid Analogue Effects on the Yield of Yellow Passion Fruit Plants (Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa),” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 235–240, Nov. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2006.06.030.
The effects of successive brassinosteroid analogue (BR) applications (0.1mgl−1 of brassinosteroid analogue BB-16) were evaluated on commercial yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) orchards in the first year of production. The treatments applied were: control, BR-1 (1 BR application shortly after the first flowers appeared), BR-2, BR-3, BR-4 and BR-5 (BR application in two, three, four and five consecutive weeks after the appearance of the first flowers, respectively). The fruits were collected for seven consecutive weeks (105fruitstreatment−1) and fruit mass, length and diameter, soluble solid contents; pulp mass and peel thickness were evaluated in the laboratory. Multivariate analysis was performed in order to determine whether there were differences among the treatments taking into account all the measurements made. BR-3 was the most promising treatment because it produced the highest number of fruitsplant−1 (81.5) compared to the control (53.5) and the soluble solid content was 1°Brix greater than the control. The BR-3 treatment resulted in a 65% increase in the estimated yield of the passion fruit plants, corresponding to 20tha−1 compared to the control yield of 12tha−1. The results showed that BB-16 sprayed during a period of reproductive development can increase the number of fruits per plant.
E. N. Gomes et al., “Brown Seaweed Extract Enhances Rooting and Roots Growth on Passiflora Actinia Hook Stem Cuttings,” Ornamental Horticulture, vol. 24, pp. 269–276, 2018-Jul-Sep.
doi: 10.14295/oh.v24i3.1221.
ABSTRACT Passiflora actinia Hook (common name: ‘maracujá do mato’) is an important medicinal species due to significant sedative and anxiolytic activities. In order to commercially exploit the plant, however, studies on propagation to improve rooting in stem cuttings are needed. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol.) extract when applied on P. actinia stem cuttings bases. Five concentrations of the extract in distilled water were evaluated: 0% (pure distilled water), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 repetitions and 12 cuttings per experimental unit. Cuttings were evaluated 45 days from planting. Data were analyzed through polynomial regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated for all the variables. On average, 51.27% rooting was achieved. Rooting percentage increased linearly according to the brown seaweed extract concentrations. When compared to the control treatment, about 10% increase in rooting was observed at the treatment with 40% seaweed extract. Leaf retention response to A. nodosum increasing concentrations was also adjusted in a positive linear model. A 15.6% increase in leaf retention was observed at the 40% seaweed concentration when compared to the control. Positive correlations were observed for leaf retention and rooting percentage and leaf retention and roots length. The immersion of P. actinia stem cuttings bases in A. nodosum extract at a concentration of 40% promote positive effects on rooting and facilitate the species propagation.
M. de M. de A. Gomes, M. J. M. Ramos, A. Torres Netto, R. C. C. Rosa, and E. Campostrini, “Water Relations, Photosynthetic Capacity, and Growth in Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims f. Flavicarpa Deg.): Seedlings and Grafted Plants,” Revista Ceres, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 135–143, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1590/0034-737x201865020004.
Grafting has been used in passion fruit as a promising strategy for the improvement of traditional cultivars, which have roots susceptible to several soil pathogens. However, the effect of grafting on gas exchange, water relations, and photochemical efficiency in passion fruit is still not understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the photosynthetic capacity, water relations, and the growth of seed-propagated (PPS) and grafted (PPG) passion fruit under drought stress. Ungrafted seedlings of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa and seedlings of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (scion) grafted onto Passiflora mucronata (rootstock) were cultivated in a greenhouse in 3.5-dm3 pots. At 37 days after transplanting (DAT), one-half of the seed-propagated plants had the watering suspended (PPSDS, plant propagated by seed under drought stress) as well as one-half of the grafted plants (PPGDS, plant propagated by grafting under drought stress). Another group of plants was kept in soil at field capacity. Gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence emission, chlorophyll content, and leaf and soil water potentials were determined during the experiment. Drought-stressed plants (PPSDS and PPGDS) reduced the stomatal conductance, incident quantum yield (Φi), and root dry mass in relation to the respective watered controls (PPS and PPG). Up to -50 kPa of soil water potential, both PPSDS and PPGDS reduced the photosynthetic rate by 50%, without reducing leaf water potential. The seed-propagated plants showed higher growth characteristics than the grafted plants in both conditions, at the field capacity and in the substrate with water limitation. Grafting showed no effect on water status, fluorescence emission, and gas exchange.
Z. S. Gonçalves, L. K. S. Lima, T. L. Soares, E. H. de Souza, and O. N. de Jesus, “Leaf Anatomical Aspects of CABMV Infection in Passiflora Spp. by Light and Fluorescence Microscopy,” Australasian Plant Pathology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 203–215, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s13313-020-00763-z.
Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) is the main pathogen that affects passion fruit, causing woodiness disease in Brazil. The identification of sources of resistance in Passiflora is necessary for the development of resistant cultivars. The objective of this work was to evaluate the reaction of eight species of Passiflora to CABMV and to verify leaf anatomical changes caused by CABMV. Inoculations were performed and symptoms were evaluated until 55 days after inoculation using a scale ranging from 1 (without symptoms) to 4 (highly susceptible). Simultaneously, leaves from infected and control plants for anatomical analysis were collected. The severity of the disease was calculated using the disease index (DI%) and the means were grouped using the Scott-Knott test. The wild species Passiflora malacophylla, P. setacea and P. suberosa were classified as resistant to CABMV. In contrast, P. alata and P. edulis were susceptible to the virus, with DI values of 58.2 and 51.9%, respectively. Leaf anatomical changes were more drastic in P. edulis and P. alata. In P. edulis, the infection resulted in changes in the organization of the vascular bundles. Resistant wild species showed few anatomical changes. The resistance found in wild species opens the prospect of performing interspecific crosses.
M. E. González-Benito, N. Aguilar, and T. Ávila, “Germination and Embryo Rescue from Passiflora Species Seeds Post-Cryopreservation,” Cryoletters, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 142–147, Mar. 2009.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19448863/.
Seeds of Passiflora species have been reported to have intermediate or orthodox storage behavior. The development of cryopreservation protocols for recalcitrant or intermediate seeds can provide a feasible way for long term germplasm conservation. Seed germination of three Passiflora species (P. pinnatistipula, P. tarminiana and P. mollissima) was studied after desiccation and cryopreservation. The three species showed an intermediate response to desiccation: at 3-3.5% water content their germination was reduced to 23-45%, with P. pinnatistipula showing the maximum desiccation tolerance (62% germination after drying to 4.2% water content). The safest seed water contents for cryopreservation: 4.5-4.8% for P. pinnatistipula and P. mollissima, and 9% for P. tarminiana, resulting in 84%, 73%, and 63% germination, respectively. This is the first report of seed cryopreservation for these species.
M. C. Goulart, L. G. Cueva-Yesquén, K. J. Hidalgo Martinez, D. Attili-Angelis, and F. Fantinatti-Garboggini, “Comparison of Specific Endophytic Bacterial Communities in Different Developmental Stages of Passiflora Incarnata Using Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Analysis,” MicrobiologyOpen, vol. 8, no. 10, p. e896, 2019.
doi: 10.1002/mbo3.896.
Plants and endophytic microorganisms have coevolved unique relationships over many generations. Plants show a specific physiological status in each developmental stage, which may determine the occurrence and dominance of specific endophytic populations with a predetermined ecological role. This study aimed to compare and determine the structure and composition of cultivable and uncultivable bacterial endophytic communities in vegetative and reproductive stages (RS) of Passiflora incarnata. To that end, the endophytic communities were assessed by plating and Illumina-based 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Two hundred and four cultivable bacterial strains were successfully isolated. From the plant’s RS, the isolated strains were identified mainly as belonging to the genera Sphingomonas, Curtobacterium, and Methylobacterium, whereas Bacillus was the dominant genus isolated from the vegetative stage (VS). From a total of 133,399 sequences obtained from Illumina-based sequencing, a subset of 25,092 was classified in operational taxonomy units (OTUs). Four hundred and sixteen OTUs were obtained from the VS and 66 from the RS. In the VS, the most abundant families were Pseudoalteromonadaceae and Alicyclobacillaceae, while in the RS, Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillaceae were the most abundant families. The exclusive abundance of specific bacterial populations for each developmental stage suggests that plants may modulate bacterial endophytic community structure in response to different physiological statuses occurring at the different plant developmental stages.
M. C. Goulart, L. G. Cueva-Yesquén, D. Attili-Angelis, and F. Fantinatti-Garboggini, “Endophytic Bacteria from Passiflora Incarnata L. Leaves with Genetic Potential for Flavonoid Biosynthesis,” in Microbial Probiotics for Agricultural Systems: Advances in Agronomic Use, D. Zúñiga-Dávila, F. González-Andrés, and E. Ormeño-Orrillo, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp. 127–139.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-17597-9_8.
Passiflora incarnata, a member of Passifloraceae family, is a traditional herb widely used as medicine since ancient times. It has extensive medicinal uses because of its high flavonoid content. Due to the high degree of interactions between endophytic bacteria and plants, it is believed that these microorganisms can produce metabolites initially produced by their host. Based on this hypothesis, the objective of this work was to analyze the genetic potential for flavonoid production of endophytic bacteria isolated from passion fruit plants, applying a PCR-based approach with genus-specific primers. Twenty strains from ten species within the genus Sphingomonas were tested for presence of the flavonol synthase (FLS) gene. The primers used effectively detected the FLS gene in all strains, but in two species, nonspecific bands appeared. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to evaluate the distribution of the gene among the strains used in this work. Phylogenetic analyses suggests that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events occurred among various strains. This work may contribute to further research efforts aiming at the production of flavonoids by endophytic bacteria, based on the ability of these microorganisms to acquire genes from their hosts.
K. P. Govêa et al., “Morpho-Anatomical and Physiological Aspects of Passiflora Edulis Sims (Passion Fruit) Subjected to Flooded Conditions during Early Developmental Stages,” Biotemas, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 15–23, 2018.https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6830166.
Autorías: Kamilla Pacheco Govêa, Antônio Rodrigues Cunha Neto, Natália Martins Resck, Letícia Leite Moreira, Valdir Veroneze Júnior, Frederico Luiz Pereira, Marcelo Polo, Thiago Corrêa de Souza. Localización: Biotemas. Nº. 3, 2018. Artículo de Revista en Dialnet.
S. Goyal, R. Reji, S. S. Tripathi, and N. Sathyamurthy, “Synchronous Pulsed Flowering in Passion Flower ( Passiflora Incarnata ),” Current Science, vol. 117, no. 7, pp. 1211–1216, Oct. 2019.
doi: 10.18520/cs/v117/i7/1211-1216.
Daily observations of the number of flowers blossoming per day of passion flower, Passiflora incarnata reveal synchronous pulsed flowering. There seems to be no direct correlation between the observed temporal oscillations in flowering and environmental factors like the change in temperature, humidity and photoperiod. These temporal oscillations are characteristic of an open nonlinear dynamical system and are likely to arise from endogenous factors like the concentration of a florigen and an anti-florigen. A modified Lotka model is shown to mimic the monthly periodicity and the annual recurrence.
K. J. Gremillion, “The Development of a Mutualistic Relationship Between Humans and Maypops (Passiflora Incarnata L.) in the Southeastern United States,” Journal of Ethnobiology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 135–155, 1989.
Archaeological evidence indicates that use of PassifIora incorntlta L. (maypops or passionnower) increased prehistorically from its earliest appearance in the Late Archaic. The intensification of the relationship between humans and this species can be understood with reference to ty,’o important components of human/ plant mutualism, seed dispersal and environmental modification. Increased usc of maypops is shown to have occurred along with the spread of plant husbandry and associated disturbance of existing vegetation. In addition, an extension of its range in modern times has apparently occurred despite its lack of importance as a food plant among Euroamerican populations. These findings support the notion that both anthropogenic habitat extention and seed dispersal conlribute to the development of human/plant mutualism.
I. D. Grice, L. A. Ferreira, and L. R. Griffiths, “Identification and Simultaneous Analysis of Harmane, Harmine, Harmol, Isovitexin, and Vitexin in Passiflora Incarnata Extracts with a Novel Hplc Method,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 2513–2523, Sep. 2001.
doi: 10.1081/JLC-100105957.
A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous analysis of two flavonoids (iso-vitexin and vitexin), and three indole alkaloids (harmane, harmine, and harmol) was developed. This method was then utilised to quantitate levels of these five constituents in methanolic extracts of Australian Passiflora incarnata. HPLC analysis was performed using a Waters™ Novapak C18 (150 × 4 mm, 4 μm) column, with a gradient solvent system of methanol-water-acetic acid. Detection was achieved by PDA UV (254 nm) and fluorescence (excitation 254 nm, emission 414 nm), utilising the external standard method to obtain quantification.
C. R. de S. Grzybowski, R. C. da Silva, A. C. Belniaki, and M. Panobianco, “Investigation of Dormancy and Storage Potential of Seeds of Yellow Passion Fruit,” Journal of Seed Science, vol. 41, pp. 367–374, Sep. 2019.
doi: 10.1590/2317-1545v41n3214892.
Abstract: Passiflora actinia Hooker is a passion fruit species native to Brazil, typically found in the Atlantic and Araucaria Forests. It has economic relevance (edible fruit) and medicinal value (sedative and anxiolytic properties), in addition to being used for vegetative propagation, as rootstock for other Passiflora species. This study aimed at investigating the occurrence of dormancy in P. actinia seeds, and at evaluating their storage potential. The germination test considered different combinations of temperature and lighting regimes, whereas seed dormancy was assessed using different germination-inducing treatments (tegument cutting, warm water immersion, and gibberellin application). Seed viability during storage was also appraised. The results showed that seed germination should be conducted on paper at the alternating temperature of 20-30 °C, without lighting. Also, newly-harvested seeds presented physical and physiological dormancies. The immersion of seeds in water at 40 °C or 50 °C (for 5 or 10 minutes) proved to be efficient in breaking the physical dormancy. Physiological dormancy, in turn, was successfully interrupted by applying 100 mg. L-1 of gibberellic acid on the substrate paper. The storage of seeds under refrigeration, inside hermetically sealed polyethylene packaging, preserved their physiological quality for up to nine months.
In an experiment with purple passion fruit in which a row spacing of 1.8 m (wide) was compared with that of 1.2 m (narrow) under four pruning regimes, severe, selective, light and no pruning, it was found that the narrow spacing outyielded the wide one over a period of three years. Severe pruning gave lower yields than the other pruning treatments. The greater part of the yield was produced during the first cropping year and there was a drastic decline in yields over the three years. Since the vines were given supplementary irrigation, yields were obtained throughout the year, but the marked seasonal trends were not eliminated by irrigation. Spacing did not influence fruit size and quality, but selective and light pruning gave heavier and juicier fruit than severe and no pruning.
N. Gurung, G. S. K. Swamy, S. K. Sarkar, and N. B. Ubale, “Effect of Chemicals and Growth Regulators on Germination, Vigour, and Growth of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims.),” The Bioscan, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 155–157, 2014.
An experiment was conducted during 2010-2011 to study the effect of chemicals and growth regulators on germination, vigour and growth of passion fruit. The study showed significant differences among the treatments. Maximum germination percentage (84%) and germination index (2.02) was observed in seeds treated with thiourea 1 per cent. Maximum seedling height 16.23cm, 19.62cm and 20.91cm and number of leaves 10.25, Asi1ne1ldes.oe3d,x5s.-tIhaTne(h1dem514ua47xse..i23mo54ufwcmgmreofr)reweasotnhhbdsareeVngrdivgueodladurtyroinwrinisedseiegethxhde-tsIsrIteor(fe1ofa2rsteh8eo.dr7eo6wct owigtm)hewmrGeeeA3rne3.d75re6e0dc0goaapsrdnpaedmnd0aam.p9t pa83xr0ogi,mar6ceu0hsmpafeonicrndtipvG9reo0Alpy3daai5gny0asGt0iroAepns3ppo5mef0cp0ttriaevpsaepstlimeyod.ntVrsfeierguaeotidetussd.r.
M. I. Gutiérrez, D. Miranda, and J. F. Cárdenas-Hernández, “Efecto de tratamientos pregerminativos sobre la germinación de semillas de gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims.), granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) y cholupa (Passiflora maliformis L.),” Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 209–219, Dec. 2011.http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2011-21732011000200005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es.
F. Guzzo, S. Ceoldo, F. Andreetta, and M. Levi, “In Vitro Culture from Mature Seeds of Passiflora Species,” Scientia Agricola, vol. 61, pp. 108–113, Feb. 2004.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162004000100018.
The genus Passiflora comprises hundred species, mainly native of the South American tropics and rainforests, which are grouped into 21 subgenera. Some species are widely studied for their economic importance and are chiefly cultivated for production of fruit juice. To obtain a continuous source of material for a screening of secondary metabolites, zygotic embryo culture was attempted for 62 Passiflora species, starting from seeds mainly collected in the wild. Twenty nine of these species produced calli, which had very different growth rates. Plants were successfully regenerated from calli of 13 different species. For 25 of the responsive species this is the first report of in vitro culture.
H. Hajimehdipoor et al., “Comparative and Differential Study of Passiflora Incarnate L. and Passiflora Caerulea L. in Raw Plants and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 6, no. 23, pp. 65–71, Sep. 2007.http://jmp.ir/article-1-592-en.html.
Background: Passiflora has several species that two of them named P. incarnata and P. caerulea are cultivated in Iran. Many investigations have been carried out on therapeutic effects of the genus but only P. incarnata is approved for use in pharmaceutical dosage forms for anxiety and insomnia. Objective: The purpose ...
R. M. Hall, R. A. Drew, C. M. Higgins, and R. G. Dietzgen, “Efficient Organogenesis of an Australian Passionfruit Hybrid (Passiflora Edulis x Passiflora Edulis Var. Flavicarpa) Suitable for Gene Delivery,” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 673–680, 2000.
doi: 10.1071/bt99067.
An efficient regeneration protocol based on organogenesis from cotyledon explants and suitable for gene delivery has been developed for an Australian passionfruit hybrid. Multiple shoots were regenerated from 30-day-old cotyledon explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 6-benzylvaminopurine (BAP) and coconut water. Media pulsing experiments were conducted to investigate the effect on organogenesis of exposure time of the explants to MS containing 10 _M BAP and 10% (v/v) coconut water, i.e. passionfruit regeneration medium (PRM). Continuous exposure of these explants to PRM maximised the number of shoots produced to 12.1 per explant. However, periods on hormone-free medium improved the appearance of the shoots and increased the number of explants with shoots from 75 to 84.6%. Further, shoots exposed for 7 days to half-strength MS supplemented with 10 mM NAA (1-napthalene acetic acid) produced twice as many plantlets than those on half-strength MS alone. Transient GUS histochemical assays indicated delivery of the uidA gene via Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
A. K. Hansen, L. E. Gilbert, B. B. Simpson, S. R. Downie, A. C. Cervi, and R. K. Jansen, “Phylogenetic Relationships and Chromosome Number Evolution in Passiflora,” Systematic Botany, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 138–150, Jan. 2006.
doi: 10.1600/036364406775971769.
The phylogenetic relationships and chromosomal evolution of the diverse tropical genus Passiflora (Passifloraceae) are explored using data from two chloroplast markers: the rpoC1 intron and the trnL/trnT spacer region. A survey of the presence or absence of the rpoC1 intron in 136 species representing 17 of Killip’s (1938) 22 subgenera of Passiflora and four other genera in the Passifloraceae revealed intron losses in 46 taxa. A minimum of two losses were confirmed by a parametric bootstrap approach on sequence data from the trnL/trnT chloroplast non-coding region for 61 taxa. The results of phylogenetic analyses of the trnL/trnT sequence data support the reduction of Killip’s 22 subgenera to four as proposed in a new classification system by Feuillet and MacDougal (2004). The monophyly of the ’n=6’ and ’n=9’ chromosomal and morphological groups is strongly supported. In addition, these data indicate that Passiflora biflora, or closely related species, is the likely continental sister to the red-flowered Caribbean taxa, while P. auriculata is weakly supported as the New World sister to the Old World Passifloras. Finally, character optimization of chromosome numbers on the phylogenetic tree supports x=12 as the base chromosome number for Passiflora.
X. He et al., “Passiflora Edulis: An Insight Into Current Researches on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 11, 2020.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00617.
Passiflora edulis, also known as passion fruit, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and becomes popular because of balanced nutrition and health benefits. Currently, more than 110 phytochemical constituents have been found and identified from the different plant parts of P. edulis in which flavonoids and triterpenoids held the biggest share. Various extracts, fruit juice and isolated compounds showed a wide range of health effects and biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-tumor, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic activities, and so forth. Daily consumption of passion fruit at common doses is non-toxic and safe. P. edulis has great potential development and the vast future application for this economically important crop worldwide, and it is in great demand as a fresh product or a formula for food, health care products or medicines. This mini-review aims to provide systematically reorganized information on physiochemical features, nutritional benefits, biological activities, toxicity, and potential applications of leaves, stems, fruits, and peels of P. edulis.
E. J. Hermsen, “Review of the Fossil Record of Passiflora, with a Description of New Seeds from the Pliocene Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee, USA,” International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 182, no. 6, pp. 533–550, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1086/714282.
Premise of research.\quadPassifloroideae (more than 700 species), which include the large genus Passiflora (more than 550 species), are distributed pantropically today. The fossil record of the group is, nevertheless, small and poorly understood. In this study, I provide a critical review of the fossil record of Passiflora and Passifloroideae, with a description of a new fossil species based on seeds. Methodology.\quadI examined 13 specimens of Passiflora-like seeds from the Pliocene Gray Fossil Site (GFS), eastern Tennessee. To evaluate their affinities, I reviewed the available literature on Passifloroideae with an emphasis on Passiflora, including images of seeds of more than 200 species of Passiflora. I also reviewed the literature on the fossil record of Passifloroideae and obtained supplementary images of some fossil taxa. Pivotal results.\quadSeveral subgeneric groups within Passiflora can be distinguished on the basis of isolated seeds. As a result, I emend the diagnosis of Passifloroidesperma Martínez-A.—a fossil genus encompassing seeds assignable to Passifloroideae but not an extant genus therein—to eliminate characters diagnostic for subgeneric taxa within Passiflora. Two Miocene fossil seed species from Europe, Passiflora kirchheimeri Mai and Passiflora heizmannii H.-J. Gregor, are reassigned to Passifloroidesperma. Two additional fossil seed species are assigned to Passiflora, as follows: Passiflora bulgarica (Palam.) Hermsen, stat. nov., from the middle Miocene of Bulgaria and Passiflora appalachiana Hermsen, sp. nov., from GFS. Conclusions.\quadThe presence of fossil passifloroid seeds in Europe shows that Passifloroideae once occurred in that region, although they are no longer found there today. Passiflora bulgarica has characteristics consistent with placement in supersection Cieca, a group today confined to the Americas. Passiflora appalachiana is similar to modern Passiflora incarnata, which is widespread in the eastern United States. Passiflora appalachiana is the first plant macrofossil taxon described from GFS that shows a Neotropical rather than Laurasian biogeographic connection.
P. R. Hidalgo Loggiodice and M. S. & M. Vielma, “Evaluation of Vermicompost Based Substrates and Liquid Organic Amendments on Passion Fruit ( Passiflora Edulis v. Flavicarpa ) Nursery Propagation,” Revista Científica UDO Agrícola, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 126–135, 2009.http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?cg09018.
An experiment was conducted at INIA Anzoátegui fruits nursery to evaluate the effect of both vermicompost based substrates and liquid organic amendments on growth parameters of passion fruit. The substrates were: 20% Vermicompost (V): 80% Top Soil (TS); 10% V: 90% TS; 5% V: 95% TS y 100% TS (control). Forty - 2 kg - plastic bags were filled with each of these substrates. Each fertilizer treatment was applied on ten of these bags: F0: control, with no fertilizer addition; F1: 8 g 15-15-15 per bag, in two applications (4 g each); F2: Terrahumus® at 1%, 3 applications per bag (100 cc per application); F3: Terrahumus® + Vinasse (1/1 V/V) at 1%, applied similarly to F2. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized, 4x4 factorial design. Three seeds were sown in each bag to leave the most vigorous seedling. Sixty days after sowing, plant height was greater in 5% V: 95% CV (40,60 cm) and 10% V: 90% TS (38,57 cm). Stem diameter was greater in 5% V: 95% CV (4,98 mm). Leaf area was superior on those substrates containing vermicompost, on any of the fertilizer treatments. Number of days to first tendril emission was generally lower in the substrate containing the lowest vermicompost dose. F1 was the best fertilizer treatment. These results allow to conclude that 5% or 10% of vermicompost in the substrate mixture produced plants with high commercial quality. It showed the high potential of using vermicompost, to produce passion fruit plants under nursery conditions.
R. Hilgenhof, A. C. Aguirre Morales, and C. M. Caetano, “Passiflora Emarginata,” Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 149–165, 2018.
doi: 10.1111/curt.12234.
Passiflora emarginata Bonpl. (synonyms Astrophea emarginata (Bonpl.) M.Roem. and Passiflora caucaensis Holm-Niels.), a medium-sized tree from Colombia, is described and illustrated. Its history, taxonomy, conservation status, observations from the wild and cultivation including its propagation are discussed.
C. Hossel, J. S. A. de O. Hossel, A. W. Júnior, A. L. Alegretti, and A. Dallago, “Gibberellins and Temperatures in the Germination Process of Passiflora Caerulea,” Pesquisa Aplicada & Agrotecnologia, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 93–98, 2018.
doi: 10.5935/PAeT.V11.N3.09.
The objective was to evaluate the germination of Passiflora caerulea under different temperatures and GA3 concentrations and speed of emergence index (GSI) and the work was carried out plant physiology laboratory from UTFPR, Campus Dois Vizinhos, Parana State, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the germination of Passiflora caerulea under different temperatures and GA3 concentrations. The work was carried out plant physiology laboratory from UTFPR, Campus Dois Vizinhos, Parana State, Brazil. The experiment was a completely randomized design with factorial 4 x 3 (AG3 concentration x temperature) with 4 replications, of 100 seeds by plot. The seeds, after extracted, it was separated in 4 groups according to AG3 concentration (without application; 0; 100 and 200 mg L-1), where it was soaked during 30 minutes. The seeds were sowed between Germitest® in Gerbox®. The Gerbox® with seeds were put in BODs temperatures with three (20°C, 25°C and 30°C) without photoperiod. Sixty days after sowed the germination (%) and speed of emergence index (GSI) were evaluated. The P. caerulea seeds must be kept in temperature to 30°C without treatment or it submit in AG3 solution in the concentration of 100 or 200 mg L-1 during 30 minutes.
Y. S. Huh, J. K. Lee, and S. Y. Nam, “Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Antioxidants on in Vitro Plant Regeneration and Callus Induction from Leaf Explants of Purple Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims),” Journal of Plant Biotechnology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 335–342, 2017.
doi: 10.5010/JPB.2017.44.3.335.
Purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is one of the introduced tropical plants, an increasing interest has arisen due to its distinctive taste and attractive flavor. It is expected that passion fruit production and planted area will increase gradually in the years ahead because of high profitability and consumer’s demands of healthful ingredients. So we tried to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators and antioxidants on in vitro plant regeneration and callus induction from leaf explants of passion fruit for an establishment of optimal mass propagation system. Young leaf explants of purple passion fruit were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different growth regulators and antioxidant additives to induce the shoot organogenesis. After 8 weeks, the highest embryogenic callus formation rate was obtained in MS medium supplemented with }1mg{⋅}L\^{-1}{ 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and }2mg{⋅}L\^{-1}{ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), furthermore, the shoot development via organogenesis was also observed. Silver nitrate (}AgNO_3{), which was added into the medium to minimize the adverse effects of leached phenolics, was effective for reduction of medium browning and sudden explant death. In the medium supplemented with }1mg{⋅}L\^{-1}{ BAP and }1mg{⋅}L\^{-1}{ gibberellic acid (}GA_3{), shoots were most vigorously regenerated and elongated. Most shoots rooted successfully in half strength medium with }1mg{⋅}L\^{-1}{ indol-3 acetic acid (IAA), and more than 90% of plantlets survived after 4-month acclimatization period.
A. Hurtado-Salazar, D. F. P. D. Silva, N. Ceballos-Aguirre, J. Ocampo, and C. H. Bruckner, “Promissory Passiflora Species (Passifloraceae) for Its Tolerance to Water-Salt Stress,” Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.17584/rcch.2020v14i1.10574.
The aim of this study was to determine tolerance to water and salt stress in four cultivated Passiflora L. species. Eleven accessions of four Passiflora species of commercial interest from different plantations were evaluated. The experiment design used sub-split plots, where the plot was the percentage of water saturation in relation to the requirements of the crop (33 and 100%). The subplot was established with the saturation levels of salt (sodium chloride reactive level - 99.9% purity) (EC: 1.5 and 5.5 dS m-1) with the 11 accessions in a completely randomized array with five replications, where the experiment unit was one plant. The results showed that accessions m11, m13 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) and m15 (P. tarminiana) were tolerant to salinity and drought; accessions m2 (P. edulis f. edulis), m12 and m14 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) were moderately tolerant. These observations provided a basis for future studies on drought tolerance in Passiflora, which must be followed up with field evaluations.
A. Hurtado-Salazar et al., “Salinity Tolerance of Passiflora Tarminiana Coppens & Barney,” Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 11–19, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.17584/rcch.2018v12i1.7335.
N. M. C. Husin et al., “Emerging Trends of Plant Physiology in Changing Environment 17 – 30th Malaysian Society of Plant Physiology Conference (MSPPC 2020) Webinar (17-18 November 2020),” 2021, p. 255.
D. C. Imig and A. C. Cervi, “A New Species of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae), from Espírito Santo, Brazil,” Phytotaxa, vol. 186, no. 5, p. 292, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.186.5.7.
In this paper we describe and illustrate Passiflora junqueirae, a new species for the Brazilian flora. The new species was collected in the Caparaó National Park, Espírito Santo, Brazil, and belongs to the genus Passiflora, subgenus Passiflora, supersection Stipulata, section Granadillastrum.
A. Ishida and T. Furuya, “Diversity and Characteristics of Culturable Endophytic Bacteria from Passiflora Edulis Seeds,” MicrobiologyOpen, vol. 10, no. 4, p. e1226, 2021.
doi: 10.1002/mbo3.1226.
Defense compounds generally inhibit microbial colonization of plants. In this study, we examined the presence of endophytes in Passiflora edulis seeds that accumulate resveratrol and piceatannol at extremely high levels as defense compounds. Interestingly, although no microbial colonies appeared on an agar growth medium from the cut or homogenized seeds, colonies were generated from cut seedlings derived from the seeds. A total of 19 bacterial strains were isolated, of which 15 were classified as Gram-positive. As we hypothesized that extremely high levels of piceatannol in the seeds would inhibit the growth of endophytes cultured directly from the seeds, we examined the antimicrobial activity of this compound against the isolated bacteria. Piceatannol exerted bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effects on most of the bacteria tested. These results suggest that the bacteria remain static in the seeds due to the presence of piceatannol and are transmitted to the seedlings during the germination process, enabling colonies to be established from the seedlings on the agar medium. We also investigated the biocatalytic activity of the isolated bacteria toward resveratrol and piceatannol. One bacterium, Brevibacterium sp. PE28-2, converted resveratrol and piceatannol to their respective derivatives. This strain is the first endophyte shown to exhibit such activity.
Diseased propagules prevent adequate production of passion fruits (Passiflora edulis Sims.) in Kenya. Commercial micropropagation of P. edulis is not practiced in Kenya, and its implications are not known. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of site and planting material on growth and yield of passion fruits. The experimental layout used was split plots in randomised complete block design. Contrasting sites assigned to main plots were Lare, Njoro and Molo. Tested planting materials assigned to subplots were yellow conventional, yellow tissue-cultured, yellow conventional grafted, yellow tissue-cultured grafted, purple conventional, purple tissue-cultured. Each treatment had 10 plants, replicated four times in each site. Plant growth and yield were assessed for over one year. Generally, plant performance depended on the site and planting material that significantly (P≤0.05) interacted. Growth of planting materials was more vigorous in Lare followed by Njoro and lastly Molo. Yellow passion fruits were severely stunted in Molo followed by Njoro, but grew vigorously in Lare. Non-grafted yellow passion fruits failed to set flowers and fruits during the first year. Highest yielding plants varied with site. Interaction of planting material and site significantly (P≤0.05) affected total soluble solids only. Most micropropagated plants were slightly more vigourous than corresponding conventional materials in each site. Thus variety, soils, climate and pests also influenced performance. Micropropagation proved effective for rapid multiplication of passion fruit plants, but the type of material to plant successfully will vary depending on agroecological zones. Pilot tests ought to be conducted in each site before implementing large scale planting. Organizations with tissue culture laboratories are recommended to adopt this method to multiply passion fruit varieties for growers.
D. K. Isutsa, “Rapid Micropropagation of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims.) Varieties,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 395–400, Feb. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2003.08.002.
Lack of adequate, healthy plants can hamper production of passion fruits (Passiflora edulis Sims.). Seed propagation results in undesirable variability, inadequate and seasonal supply. This research aimed at rapid generation of P. edulis plants through modified ex vitro rooting techniques. Yellow (P. edulis var. flavicarpa) and purple (P. edulis var. edulis) passion fruit shoot tops were proliferated in vitro to stage II shoots, half of which were rooted ex vitro and the other half were conventionally rooted in vitro. The design was completely randomized for each variety. Plantlets were assessed after 30 days. Data were analyzed using the MSTAT programme. After proliferating yellow passion fruit on a medium containing 22.2μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), its rooting ex vitro was significantly better (96% rooting, three roots per shoot, 92% survival) than rooting in vitro (62% rooting, one root per shoot on 24.5μM indole-3-butyric acid medium, 50% survival). Purple passion fruit proliferated satisfactorily only on a medium containing both 22.2μM BAP and 11.6μM gibberellic acid 3. Like difficult proliferation, and compared to yellow passion fruit, its rooting and survival also proved difficult and poor (47% rooting, one root per shoot on 21.5μM naphthalene acetic acid medium in vitro, 32% survival) and (66% rooting, two roots per shoot ex vitro, 60% survival). Thus, the various passion fruit varieties have different requirements for micropropagation. The key finding was that ex vitro rooting is possible and significantly better than in vitro rooting of passion fruit shoots.
M. M. Izaguirre, C. A. Mazza, M. S. Astigueta, A. M. Ciarla, and C. L. Ballaré, “No Time for Candy: Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis) Plants down-Regulate Damage-Induced Extra Floral Nectar Production in Response to Light Signals of Competition,” Oecologia, vol. 173, no. 1, pp. 213–221, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s00442-013-2721-9.
Plant fitness is often defined by the combined effects of herbivory and competition, and plants must strike a delicate balance between their ability to capture limiting resources and defend against herbivore attack. Many plants use indirect defenses, such as volatile compounds and extrafloral nectaries (EFN), to attract canopy arthropods that are natural enemies of herbivorous organisms. While recent evidence suggests that upon perception of low red to far-red (R:FR) ratios, which signal the proximity of competitors, plants down-regulate resource allocation to direct chemical defenses, it is unknown if a similar phytochrome-mediated response occurs for indirect defenses. We evaluated the interactive effects of R:FR ratio and simulated herbivory on nectar production by EFNs of passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). The activity of petiolar EFNs dramatically increased in response to simulated herbivory and hormonal treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Low R:FR ratios, which induced a classic “shade-avoidance” repertoire of increased stem elongation in P. edulis, strongly suppressed the EFN response triggered by simulated herbivory or MeJA application. Strikingly, the EFN response to wounding and light quality was localized to the branches that received the treatments. In vines like P. edulis, a local response would allow the plants to precisely adjust their light harvesting and defense phenotypes to the local conditions encountered by individual branches when foraging for resources in patchy canopies. Consistent with the emerging paradigm that phytochrome regulation of jasmonate signaling is a central modulator of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, our results demonstrate that light quality is a strong regulator of indirect defenses.
M. Jafari, M. H. Daneshvar, and A. Lotfi-Jalalabadi, “Control of in Vitro Contamination of Passiflora Caerulea by Using of Sodium Hypochlorite,” p. 9, 2016.
Passiflora caerulea is an economically important species in America, Australia and Africa. Present paper, was done to evaluate the potential of sodium hypochlorite in controlling the contamination of Passiflora caerulea micro-propagation and seed germination of Passiflora caerulea. In this study, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 18 treatments including six different sodium hypochlorite concentrations (0 , 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 %) and three soaking time of explants (5, 10 and 15 min) with three replications was conducted. The seeds were inoculated on one-tenth strength of MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium. The lowest rate of contamination (0%) was obtained in treatments containing 15% Sodium hypochlorite at 10 and 15 min immersion and 20% and 25% Sodium hypochlorite at 5, 10 and 15 min immersion. The highest seed germination (86.66%) was observed in treatments including 10% Sodium hypochlorite at 10 min immersion.
O. N. Jesus et al., “Dissimilarity Based on Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pollen Viability and in Vitro Germination in Passiflora Hybrids and Backcrosses,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1127, pp. 401–408, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1127.62.
C. A. S. de Jesus, L. K. S. Lima, E. V. de Carvalho, R. C. C. Rosa, O. N. de Jesus, and E. A. Girardi, “Optimized Cutting of Yellow Passion Fruit and Its Potential for Unstaked or Trellised Cultivation,” Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, vol. 55, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2020.v55.01563.
Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate types of cuttings, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations, and potting media on the rooting of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) cultivars, and to compare the initial performance of flowering-competent cuttings cultivated in a trellising system or in a nonstaking method on ground covered with plastic mulch. The passion fruit cultivars evaluated were BRS Gigante Amarelo, Isla Redondo Amarelo, and FB 200 Yellow Master were evaluated. The assessed treatments were: softwood or semi-hardwood cuttings; five concentrations of IBA (0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg L-1); and the pine bark or phenolic foam potting media. Initial growth, fruit yield, and bacteriosis severity were evaluated in the field in flowering-competent cuttings and seedlings, both in the trellising system and in the nonstaking method on mulched ground. For the evaluated cultivars, a high rooting rate (>90%) was observed for both softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings grown in phenolic foam or decomposed pine bark for potting media, regardless of the IBA concentration. In the espalier system, 14 months after transplanting, fruit yield was 45% higher for cuttings than for seedlings. Unstaked plants had a low number of flowers and fruit set, and a great damage by bacteriosis according to the used cultivar. The evaluated cultivars can be propagated either by softwood or semi-hardwood cuttings, in phenolic foam or decomposed pine bark, without IBA application. Flowering-competent cuttings have the potential to anticipate the production in the trellised cultivation of yellow passion fruit.
P. P. Joy and C. G. Sherin, “Diseases of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) and Their Management,” Kerala Agricultural University, Pineapple Research Station, Jan. 2012.
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), a native of tropical America, belongs to Passifloraceae family which comprises of about 530 species. Among these, the ‘yellow’ passion fruit (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa), purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and Giant variety (Passiflora quadrangularis) are widely cultivated in Kerala. The passion-fruit plant is a woody vine (climber) with very fast, vigorous, continuous and exuberant growth. Passion fruit grows well in tropical and subtropical regions, where the climate is hot and humid. Passion-fruit can be grown on a range of soils, sands to clay loams. Generally these vines are grown on deep, relatively fertile and well drained sandy clay soil. There are many factors contributing to reduction in longevity and productivity in passion fruit plants, especially diseases of viral, bacterial or fungal etiologies, among which passion fruit woodiness, bacterial spot, root and collar rot, fusarium wilt, anthracnose and scab are the most important.
T. Jucker et al., “Developing Effective Management Solutions for Controlling Stinking Passionflower (Passiflora Foetida) and Promoting the Recovery of Native Biodiversity in Northern Australia,” Biological Invasions, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 2737–2748, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s10530-020-02295-5.
Invasive alien plants pose a growing threat to native biodiversity and are a burden to local livelihoods through their impacts on cultural values, agriculture, farming and tourism. A prime example of this is stinking passionflower (Passiflora foetida), a herbaceous vine that has invaded across the global tropics, including vast tracts of remote northern Australia. Yet despite its ubiquity in the landscape and growing concerns about its impacts on native biodiversity, surprisingly little is known about how to effectively control stinking passionflower. To address this knowledge gap, we established an 18 month long field experiment in the semi-arid Pilbara region of Western Australia to (i) understand seasonal variation in the growth phenology of stinking passionflower and identify optimal time windows for management; (ii) compare the effectiveness of different methods for controlling stinking passionflower, including both physical removal and chemical treatments; and (iii) understand the knock-on implications of these treatments for the recruitment of new cohorts of stinking passionflower seedlings and the recovery of native plant species. We found that biomass growth was tightly coupled with rainfall events, which are largely unpredictable in the study region. We also found substantial differences in the effectiveness of the different control treatments we trialled, with glyphosate foliar spray proving highly effective while plants recovered quickly following stem cutting. However, the application of glyphosate foliar spray without the removal of the dead biomass resulted in the rapid regeneration of stinking passionflower seedlings, whereas native plant species largely failed to recover.
S. Junker, “Auxin Transport in Tendril Segments of Passiflora Caerulea,” Physiologia Plantarum, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 258–262, Aug. 1976.
doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1976.tb03967.x.
Abstract The movement of auxin through tendril segments of Passiflora caerulca L. has been investigated using IAA-2-14C. It has been shown that (1) flux of IAA through the segments is strongly polarized basipetally: (2) the amount of 14C recovered in the basal receiver blocks increases linearly within a transport period of 6 h; (3) velocity of basipetal transport is 14.5 mm h?1; (4) at least 70% of the radioactivity in the receiver blocks is confined to the IAA molecule: approximately 55% of 14C from methanolic extracts of the segments is IAA: (5) at low temperatures (2?4°C) the basipetal transport is abolished; (6) white light promotes basipetal transport, and this effect is abolished in a CO2-free atmosphere; (7) no difference could be detected in 14C content between dorsal and ventral halves of tendril segments nor among individual dorsal and ventral receiver blocks.
L. Khalil, S. M. AlTurki, Z. Sebaaly, T. K. Sajyan, and Y. N. Sassine, “A Trial to Enhance Cold Tolerance of Passion Fruit ( Passiflora Edulis ) Crop in Lebanon through Foliar Application of the Natural Osmoprotectant Glycine Betaine,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1299, pp. 25–34, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1299.5.
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) cultivation is gaining growing interest by Lebanese farmers who are trying to diversify their income from agriculture. However, production volumes are low facing the high local demand due mainly to the plant preferences for tropical climate conditions which restricted the spread of this cultivation and limited it to coastal zones. The experiment aimed to expand passion fruit cultivation into new areas by enhancing its cold stress. It was carried out on seedlings of 2 purple cultivars: ‘Black Knight’ (BK) and ‘Perfecta’ (PR) that were grown in 3 Lebanese regions: Louaize (LO), Ajaltoun (AJ) and Hrajel (HJ) with increasingly cold weather conditions. The goal was to investigate the effect of foliar application of the natural osmoprotectant glycine betaine (GB) on cold tolerance of plants. Thus, plant performance was evaluated among plants treated by 2 different concentrations of GB (GB1: 20mM and GB2: 40mM) and compared to control (GB0: 0mM). Separated and combined effects of the factors: cultivar, GB concentration and Location was studied on various parameters (plant height, number of shoots, leaf number, internodal length, stem diameter and leaf area). Results of Repeated Measures ANOVA showed that average plant height and leaf number were mainly affected by the factor Location recording the highest values in LO compared to AJ and HJ especially regarding the treatment GB2. On the other hand, the combined effect of the factors Location and GB concentration was significant on average stem diameter, leaf area and number of shoots; At LO, the treatment GB2 has increased leaf area and internodal length of PR and the number of shoots of BK. GB applied with a concentration 40mM improved plant growth mainly in LO and had a non-significant effect in colder conditions (AJ and HJ) showing no significant effect on cold tolerance of passion fruit plants.
H. Khan and S. M. Nabavi, “Chapter 3.33 - Passiflora (Passiflora Incarnata),” in Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements, S. M. Nabavi and A. S. Silva, Eds. Academic Press, 2019, pp. 361–366.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812491-8.00049-7.
Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae) is known as passion flower and is commonly used as an herbal tea. Most species of the genus are found in South America, eastern Asia, southern Asia, and New Guinea. The main constituents of passion flower are flavonoid glycosides; however, β-carboline alkaloids have also been reported. The different pharmacological properties of P. incarnata are antianxiety, analgesic, antidiabetic, anticonvulsant, aphrodisiac, antiwithdrawal, antiasthmatic, anticough, and anti-Helicobacter pylori in nature. The plant’s essential oils exhibit a very complex nature and contain more than 160 compounds including fatty acids. The plant is also known for its carbohydrate content and is thus a potential candidate as a nonvitamin nonmineral (NVNM) item, something that has recently become popular for use in various cultures worldwide. This chapter focuses on the various phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the plant in relation to its nutritious potential for use as an NVNM.
T. D. Khanh, I. M. Chung, S. Tawata, and T. D. Xuan, “Weed Suppression by Passiflora Edulis and Its Potential Allelochemicals,” Weed Research, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 296–303, Aug. 2006.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2006.00512.x.
Summary Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is grown in the tropics for its edible fruits and for its many ethno-pharmacologic and pharmacological properties. Our study revealed that the plant contains a strong allelopathic potential. In a bioassay, aqueous extracts of P. edulis strongly suppressed germination and growth of lettuce, radish and two major paddy rice weeds, Echinochloa crusgalli and Monochoria vaginalis. In glasshouse and field experiments, P. edulis also strongly inhibited the growth of paddy rice weeds. Application of 2?t?ha?1 dry plant material of P. edulis reduced weed biomass by 70% and increased rice yield by 35% compared with the unweeded control. Ten newly identified substances in P. edulis extracts, including coumarin, long-chain fatty acids and lactones, may be responsible for the inhibitory activity of P. edulis. Coumarin and the lactones showed greater inhibition of germination and growth of E. crusgalli than the fatty acids. The authors suggest that P. edulis may be used as a natural herbicide to reduce the dependency on synthetic herbicides.
M. Kim, H.-S. Lim, H.-H. Lee, and T.-H. Kim, “Role Identification of Passiflora Incarnata Linnaeus: A Mini Review,” Journal of Menopausal Medicine, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 156–159, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.6118/jmm.2017.23.3.156.
L. A. King, “The Passiflora Hybrid P. ‘Excel’: P. Edulis ( ) × P. Caerulea ( ),” vol. 10, no. 2, p. 3, 2000.
The cultivation and characteristics of the hybrid P. edulis × caerulea are described and the name P. ‘Excel’ is proposed. No other hybrid of these two species is known to be in cultivation.
K. Kishore, K. A. Pathak, and R. Shukla, “Soft Wood Grafting in Purple Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis),” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 79, pp. 472–475, Jun. 2009.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of grafting season, scion length and of grafting height was evaluated for grafting success, field survival, disease incidence, yield and physic-chemical properties of purple passion fruit {Passiflora edulis Sims) during 2004-07. The grafting during June took the minimum days to callusing (7.33), bud swell (9.6) and bud burst (11.0). The graft success (74.2%), field survival (69.8%), yield (178.5 fruits/vine), fruit weight (44.3 g) and juice percentage (28.7) were significantiy higher in June grafted vines. The early bud burst, higher graft success, field survival, early fruiting, yield, fruit weight and juice percentage were recorded with 25 cm scion length and 10 cm graft height. The interaction showed that the combination of June grafting, 25 cm scion length and 10 cm graft height took the minimum days for callus formation (6.6), bud swell (8.6) and bud burst (9.6). The maximum graft success (81.6%), survival (84.6%), growth rate (38.6 cm/ month), early fruiting (236.0 days), more fruit weight (46.5 g), more yield (181.5 fruits/vine) and juice content (29.2%) were recorded with June grafting with 25 cm scion length and 10 cm grafting height. The minimum graft success, vine survival, yields and fruit weight was recorded with December grafting and with scion length of 15 cm and grafting height of 20 cm. The incidence of wilt and collar rot diseases were not observed in grafted passion fruit vine up to 2 years, while in control plot 34% vines were affected with diseases.\vphantom}
H. G. K. Kist, I. Manica, and J. A. Boaro, “Effect of six plant spacings on the production of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) in Porto Lucena/RS.,” Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 21–26, 1995.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19970303311.
Passion fruit seedlings were planted in January 1986 at CEPEX (Research and Extension Centre for Tropical Fruits) in Porto Lucena, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, at spacings of 1.25, 2.00, 2.75, 3.50, 4.25 or 5.00 m (2.5 m between rows), corresponding to 3200, 2000, 1454, 1142, 941 and 800 plants/ha, respectively. Fruits were harvested weekly from January to July 1987. Yields/ha were highest at...
R. J. Knight, J. A. Payne, R. J. Schnell, and A. A. Amis, “’Byron Beauty’, An Ornamental Passion Vine for the Temperate Zone,” HortScience, vol. 30, no. 5, p. 1112, Aug. 1995.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.30.5.1112.
Plants of ornamental value that provide nectar for butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds and crucial forage for caterpillars of several native butterflies have a place in the home garden. A new vine of hybrid origin that promises to be well adapted to warm temperate-zone climates is ‘Byron Beauty’, an amphiploid derived from crossing Passiflora incarnata L. x P. edulis Sims. This plant has no special needs other than a well-drained soil of reason- able fertility and a support (fence, trellis, or tree) on which to grow. It does not spread by seed, but is easily propagated during the growing season from one-node cuttings placed in intermittent mist in a warm greenhouse.
R. J. Knight, “Development of Tetraploid Hybrid Passion Fruit Clones with Potential for the North Temperate Zone,” HortScience, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 1541–1543, Dec. 1991.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.26.12.1541.
When Passiflora incarnata L. was crossed with P. edulis f. flavicarpa Degener, all plants of the diploid hybrid were pollen-sterile and nonfruitful. Doubling the chromosome number of emergent FI seedlings with colchicine restored fertility in some individuals, but all plants were strongly self-incompatible and many showed low pollen viability. Crossing colchicine-treated plants that had been converted to amphiploids produced a tetraploid hybrid group of four seedling progenies that had some degrees of cross-compatibility. Juice of the amphiploid hybrid is lighter in color than that of P. edulis, but is sweet, strongly aromatic, and may have use alone or, typically, as a blend with other juices.
R. C. Koch, L. A. Biasi, F. Zanette, and J. C. Possamai, “Propagação Vegetativa de Passiflora Actinia Por Meio de Estacas Semilenhosas,” Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 165, Feb. 2004.
doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2001v22n2p165.
Two experiments were carried out to verify the effect of different concentrations of IBA (indolbutyric acid) and ethanol on vegetative propagation of Passiflora actinia. Semihardwood cuttings were used presenting four nodes and two leaves. In the experiment with IBA the following concentrations were tested: 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg.L-1. In the experiment with ethanol the treatments were the following ones: control, water, ethanol 10%, ethanol 30%, ethanol 50% and ethanol 70%. All treatments were applied by immersion of the base of the cuttings (2cm) for 1 minute. In both experiments a randomized blocks design with five replications was used, and each plot had twenty cuttings. The cuttings were maintained in a mist chamber, in plastic pots, with the commercial medium Plantmax®. The evaluation was made seven weeks after the trial installation. Significant differences were not observed among treatments, in both experiments, for all the analyzed variables, except for the number of roots emitted by the cuttings for the concentrations of IBA, which presented a significant linear regression. The rooting percentage was high, an average of 90% in the experiment with IBA and 70% in the experiment with ethanol. It can be concluded that P. actinia can be propagated by semihardwood cuttings without using growth regulator or ethanol.
N. Konstantinidis, J. Duffy, and C. C. Bennington, “Biological Defense in Passiflora Incarnata: Evidence for a Chemical Defense Against Ant Defenders,” Florida Scientist, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2010.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24321591.
Passiflora incarnata plants produce extrafloral nectar that is attractive to ants which, in turn, can act as predators to herbivorous insects. There is a potential cost to protection via ants, as the reproductive success of plants can be reduced if ants remove floral nectar. We asked whether floral nectar and/or floral tissues contain a chemical that would deter ant visitation. In a Petri dish, we allowed individuals from each of two ant species (Camponotus floridana and Pseudomyrmex gracilis) to choose among three nectar solutions (extrafloral nectar (EN), floral nectar (FN), and floral nectar with extract from floral tissues (FN+FE)). In addition, ants of each species were placed into individual Petri dishes in which we spread macerated floral tissue over one half of the top and bottom and distilled water over the other half. When given a choice of nectar types, neither ant species demonstrated a preference for EN over FN, but both tended to avoid FN+FE. In addition, ants spent an average of less than one out of 10 minutes walking within the side of a Petri dish containing floral extract. Our results demonstrate that P. incarnata flowers produce a chemical in tissues, but not in floral nectar, that can deter ant visitors.
A. G. Koyel Dey and F. K. B. Amarendra Nath Dey, “Effects of Different Pre-Germination Treatment Methods on the Germination and Seedling Growth of Yellow Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Var. Flavicarpa),” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 630–636, Apr. 2017.
doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.077.
S. E. Krosnick, K. E. Porter-Utley, J. M. MacDougal, P. M. Jørgensen, and L. A. McDade, “New Insights into the Evolution of Passiflora Subgenus Decaloba (Passifloraceae): Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Synapomorphies,” Systematic Botany, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 692–713, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.1600/036364413X670359.
Abstract— Phylogenetic relationships of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba were examined using 148 taxa and four molecular markers: nuclear nrITS, ncpGS, cp trnL-F, and ndhF. Relationships of subgenus Decaloba to the other four Passiflora subgenera (Astrophea, Deidamioides, Tetrapathea, and Passiflora) are investigated, as are relationships among the eight supersections within subgenus Decaloba. Results indicate that subgenus Deidamioides is not monophyletic. Subgenus Astrophea + subgenus Deidamioides (section Tryphostemmatoides) together form the most basally branching lineage in the genus, followed by a clade comprised of subgenus Passiflora + subgenus Deidamioides (sections Tetrastylis, Polyanthea, and Deidamioides). Passiflora obovata (subgenus Deidamioides section Mayapathanthus) is resolved as part of subgenus Decaloba. The Old World subgenus Tetrapathea is supported as sister to subgenus Decaloba. Subgenus Decaloba is monophyletic and contains seven major lineages that generally correspond to currently recognized supersections. Within subgenus Decaloba, supersection Pterosperma is most basally branching, followed by supersection Hahniopathanthus + P. obovata. The New World species Passiflora multiflora, the type of supersection Multiflora, is resolved as sister to a monophyletic Old World supersection Disemma. The remainder of the former supersection Multiflora is paraphyletic with respect to supersection Auriculata. Supersections Cieca, Bryonioides, and Decaloba are monophyletic. Within supersection Decaloba, two main clades are resolved: 1) section Xerogona + section Decaloba pro parte and 2) the remainder of section Decaloba. The molecular phylogeny supports a New World origin for Passiflora, with two independent radiations to the Old World. Morphological synapomorphies are discussed for the major clades, documenting a pattern of remarkable evolutionary lability in several notable characters.
S. E. Krosnick et al., “New Insights into Floral Morph Variation in Passiflora Incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) in Tennessee, U.S.A.,” Flora, vol. 236–237, pp. 115–125, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2017.10.005.
Passiflora incarnata is a functionally andromonoecious clonal wildflower, native to the southeastern United States, whose primary pollinator is the carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica. While recent studies looking at reproductive ecology in P. incarnata have classified flowers as one of two morphs (male or hermaphroditic) based on stylar deflexion, preliminary field studies conducted in Tennessee indicated there were five distinct morphs present (three male, two hermaphroditic), supported by stylar deflexion, floral size, and pistil development. The present study sought to test the hypothesis that five distinct floral morphs are present in P. incarnata by sampling 13 floral characters, and to document variation in nectar constituents, volume, and concentration across the five morphs. Five well-established individual plants were examined at three sites in Cookeville, Tennessee. Two-factor permuted analysis of variance of 13 floral characteristics with floral morph and individual plants as factors suggested that morph:plant interactions explained 6%, individual plant explained 18%, and floral morph explained 36% of variation in floral characteristics. Nectar sampling indicated that all morphs produced nectar comprised exclusively of sucrose. Nectar volume generally increased with floral morph size, while nectar concentration decreased. NMDS analysis indicated that four of the five hypothesized morphs were supported as distinct, with morphs 4a and 4b best classified as submorphs due to substantial overlap. The supported morphs are best distinguished by ovary width, ovary length, style length, and stigma width. These findings support a hypothesis that the morphs result from variation in developmental arrest during floral ontogeny. The ecological implications of the morphs and nectar variation are considered for X. virginica with suggestions for additional studies.
S. E. Krosnick, A. J. Ford, and J. V. Freudenstein, “Taxonomic Revision of Passiflora Subgenus Tetrapathea Including the Monotypic Genera Hollrungia and Tetrapathea (Passifloraceae), and a New Species of Passiflora,” Systematic Botany, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 375–385, Jun. 2009.
doi: 10.1600/036364409788606343.
Recent phylogenetic analysis of the Old World species of Passiflora has indicated that two monotypic genera in the Passifloraceae, Hollrungia and Tetrapathea, are strongly supported as belonging to the genus Passiflora. Additionally, a new species from Australia was found to belong to the same clade as Hollrungia and Tetrapathea. Consequently, a taxonomic revision is presented here of Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea including these three taxa. Tetrapathea tetrandra, the type of Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea and historically recognized as both T. tetrandra and P. tetrandra, is formally accepted here as P. tetrandra. The single species of Hollrungia, H. aurantioides, is transferred to Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea as P. aurantioides . The new and so far unnamed species in Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea from Australia is also described as P. kuranda sp. nov.
D. L. Lamas, M. I. Yeannes, and A. E. Massa, “Alkaline Trypsin from the Viscera and Heads of Engraulis Anchoita : Partial Purificationand Characterization,” BioTechnologia, vol. 2, pp. 103–112, 2017.
doi: 10.5114/bta.2017.68309.
Passiflora caerulea L. is a herbaceous climber that belongs to the Passifloraceae family. One of the most important techniques used in plant biotechnology is tissue culture, which allows for the mass production of pathogenfree plants. Cotyledonary nodes have a great potential for shoot proliferation; however, to the best of our knowledge there are no reports regarding plant regeneration from cotyledonary nodes of P. caerulea. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of two different types of explants (shoot tips and cotyledonary nodes) to obtain shoot multiplication of P. caerulea. Various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/l), 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin, KIN) (1 and 2 mg/l), and thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/l) in combination with indole butyric acid (IBA) were used in a completely randomized design, in three replications. The results showed that the highest percentage of regeneration frequency (90%) and a maximum number of shoots (8.86) in cotyledonary node explants were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP along with 0.15 mg/l IBA. Furthermore, in the shoot tip explants, the percentage of regeneration rate (96.66%) and the highest number of shoots (9.86) were obtained in the above-mentioned medium. In rooting experiments, the maximum rooting percentage (90%) was obtained on MS medium containing 1 mg/l IBA. In vitro-raised plantlets were placed in pots and were stored in soil under room temperature for 20 to 30 days before planting, and it showed more than 90% survival rate. Based on our results, the protocol described in this study has a high potential to be used in the micropropagation of this valuable plant.
W. Letchamo, H. L. Xu, B. Desroches, and A. Gosselin, “Effect of Nutrient Solution Concentration on Photosynthesis, Growth, and Content of the Active Substances of Passionfruit,” Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 2521–2537, Dec. 1993.
doi: 10.1080/01904169309364700.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure of passionfruit plants (Passiflora edulis Sims. var edulis) to five different electrical conductivity (EC) levels (1.2, 2.3, 4.5, 6.8, and 9.0 mS/cm) of the nutrient solution on net gas exchange (Pn), content of chlorophyll, the biologically active substances, vitexin and orientin, total biomass production, and morphological traits using plants grown in a greenhouse. Important traits, such as plant height, number of internodes, and leaf number per plant were significantly influenced and showed a linear relation to the increased EC levels of the solution. The highest biomass production, chlorophyll concentration, net carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation and leaf area were obtained at an EC of 6.8 mS/cm. At an EC level of 9.0 mS/cm, the growth of the plants was depressed and photosynthetic rate sharply declined. The highest photosynthetic rate (8.45 μmol/m2/s) was measured at an EC of 6.8 mS/cm and a photosynthetic photon flux of 1600 μmol/m2/s. The trend of photosynthesis was closely related to those of chlorophyll content, transpiration and mesophyll conductance. There was significant regression relating the shoot yield to increasing EC of the nutrient solution. The leaf chlorophyll content increased from 0.70 mg/g (75 mg/m2) at an EC of 0 to 1.74 mg/g at an EC of 6.8 mS/cm. The leaf water potential sharply declined with the increasing EC levels. The specific leaf area was high at EC of 2.3,4.5, and 6.8 mS/cm. The mean ratio of the root to the shoots decreased as EC was increased up to 6.8 mS/cm. Orientin content was the highest (168 mg %) at an EC of 9.0 mS/cm, having a linear effect, while the lowest vitexin content (36 mg %) was achieved at an EC of 6.8 mS/cm. The results suggest a positive role of increasing nutrient solution EC for orientin accumulation than to vitexin.
H. Li et al., “Comparative Studies on Anxiolytic Activities and Flavonoid Compositions of Passiflora Edulis ‘Edulis’ and Passiflora Edulis ‘Flavicarpa,’” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 1085–1090, Feb. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.039.
Aim of the study To compare the anxiolytic activities and flavonoid compositions of the two populations of the species Passiflora edulis, Passiflora edulis ‘edulis’ with purple fruit and Passiflora edulis ‘flavicarpa’ with yellow fruit. Materials and methods Four samples for each population of Passiflora edulis were collected from different districts of China. Swiss albino mice were used as experimental animals in elevated plus-maze (EPM) test to assay the anxiolytic effects of ethanol extracts of the samples. The conventional parameters and ethological items of the behavior of the mice were recorded and analyzed. Flavonoid compositions of the samples were analyzed by RP-HPLC monitored with diode array detection and the chromatograms were compared. Results The ethanol extracts of the samples of Passiflora edulis ‘flavicarpa’ displayed anxiolytic activity at 400mg/kg, while those of Passiflora edulis ‘edulis’ exhibited sedative effect at 400mg/kg. The chromatograms of the samples belonging to similar population of Passiflora edulis were identical, but those belonging to different population were distinct from each other. The series of peaks between 16 and 24min in the chromatograms of Passiflora edulis ‘flavicarpa’ did not appear in those of Passiflora edulis ‘edulis’, either did the peaks between 54 and 90min in chromatograms of Passiflora edulis ‘edulis’ not appear in those of Passiflora edulis ‘flavicarpa’. The six major flavonoid compounds isolated from the leaves of Passiflora edulis ‘flavicarpa’, lucenin-2, vicenin-2, isoorientin, isovitexin, luteolin-6-C-chinovoside, and luteolin-6-C-fucoside, had not been detected in Passiflora edulis ‘edulis’. Conclusions Passiflora edulis ‘flavicarpa’ is extremely different from Passiflora edulis ‘edulis’ and they should be distinguished when pharmacological studies are performed on them. The aerial part of Passiflora edulis ‘flavicarpa’ is possible to be utilized as the resource of Passionflower Extract.
D. Liang et al., “Increasing the Performance of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) Seedlings by LED Light Regimes,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 20967, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00103-1.
Due to progress in the industrial development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), much work has been dedicated to understanding the reaction of plants to these light sources in recent years. In this study, the effect of different LED-based light regimes on growth and performance of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seedlings was investigated. Combinations of different light irradiances (50, 100, and 200 µmol m−2 s−1), quality (red, green, and blue light-emitting LEDs), and photoperiods (10 h/14 h, 12 h/12 h and 14 h/10 h light/dark cycles) were used to investigate the photosynthetic pigment contents, antioxidants and growth traits of passion fruit seedlings in comparison to the same treatment white fluorescent light. Light irradiance of 100 µmol m−2 s−1 of a 30% red/70% blue LED light combination and 12 h/12 h light/dark cycles showed the best results for plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, internode distance, and fresh/dry shoot/root weights. 14 h/10 h light/dark cycles with the same LED light combination promoted antioxidant enzyme activities and the accumulation of phenols and flavonoids. In contrast, lower light irradiance (50 µmol m−2 s−1) had negative effects on most of the parameters. We conclude that passion fruit seedlings’ optimal performance and biomass production requires long and high light irradiances with a high blue light portion.
M. Ligor and B. Buszewski, “Thin Layer Chromatographic Techniques (TLC, OP TLC) for Determination of Biological Activated Compounds from Herb Extracts,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, vol. 30, no. 17, pp. 2617–2628, Aug. 2007.
doi: 10.1080/10826070701540639.
In the current contribution the comparison of various chromatographic techniques (TLC, OP TLC) for the determination of volatile organic compounds including monoterpenes from peppermint (Folium Mentha piperita) is presented. Flavonoids from hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha), Passiflora incarnata, hop (Humulus lupulus), cacao (Theobroma cacao), as well as tea (Thea sinensis) extracts were also determined by TLC and OP TLC. Planar chromatographic techniques, thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and over pressure thin‐layer chromatography (OP TLC) have been developed for the quantitative determination of constituent menthol and menthone in extracts of peppermint leaves. The optimisation of separation of monoterpenes from peppermint based on their principles of polarity including the selection of solvents, stationary phases, and chromatographic conditions, was performed. For separation of determined compounds from plant material, different extraction methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and solvent extraction were used.
L. K. S. Lima, I. S. D. Santos, Z. S. Gonçalves, T. L. Soares, O. N. D. Jesus, and E. A. Girardi, “Grafting Height Does Not Affect Fusarium Wilt Control or Horticultural Performance of Passiflora Gibertii N.E.Br. Rootstock,” Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 3525–3539, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201820180072.
The influence of the grafting height (5, 10, 20 and 30 cm above the root collar) of P. edulis on P. gibertii was evaluated on the incidence of Fusarium wilt and horticultural performance. Plants of P. gibertii grafted on P. edulis and non-grafted plants of both species were also studied. In addition, histopathological studies were also performed on the roots of non-grafted P. edulis collected at three severity stages of Fusarium wilt. In greenhouse, the graft take was inversely related to the grafting height in general. In the field conditions, the plant growth of P. gibertii grafted on P. edulis was superior to its reciprocal grafting, even though the former combination was susceptible to Fop. Plants of P. edulis grafted on P. gibertii at all grafting heights did not present symptoms of Fop, and the number of fruit yield and quality were equivalent, but plant growth was decreased in relation to the non-grafted plants. Starch depletion in the root system of P. edulis was directly related to the severity of the Fusarium wilt. P. gibertii was confirmed as a Fusarium wilt resistant rootstock of P. edulis, with minimal influence of the grafting height for the control of the disease. Key words: Passiflora edulis, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae, anatomy, propagation, resistance.
L. K. da S. Lima, O. N. de Jesus, T. L. Soares, I. S. dos Santos, E. J. de Oliveira, and M. A. Coelho Filho, “Growth, Physiological, Anatomical and Nutritional Responses of Two Phenotypically Distinct Passion Fruit Species (Passiflora L.) and Their Hybrid under Saline Conditions,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 263, p. 109037, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109037.
Passion fruit is one of the main crops produced in the irrigated areas of Northeastern Brazil. However, soil salinization in this region has limited its productivity. This work aimed to compare the effects of saline stress on three populations of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, P. mucronata Lam. and the interspecific hybrid P. edulis x P. mucronata) using physiological, anatomical, nutritional, agronomic traits and application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Plants were grown on sterile washed sand and irrigated with a nutrient solution with or without NaCl (0 or 150 mM) in a completely randomized design with eight replicates. Most of the physiological traits, such as transpiration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and leaf osmotic potential, were negatively affected by the saline stress. There was also a negative effect for the majority of anatomical traits evaluated in the presence of NaCl, except the stomatal density and upper epidermal thickness. The NaCl also induced changes in uptake of macro- and micronutrients and decreased plant growth, fresh shoot and root weights, and dry shoot weight. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), 18 informative traits were identified for the discrimination of the passion fruit population for saline stress. P. mucronata exhibited better salt tolerance in comparison with the other populations, especially with higher values for root traits, a lower accumulation of sodium in the leaves, and maintenance of photosynthesis, conductance and stomatal functionality. Near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIRS) allowed the separation of the parental Passiflora populations submitted to the saline treatment, opening the possibility of validating its use for screening passion fruit genotypes for tolerance of salinity. Breeding for salt tolerance in passion fruit is feasible using wild species such as P. mucronata.
L. K. S. Lima, T. L. Soares, E. H. de Souza, O. N. de Jesus, and E. A. Girardi, “Initial Vegetative Growth and Graft Region Anatomy of Yellow Passion Fruit on Passiflora Spp. Rootstocks,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 215, pp. 134–141, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.12.001.
The grafting of the yellow passion fruit onto wild species tolerant to Fusarium spp. is an alternative practice for this disease control. High vigor and tissue compatibility between the scion and the rootstock are critical for the production of grafted passiflora nursery trees. The initial plant growth and histological aspects of the graft union were evaluated on two Passiflora edulis genotypes grafted onto P. edulis, P. gibertii, P. alata, P. nitida and backcross BC1 [(P. edulis x P. cincinnata) x P. edulis]. Plant survival was high (∼90%) up to 60days after grafting, regardless of the scion neither the rootstock, and in relation to the respective non-grafted seedlings. P. gibertii resulted in higher plant emergence after P. edulis, higher growth of seedling rootstocks and induced higher length of the P. edulis graft. The complete union between tissues was observed in P. edulis grafted onto P. edulis, P. gibertii and BC1 60days after grafting. On the other hand, a discrete structural disorganization with incomplete adhesion and phenolic compounds accumulation was verified in the connection of P. edulis onto P. nitida and P. alata, suggesting partial graft incompatibility, even though grafted plants growth was restored. All evaluated genotypes have potential of use as rootstock of the yellow passion fruit. The graft connection may be enhanced on hybrid rootstocks of P. edulis with wild species.
A. S. de Lima et al., “Organic Fertilization and Hydric Reposition in the Initial Production of Passiflora Edullis. f. Flavicarca Deg.,” Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, pp. 1–14, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.9734/JEAI/2019/46338.
G. S. D. Lima, J. B. D. Silva, F. W. A. Pinheiro, L. A. D. A. Soares, and H. R. Gheyi, “Potassium Does Not Attenuate Salt Stress in Yellow Passion Fruit Under Irrigation Management Strategies,” Revista Caatinga, vol. 33, pp. 1082–1091, Nov. 2020.
doi: 10.1590/1983-21252020v33n423rc.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange, growth and production of yellow passion fruit cv. BRS GA1, as a function of irrigation management strategies with saline water and potassium doses. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in São Domingos, PB, Brazil. A randomized block design was used in a 6 * 2 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of six strategies of irrigation with saline waters (irrigation with low-salinity water throughout the crop cycle - SE; irrigation with high-salinity water in the vegetative stage - VE; flowering stage - FL; fruiting stage - FR; in the successive vegetative/flowering stages - VE/FL; vegetative/fruiting stages - VE/FR) and two doses of potassium (100 and 130% of the K2O recommendation), with four replicates and four plants per plot. The 100% dose corresponded to 60 g of K 2O plant-1 year-1. The effects of using high-salinity water (3.2 dS m-1) alternated with low-salinity water (1.3 dS m-1) were evaluated in different stages of the cultivation cycle. Irrigation with saline water in the fruiting stage promoted an increase in intercellular CO2 concentration and decrease in CO2 assimilation, with effects of non-stomatal origin standing out as limiting factors of photosynthetic efficiency. The highest CO 2 assimilation rate in plants subjected to water salinity of 1.3 dS m-1 throughout the cycle resulted in increments in the number of fruits and in the production per plant of the passion fruit cv. BRS GA1.
L. K. S. Lima, O. N. de Jesus, T. L. Soares, S. A. S. de Oliveira, F. Haddad, and E. A. Girardi, “Water Deficit Increases the Susceptibility of Yellow Passion Fruit Seedlings to Fusarium Wilt in Controlled Conditions,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 243, pp. 609–621, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.09.017.
Fusarium wilt is considered the main fungal disease of yellow passion fruit plants in Brazil. There is ample anecdotal evidence of greater intensity of Fusarium wilt after water shortage in field conditions, but this association needs scientific confirmation. There is also a need to increase the efficiency of inoculation with Fop (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae) under controlled conditions for research purposes. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the effect of propagation method (from cuttings or seedlings) associated with controlled water deficit on the incidence of Fusarium wilt in yellow passion fruit plants. The artificial inoculation with Fop involved application of a spore suspension of 106 conidia mL−1 and infestation of the potting media with Fop grown in sand and cornmeal substrate. For anatomical analysis, root segments were used from inoculated and non-inoculated plants (control). Seedlings that were submitted to water deficit presented the highest incidence of Fusarium wilt, 75.0%, while in the irrigated control the incidence was below 40.0%. The mortality associated with Fop in cutting-propagated plants did not differ from non-inoculated plants. The plants subjected to water stress had greater presence of hyphae and chlamydospores and reduced starch concentration in the root cortex region. Propagation by seeds associated with controlled water stress can be used to screen accessions of P. edulis for resistance to Fusarium wilt.
F.-Y. Liu, Y.-L. Peng, and Y.-S. Chang, “Effects of Temperature and Ethylene Response Inhibitors on Growth and Flowering of Passion Fruit,” Horticultural Science & Technology, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 356–363, 2015.
doi: 10.7235/hort.2015.13111.
This study examined the effects of different day/night temperature regimes or silver ion on growth and flowering of passion fruit ’Tai-nung No.1’. Low temperature treatment (}20/15\^{∘}C{) caused passion fruit cultivar ’Tai-nung No.1’ to fail to flower. Flowering induction occurred within a temperature range of }20-30\^{∘}C{, with no significant difference in the days to first flower bud and the total number of flower buds between plants grown at }30/25\^{∘}C{ and }25/20\^{∘}C{. However, plants grown at }30/25\^{∘}C{ exhibited their first flower buds set on the higher nodes and had higher abortion rates of flower buds than those at }25/20\^{∘}C{. Plants grown at }30/25\^{∘}C{ had the most rapid growth and the shortest plastochron. We also evaluated the effect of the ethylene response inhibitors silver nitrate (}AgNO_3{) and silver thiosulfate (STS) on growth and flowering of potted passion fruit ’Tai-nung No.1’, when they were exposed to low temperature conditions (}20/15\^{∘}C{) following chemical treatments (}AgNO_3{ or STS, at 0.5 or 1.0 mM). }AgNO_3{ and STS treatments induced flower formation and initial flower bud formation within approximately two weeks at }20/15\^{∘}C{ whereas non-treated control plants exhibited no flower formation. ACC content and activity of ACC oxidase in the leaves of passion fruit ’Tai-nung No.1’exposed to low temperature conditions (}20/15\^{∘}C{) were significantly inhibited by the ethylene inhibitor treatments. These results indicate that ethylene, which is produced under low temperature conditions, plays an important role in inhibiting flower formation in passion fruit.
I. D. Loaiza Campiño, N. Mesa López, A. M. Villegas Hiencapié, I. D. Loaiza Campiño, N. Mesa López, and A. M. Villegas Hiencapié, “Selection of Somaclonal Variants of Maracuyá (Passiflora Edulis Var Flavicarpa. Deneger) Tolerants to Water Deficit,” Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 44–52, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v22n2.79623.
S. P. Lombardi, I. R. da S. Passos, M. C. S. Nogueira, and B. Appezzato-da-Glória, “In Vitro Shoot Regeneration from Roots and Leaf Discs of Passiflora Cincinnata Mast.,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 239–247, Mar. 2007.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-89132007000200009.
Different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) were used in vitro to induce buds in three types of explants: leaf discs, root segments and the seedling itself obtained from in vitro seed germination of Passiflora cincinnata Mast. The 0.5 mg.L -1 6-BA concentration was most suitable for all the three explants, however, bud formation time and means (direct/indirect) were different for each type of explant. In seedlings used as explants, it had shoot regeneration from the primary root. Histological events leading to bud formation via meristemoids were described. The origin was indirect in leaf discs, with callus formation in subepidermal cells of the chlorophyll parenchyma layers. In root segments and in seedling roots, the buds were formed directly in the pericycle (in roots with some secondary structure) and in the vascular cambium (at the initial phase of secondary structure). Also, indirect buds originated from meristemoids which were formed around the callus.
J. C. Lopes, G. M. Bono, R. S. Alexandre, and V. M. Maia, “Germinação e vigor de plantas de maracujazeiro ’amarelo’ em diferentes estádios de maturação do fruto, arilo e substrato,” Ciência e Agrotecnologia, vol. 31, pp. 1340–1346, Oct. 2007.
doi: 10.1590/S1413-70542007000500010.
O conhecimento dos efeitos de substratos, do estádio de maturação dos frutos e da presença do arilo sobre a germinação das sementes do maracujá é de suma importância para o desenvolvimento desta cultura. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a germinação e o vigor de plantas de maracujazeiro ’amarelo’ (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Degener) em diferentes estádios de maturação do fruto, arilo e substrato. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, com 2 estádios de maturação do fruto (maduro e murcho), presença e ausência do arilo e 3 substratos (vermiculita, areia e areia + terra + esterco (bovino). As características avaliadas foram: germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência, plântulas normais e anormais, sementes duras e deterioradas e massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz (mg). As sementes de frutos murchos apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação, acontecendo o mesmo quando se fez a remoção do arilo. A velocidade de emergência das plântulas foi favorecida pelo plantio de sementes de frutos murchos com arilo no substrato areia + terra + esterco.
R. N. López, Y. L. Ricardo, and M. R. Antomarchi, “Caracterización Físico–Química De Passiflora Incarnata L. Para Su Uso En La Industria Farmacéutica,” Revista Cubana de Química, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 78–80, 2007.www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=443543706024.
The interest in developing drugs using drugs of plant origin as active ingredients, has determined to deepen the quality assurance of these drugs for their use as raw materials premiums for pharmaceutical use. The Passiflora incarnata L. supplied by the Planta de Plantas farm was physically-chemically characterized. Medicinals "La Sierrita", in Cumanayagua, Cienfuegos province; performing for this the assembly of the analytical techniques included in the 2003 British Pharmacopoeia monograph and the characterization technology of the powders obtained from the milling of the dry drug. The results obtained us allowed to define that the analyzed dry drug complies with the established identifications and the tests of foreign matter, total ash, loss by drying and total flavonoid content, it is confirmed the presence of the metabolites reported in the bibliography and it was possible to obtain a powder from the drug vegetable, which has a low propensity to compress.
P. A. Lozano-Montaña, F. Sarmiento, L. M. Mejía-Sequera, F. Álvarez-Flórez, and L. M. Melgarejo, “Physiological, Biochemical and Transcriptional Responses of Passiflora Edulis Sims f. Edulis under Progressive Drought Stress,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 275, p. 109655, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109655.
Water deficit stress is responsible for at least 40 % of crop losses worldwide, positioning itself as a strong threat to food security. Purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis) is one of the most desirable exotic fruits on the world market mainly for its organoleptic properties. Information on the response to water deficit stress for purple passion fruit is scarce and in some cases contradictory. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the morphological, physiological, biochemical and transcriptional response of purple passion fruit during water deficit and depict its strategy. The response of purple passion fruit plants to two water deficit treatments (T1: 50 % of irrigation, T2: 0% of irrigation compared to control) was evaluated during 40 days of stress, measuring changes in physiological variables related to growth and water relations, as well as the content of metabolites related to stress and the expression of genes associated with drought stress. Results show that the plant prevents water loss, by stomata closure, modulation of growth and accumulation of proline and sugars, while promoting root growth, features associated with tolerance to water deficit. At the expression level, early transcriptional activation of PeDREB2A and PeRD21A were detected in plants under the most severe stress, while PeGOLS1 and PeAFL1 upregulation were observed in plants under milder stress. These results suggest that purple passion fruit plants display an isohydric behavior and evade water deficit stress as a response strategy, where loss of water is avoided.
R. M. Mabundza, P. K. Wahome, and M. T. Masarirambi, “Effects of Different Pre-Germination Treatment Methods on the Germination of Passion (Passiflora Edulis) Seeds,” vol. 6, no. 3, p. 4, 2010.
Freshly extracted passion fruit seed exhibit slow and low germination percentage. Pre-germination treatments may enhance and improve percent germination in passion fruit seeds. This experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate pregermination treatment in improving the germination potential of passion fruit seeds. The pre-germination treatments included chemical scarification (with 98% H2SO4), fermentation (in 10% sucrose solution) and soaking seeds in water for 7 or 14 days. Chemical scarification of passion fruit seeds for 5 min significantly significantly (P<0.05) germination percentage (94%), seedling height (3.0 cm) and number of leaves (4.3) compared with un-treated seeds, which had lower germination percentage (20%), seedling height (1.6 cm) and number of leaves (3.0). Fermentation significantly (P < 0.05) increased number of roots per-seedling (11.0), length of roots (2.7 cm), fresh mass (2.4 g) and dry mass (0.73 g) of seedlings six weeks after germination. Un-treated seeds had lower number of roots per-seedling (5.8), length of roots (1.1 cm), fresh mass (1.1 g) and dry mass (0.3 g) of seedlings six weeks after germination. Soaking seeds in water for 7 days gave a higher germination percentage (71%) than soaking seeds for 14 days (40%). Results obtained in this experiment indicate that the pre-germination treatment of passion fruit seeds by using (H2SO4) enhanced germination of the seeds by breaking dormancy. Thus for the production of passion fruit, sulfuric acid can be used to promote germination of passion seeds.
J. M. MacDougal, “Passiflora Sandrae (Passifloraceae), a New Species from Panama,” Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 85–88, Apr. 2006.
doi: 10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[85:PSPANS]2.0.CO;2.
The new species Passiflora sandrae from Panama is described and illustrated from living and herbarium material. It is placed in subgenus Decaloba supersection Decaloba on the basis of the plicate operculum, cernuous shoot tip, transversely sulcate testa, and variegated bilobed leaves. This vine previously has been confused with P. biflora.
L. P. M. Macêdo, E. O. Silva, and A. C. A. de Aguiar-Dias, “Morphoanatomy and Ecology of the Extrafloral Nectaries in Two Species of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae),” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 143, pp. 248–255, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2021.07.040.
Abtract The foliar glands of Passiflora are generally known as extrafloral nectaries, which, unlike floral nectaries, are not related to pollination. The present study describes and analyzes the foliar glands found in Passiflora ceratocarpa and Passiflora quadrangularis, in order to confirm their identity as extrafloral nectaries and discuss the taxonomic and ecological implications of these structures. The study material was collected in the metropolitan region of Belém (Brazil) and submitted to standard protocols for the analysis of plant anatomy by light and scanning microscopy, as well as histochemical testing. The extrafloral nectaries of the two species are anatomically very similar, including a multiseriate palisade epidermis, a nectariferous parenchyma consisting of voluminous, thin-walled cells, and predominantly phloematic vascularization. Their chemical composition is also highly similar, and includes sugars, and lipids. Five ant genera were found visiting the two Passiflora species, of which Camponotus was the most abundant, being found on both the study species.
J. P. da S. Macedo et al., “Yield and Physical Quality of the Yellow Passion Fruit under Spacing within Plants and Water Salinity,” Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, pp. 1–11, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.9734/jeai/2019/v33i530153.
M. W. Machado et al., “Search for Alkaloids on Callus Culture of Passiflora Alata,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 901–910, Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-89132010000400020.
Preliminary work on Passiflora alata leaves failed to detect harmane alkaloids using LC. The aim of this work was to investigate the production of harmane alkaloids through the cell culture of P. alata, inducing its precursor (Ltryptophan). The leaf explants presented satisfactory results after disinfection, and the callus formation was initiated in MS media with adequate quantities of phytohormones. Sixty days after inoculation, calli were inoculated in the optimized semi-solid MS media, with and without the addition of L-tryptophan (50, 100, 200 mg/L) and kept in standard conditions for 90 days. Calli were collected on days 6, 16, 26, 36, and 90, followed by acid-base extraction, and analysed by LC. The results showed an absence of harmane, harmin, harmol, harmalol, and harmaline. With L-tryptophan feeding, two peaks were detected, collected and analysed through positive mode electrospray [ESI(+)-MS] and sequential analysis in tandem ESI(+)-MS/MS. The spectra obtained were very similar, with a repetition of the more intense ions, and consecutive loss of 68 Da units, attributed to the heterocycle pyrazole. It appeared that this transformation was not related to any enzymatic pathway previously described for the plant from L-tryptophan, and the biosynthesis of β-carboline alkaloids in callus culture of P. alata were not observed in this work.
L. C. Maia, C. M. C. Costa, and V. F. Santos, “Mycorrhizal Dependency of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa),” Fruits, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 317–324, Sep. 2001.
doi: 10.1051/fruits:2001132.
Introduction. Brazil is one of the most important producers of passion fruits. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may reduce or eliminate the need for phosphate fertilization on this crop. We investigated the response of passion fruit seedlings to inoculation with AMF and phosphorus (P) supply. Materials and methods. A greenhouse experiment was carried out in a factorial design. The seedlings were inoculated with 100 spores per plant of single or mixed AMF inoculum on sterilized or non-sterilized soil which was amended with (11 or 30) mgP × dm-3 soil applied as superphosphate or used unfertilized (4 mgP × dm\textsuperscript-3 soil). Relative mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) of passion fruit was estimated for each treatment of inoculation, soil sterilization, and P level, by expressing the difference between the dry mass of mycorrhizal plants and non-mycorrhizal plants as a percentage of the dry mass of mycorrhizal plants. Results. Inoculation was effective only on plants grown in sterilized soil with (4 or 11) mgP × dm\textsuperscript-3 soil. Plants were "facultatively mycotrophic" when associated with AMF and when receiving a supply of 30 mgP × dm\textsuperscript-3 soil. Seedlings in unfertilized soil with 4 mgP × dm\textsuperscript-3 soil were excessively dependent on the mycorrhizal association. In soil with 11 mgP × dm\textsuperscript-3 soil, seedlings were marginally to moderately dependent, depending upon the AMF species used. All inoculated seedlings, without considering soil sterilization, were marginally dependent in soil with 30 mgP × dm\textsuperscript-3 soil. In sterilized soil, independently of P, they were moderately dependent. However, in the same soil, with 30 mgP × dm\textsuperscript-3 soil, the seedlings were marginally dependent. Discussion - conclusion. The relative mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) of the passion fruit cultivar used was influenced by the species of the inoculated AMF, soil sterilization and soil P level. Passion fruit obtained significant benefit from inoculation with AMF; thus, these fungi can be used to improve plant growth even without P fertilization.
M. Mani and M. S. Shekhawat, “Foliar Micromorphology of In Vitro-Cultured Shoots and Field-Grown Plants of Passiflora Foetida,” Horticultural Plant Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 34–40, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.hpj.2017.01.009.
The present report describes the development of quantitative and qualitative foliar micromorphological and architectural features in the field environment which elucidated the adaptation of micropropagated plants of Passiflora foetida L. in the natural soil conditions. The field environment (high light intensity in comparison to in vitro culture conditions) promotes the autotrophy through decrease in stomatal index (from 23.2\,± 0.15 to 21.0\,± 0.19), increased vein-islets (from 10.0\,± 0.14 to 15.6\,± 0.24 per square millimeters) and veinlet terminations (from 1.6\,± 0.14 to 5.0\,± 0.20 per square millimeters), and trichome density in P. foetida plantlets. The in vitro and field grown leaves mostly possessed anomocytic and anisocytic types of stomata. Two types of trichomes were observed on the surface of leaves of in vitro as well as field transferred plants of P. foetida: the unicellular hairy trichomes (non-glandular), and the multicellular (glandular) trichomes. The trichomes density was less under in vitro conditions as compared to the in vivo environments. The new leaves formed during the ex vitro rooting stage (in greenhouse) and after transplantation of plantlets to the field exhibited the development of adaptive micromorphological features in micropropagated plants, which enabled them to survive under field conditions.
M. Manokari and M. S. Shekhawat, “Comprehensive Analysis of in Vitro to Field Transition of Micromorphology and Leaf Architecture in Passiflora Edulis Sims. f. Flavicarpa Deg.,” Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 240–246, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s40502-017-0290-3.
This study elucidate the micromorphological changes and leaf architectural developments of in vitro (multiplication phase) and in vivo transferred (acclimatized plants in the field) micropropagated plantlets of Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg. The in vitro leaves were small, ovate and pale green in color; but glossy, bright green colored leaves with conspicuous midrib were observed in field transferred plants. Constantly opened stomata throughout the culture period were found under in vitro conditions, these were fully functional after field transfer of the plantlets. In vitro environment favoured increased stomatal density (80.5), stomatal index (28.8), under-developed trichomes, reduced vein islet density (7.0) and irregular venation pattern. Reduced stomatal density (63.4) and index (25.3), well developed trichomes, increased vein islet density (22.0) and regular venation pattern were observed in field acclimatized plantlets. Crystals were absent in the in vitro grown leaves but well developed rhombohedral and sphaerocrystals were observed throughout the major and minor veins in the cells of field plants. The foliar micromorphological study revealed that the in vitro environmental conditions favoured the development of abnormal features. These anomalies have been adjusted and plants developed structural and morphological changes needed for successful adaptation in the field conditions.
E. Marchart, L. Krenn, and B. Kopp, “Quantification of the Flavonoid Glycosides in Passiflora Incarnata by Capillary Electrophoresis,” Planta Medica, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 452–456, May 2003.
doi: 10.1055/s-2003-39699.
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K. S. Marciel, L. P. A. M. de, F. Z. Madalon, P. C. B. M. S. de, R. S. Alexandre, and J. C. Lopez, “The Physiological Quality of the Seeds of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Spp.) Grown at Different Altitudes,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 12, no. 6, 2018.
doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.06.PNE987.
Altitudes, ranging between 100 m and 900 m are the most suitable for growing passion fruit and the studies on the distinct geographical locations suggest the expression of different genotypes under the influence of adequate environmental conditions. the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of the seeds of ’Passiflora’ spp., cultivated at three different altitudes in the state of Espirito Santos, Brazil. Before conducting the physiological test for seeds quality, pre-wests were performed on the physically scarified, gibberellic acid-treated and intact seeds of the yellow passion fruit (’Passiflora edulis’ Sims f. flavicarpa Dengener), the purple passion fruit (’Passiflora edulis’ Sims), and the sweet passion fruit (’Passiflora alata’ Curtis), collected from three different altitudes (high, medium, and low), in order to overcome dormancy. The higher values of germination and vigor were observed after the pre-germination treatments of the intact seeds of the yellow passion fruit, the scarified seeds of the purple passion fruit, and the gibberellic acid-treated seeds of the sweet passion fruit, The seeds with the highest values of germination and vigor were selected for the accelerated aging test with a saturated salt solution at 43 degrees C for 72 h and the controlled deterioration test with 25% of moisture at 45 degrees C for 24 h, respectively. Using theses tests, it was possible to differentiate the species of passion fruit, collected from different altitudes. The seeds of the yellow passion fruit and the seeds, collected from higher altitudes presented higher physiological quality in this study.
A. Mario Zuffo, A. M. de Oliveira, and F. Steiner, “Substrates for the Production of Passiflora Setácea Cv. BRS Pérola Do Cerrado Seedlings,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 51, no. 15, pp. 2102–2109, Aug. 2020.
doi: 10.1080/00103624.2020.1820029.
The substrate is essential to ensure suitable conditions for the growth of Passiflora setacea seedlings. Thus, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of alternative substrates formulated with bee nest and termite mound materials on the growth of P. setacea cv. BRS Pérola do Cerrado seedlings. Six substrate combinations formulated from different proportions (v:v) of bee nest material (BNM) and termite mound material (TMM) or commercial substrate were tested considering the randomized block design with four replicates. The following substrates were used: S1 = BNM100%; S2 = BNM75% + TMM25%; S3 = BNM50% + TMM50%; S4 = BNM25% + TMM75%; S5 = TMM100%; and S6 = commercial substrate (Click Mudas®). The plant height, stem diameter, root length, root dry matter (RDM), shoot dry matter (SDM), total dry matter (TDM), and morphological indices were measured. Passiflora setacea seedlings have better development with the use of substrates S1, S2, and S3, with greater emphasis on the substrate S1. The substrate S1 (100% BNM) should be recommended for the production of P. setacea cv. BRS Pérola do Cerrado seedlings, for improving plant development and providing higher quality seedlings.
T. E. Marler, “Salinity and Physiology of Passiflora Edulis,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 975, pp. 293–298, Feb. 2013.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.975.34.
Passiflora edulis plants were grown in sand culture and subjected to salinity to determine its influence on physiological characteristics. Solution was made by adding addition of sea salt to half-Hoagland’s solution with an increase in 1 dS/m every other day until 4 dS/m was reached. Control plants received half-Hoagland’s solution, and three separate studies were conducted. Measurements were made after six weeks of treatment. Sodium accumulation in leaves was less than that of chloride accumulation. Whole plant root conductance was reduced by salinity, but this response was mediated by reduced root growth. Hydraulic conductivity of roots did not differ between control and treated plants when standardized to a unit dry weight or area basis. Xylem potential was reduced by salinity to a greater relative degree during pre-dawn than during midday. Maximum net photosynthesis and light use efficiency were reduced more by salinity than was CO2 use efficiency. Chlorophyll fluorescence indicated the stress the plants experienced during daily sunlight exposure was not permanent, as maximum quantum efficiency recovered during the nocturnal period. Salinity did not influence dark respiration of leaves or osmotic potential of roots and leaves. Results indicate the purple passion fruit may rank as moderately sensitive to salinity stress.
T. N. Marostega, L. M. Araujo, P. B. D. Luz, L. G. Neves, and M. A. A. Barelli, “Genetic Diversity of Passiflora Accessions Based on Morphophysiological Seed Descriptors,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 39, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452017365.
ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to estimate the genetic divergence among Passifloraaccessions based on morphophysiological seed characteristics. Accessions were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four replicates of 25 seeds. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means grouped by the Scott-Knott method. The genetic diversity was studied according to the Tocher and UPGMA grouping method based on the Mahalanobis distance (D2) and Canonical Variables. In the cluster analyzes, four groups were formed by the UPGMA and Canonical Variables methods. In the Tocher Optimization method, seven groups were formed. of P. eichleriana, P. suberosa, P. edulis and P. foetida accessions presented the best results for the seed characteristics under study, being indicated for interspecific crosses aiming the selection of materials that present less dormancy and with more vigorous seeds.
T. N. Marostega, P. B. da Luz, A. R. Tavares, L. G. Neves, and S. de P. Sobrinho, “Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy for Ornamental Passion Fruit Species,” Ornamental Horticulture, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 72–78, Mar. 2017.
doi: 10.14295/oh.v23i1.982.
The Passiflora L. genus covers a diversity of wild species with ornamental potential, especially due to the intrinsic beauty of its exotic flowers, flowering more than once a year and the lush foliage. However, Passiflora seeds present dormancy complicating seed germination and the establishment of commercial plant production with species with high ornamental potential. This study was conducted to determine the best pre-germination treatments to overcome seed dormancy for Passiflora quadrangularis, P. nitida, P. foetida, P. eichleriana, P. alata, P. cincinnata, P. mucronata, P. micropetala, P. suberosa, P. morifolia and P. tenuifila. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four replicates, with 25 seeds per plot. Pre-germination treatments were: seeds soaked in 1,000 mg L- 1 GA3 (gibberellic acid) for 6 hours, seeds soaked in 0.2 % KNO3 (potassium nitrate) for 24 hours, seeds soaked in 1 % KNO3 for 24 hours, partial seedcoat scarification with sandpaper number 120 and control (seeds untreated). Percentage of germination, germination velocity index and radicle length were evaluated for all species. The results showed that GA3 was effective to overcome seed dormancy in P. suberosa (86%), P. morifolia (68 %) and P. tenuifila (54%). KNO3 1% had significant effect on overcoming dormancy in seeds of P. eichleriana (66%) and scarification with sandpaper increased seed germination of P. micropetala (38%).
D. Marques, J. Siqueira, H. Bianchini, and V. Alves, “Production of Passion Fruit in a Semi-Hydroponic System under Protected Cultivation,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 41, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452019094.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) cultivars in different nutrient solutions, using commercial Bioplant® substrate in slabs system in protected cultivation. A randomized complete block design in a factorial scheme was used with 2 passion fruit cultivars (Araguari and Yellow Master) x 4 nutrient solutions (solution 1, solution 2, solution 3 and solution 4), each plot consisting of 6 plants with 6 replications. Electrical conductivity evaluations in the slabs drained solution started at 15 days after seedling transplantation and the nutrient contents were quantified at the end of the research. In passion fruit, ether extract, crude fiber and crude protein were evaluated. Fruit number, pulp mass, peel thickness and gas exchange were evaluated. It was concluded that the use of nutrient solution 2 in cultivar Yellow Master, with 2.72 dS m-1 electrical conductivity and the use of nutrient solution 4 in cultivar Araguari, with 2.95 dS m-1 electrical conductivity, yielded the largest number of fruits, pulp mass, fruit mass and gas exchange, in slabs system in the protected cultivation of passion fruit.
H. Matsuda and H. Higuchi, “Effect of Temperatures on Passion Fruit Flowering:” Tropical Agriculture and Development, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 54–60, 2020.
doi: 10.11248/jsta.64.54.
Passion fruit plants were cultivated under greenhouse conditions in a warm-temperate zone to study the relationship between daily number of flowers (F) and cumulative hours (H) of a range of temperature regimes, and then the specific temperature regimes and the periods that affected F were determined. Multiple regression analysis with H as a variable was performed using stepwise backward elimination to develop a predictive model of F fluctuation. The F predictive model was then verified using F data collected from open orchards. The strongest correlations with H were detected at 15 days before anthesis (DBA). Significant positive and negative correlations with H<25°C and H>25°C, respectively, were detected during a period of several days around 15 DBA. Longer hours with temperatures <25°C increased F, whereas longer hours with temperatures >25°C decreased F. The strongest positive correlations were observed at H20–25°C, and the strongest negative correlations at H>30ºC. F decreased greatly when H>30ºC exceeded 6 h at 15 DBA, indicating that temperatures higher than 30°C severely affected F. F was not significantly correlated with H10–15ºC, nor H15–20ºC except for 19–21 DBA, indicating that the effect of temperatures <20°C on F was negligible. Within 1 week before anthesis, the effect of temperature on F was also negligible. Therefore, F fluctuation in passion fruit was accurately predicted about 2 weeks prior to flowering by the following equation for F as a function of H during 15 ± 3 DBA: F = b1H10–15ºC + b2H15–20ºC + b3H20–25ºC + b4H25–30ºC + b5H>30ºC,where b1 = 0.026, b2 = –0.0092, b3 = 0.013, b4 = 0.0066, and b5 = –0.012.
C. Matthews, T. Marchbanks, and C. Bennington, “Inducibility and Tradeoffs in Defense Traits of a Common Perennial Vine (Passiflora Incarnata),” Florida Scientist, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 98–108, 2014.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24321986.
Plants have evolved chemical, morphological and biological mechanisms to defend against attack by insect herbivores, with virtually all plants employing more than one strategy. We asked whether simulated herbivory on passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) would increase leaf thickness, trichome length or density, or the production of extrafloral (EF) nectar and whether there were tradeoffs between these traits. Fifty-seven potted plants, belonging to nine genotypes, were divided into two groups. Plants in the control group were unmanipulated, while the leaves of plants in the treatment group were clipped in half with scissors throughout the summer of 2011. We quantified the amount of EF nectar produced by each plant on two separate occasions in June. At the final plant harvest in September, we measured leaf thickness, trichome density and trichome length on three haphazardly chosen leaves from each mature plant. Both leaf thickness and EF nectar production increased with herbivory (both p < 0.05), but there was no effect of treatment on trichome density or length. There were differences among genotypes for three traits, and evidence for negative genetic correlations between two pairs of traits. Such tradeoffs could constrain evolutionary response to selection and may be responsible for the evolution and maintenance of alternative plant defense strategies within a species.
P. G. May and E. E. Spears Jr., “Andromonoecy and Variation in Phenotypic Gender of Passiflora Incarnata (Passifloraceae),” American Journal of Botany, vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 1830–1841, 1988.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb11263.x.
We studied the perennial vine Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus (Passifloraceae) in Alachua County, Florida, from May to August 1983 to determine the breeding system and investigate seasonal changes in phenotypic gender of individual plants. Passiflora incarnata is an obligate outcrosser, incapable of self-fertilization. The major pollinators were carpenter bees (Xylocopa sp.). The proportion of flowers setting fruit was not limited by pollinator service, but the weight of individual fruits and number of seeds/fruit was increased over naturally pollinated flowers by manually performing cross-pollination. Morphological differences in style position among flowers caused some flowers to function primarily as males and others to function as hermaphrodites. Although some of the flowers that functioned as males set fruit when manually cross-pollinated, the proportion of these male flowers capable of setting fruit was lower than the proportion of hermaphroditic flowers setting fruit when manually cross-pollinated. Further, some male flowers had atrophied ovary and styles and were completely incapable of setting fruit. Passiflora incarnata is thus functionally andromonoecious. The relative production of male versus hermaphroditic flowers varied among individuals and over the course of the flowering season. Unmanipulated plants in the population became increasingly male-biased in floral sex ratios as the reproductive season progressed. We attempted to modify phenotypic gender in experimental plants by limiting the ability of plants in some treatment groups to set fruit. Treatment groups significantly affected production of hermaphroditic flowers, but production of male flowers was not affected by treatment. Treatment did not significantly affect fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit or the percentage of hermaphroditic flowers that successfully matured fruit. These results suggest that andromonoecy in P. incarnata is a mechanism for adjusting allocation of reproductive effort to male and female function, and that maternal investment in this species is regulated primarily by varying production of hermaphroditic flowers.
M. Mayorga, G. Fischer, L. M. Melgarejo, and A. Parra-Coronado, “Growth, Development and Quality of Passiflora Tripartita Var. Mollissima Fruits under Two Environmental Tropical Conditions,” Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, pp. 66–75 Pages, Apr. 2020.
doi: 10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.009.
The curuba (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima) is an important Andean fruit in bioprospecting industries because of its pleasant taste and aroma, antioxidant potential and sedative action. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of curuba plants and the physicochemical characteristics of fruits under two environmental tropical altitudinal conditions. Crops were established in a low zone (2,006 m.a.s.l.) and a high zone (2,498 m.a.s.l.) in the municipality of Pasca (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Phenological monitoring was carried out in the principal growth stages. The weight, length, diameter, color, firmness, pH, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and organic acid content were measured in the fruits. Climatic parameters were monitored during the crop cycle, and base temperatures and thermal times were estimated. The temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were the climatic factors that had the greatest effect on plant development. The base temperatures of growth of the primary branches, floral buds and fruits were 4.3 °C, 3.1 °C and 0.01 °C, respectively. In the lower zone, the plants accumulated more growing degree days than in the upper zone. The fruits in the upper zone presented a higher weight, total titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content. The plants presented a marked response to the differential agroecological conditions of the two sites.
C. B. Mc Kenzie, G. W. Staveley, and I. E. Smith, “Intensive Container Culture of Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 275, pp. 223–228, Jul. 1990.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1990.275.26.
Passionfruit production in South Africa is severely affected by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica stem rot, and passionfruit woodiness virus (PWV). The use of Passiflora caerulea ("red") rootstocks to reduce stem rot has been recommended, although growers have not always found P. caerulea to be resistant to stem rot. Nematode infestations are also common when using P. caerulea rootstock. Therefore soil sterilization and replanting every few years are usually required. Passionfruit vines have root systems which adapt well to pot culture. This paper suggests that the intensive container culture of passionfruit is commercially feasible. Advantages of this method include possible savings in soil cultivation, fumigation, irrigation, and the conservative use of fertilizers and chemicals for stem rot. Nematode problems should be eliminated, and yields therefore increased. The rapid early growth and fruiting will reduce the time between planting and harvest, which will be particularly useful in the event of PWV infection. Results of passionfruit pot experiments testing different growing media, pot sizes, and superabsorbent polymers are discussed. Composted pine bark was better than sand or sawdust. Superabsorbent effect depended on both superabsorbent and growing medium type.
C. M. McGuire, “Field Performance and Phenotypic Variation of Passiflora Incarnata L. in New York State,” HortScience, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 240–241, Apr. 1998.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.33.2.240.
Passiflora incarnata L., a perennial vine native to southeastern North America, bears fruit containing an edible juice. I observed the growth, flowering, fruit yield, and fruit traits of P. incarnata plants grown in the field for one season in Ithaca, N.Y. Plants flowered throughout the summer and were pollinated by carpenter bees, but fruit set was low without additional hand-pollination. Fruits set before mid-August matured in 52 to 113 days, but fruits set after mid-August usually failed to mature. Following hand-pollination of some flowers, plants matured 0 to 14 fruits, and yield of edible juice was 5 to 10 mL per fruit. Vegetative growth, plant architecture, number of flowers produced, number of fruits matured, days from flower opening to fruit maturity, fruit size, the proportion of fruits filled with juice and seeds, and the size of juice-containing arils all varied greatly among plants. Part of this variation was probably genetic.
C. M. McGuire, “Passiflora Incarnata (Passifloraceae): A New Fruit Crop,” Economic Botany, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 161–176, Apr. 1999.
doi: 10.1007/BF02866495.
Passiflora incarnata:A New Fruit Crop. Economic Botany 53(2): 161–176, 1999. Passiflora incarnata bears flavorful fruits consumed by past and present peoples, and this plant deserves greater use as a fruit crop. Native to southeastern North America, it is an herbaceous perennial vine which flowers and fruits over much of the growing season. P. incarnata is self-incompatible and usually pollinated by carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.). Plants are functionally andromonoecious, and low resource status favors male flower production and thus reduces fruit set. The fruits contain many seeds, each surrounded by an aril holding edible juice, and this juice can be consumed fresh or used in processed products. Because it is a minor agricultural weed, P. incarnata should not be introduced into regions where it may naturalize. Polyploid hybrids of P. incarnata and the subtropical and tropical passionfruit, P. edulis, are also potential temperate fruit crops. Future research on P. incarnata should evaluate intraspecific genetic variation and performance in cultivation.
D. K. McLain, “Ants, Extrafloral Nectaries and Herbivory on the Passion Vine, Passiflora Incarnata,” The American Midland Naturalist, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 433–439, 1983.
doi: 10.2307/2425282.
A temperate species, Passiflora incarnata, of the predominately tropical family Passifloraceae, possesses two sets of extrafloral nectaries which are visited by five species of ants. In an old field, plants with the extrafloral nectaries removed attracted fewer ants, experienced greater herbivory and produced fewer fruits than plants with extrafloral nectaries intact. The number of ants per plant was positively correlated with the number of extrafloral nectaries and negatively correlated with the percent herbivory.
P. F. Medina, L. M. M. Meletti, J. J. D. Parisi, and C. L. Medina, “Efficacy of Promalin on the Germination of Passiflora Alata Curtis Seeds.,” Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Plant Growth Regulation Society of America, Kona, Hawaii, USA, 19-23 July 2015, pp. 17–27, 2015.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20173267900.
The sweet passion-fruit plant (Passiflora alata Curtis) is grown in Brazil for fruit production and also for medicinal purposes as it contains passiflorin, a natural sedative. It is propagated by seeds, which manifest the maximum germination, at moisture contents between 18 and 20%, obtained when they are just removed from the fruit. At moisture contents under 13%, the formation of normal...
H. Meinke and A. Karnatz, “Influence of Air and Soil Temperatures on Grafted and Self-Rooted Passiflora Hybrids,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 237–246, Jul. 1990.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(90)90095-V.
When passionfruit were grown in a glasshouse under semi-controlled conditions, high air and soil temperatures (25°C) increased leaf area (LA), leaf number (LN) and shoot length (SL). Grafting also increased these parameters, particularly under low air and soil temperatures (18°C). An air temperature of 18°C increased flower numbers per vine; 18°C air and 25°C soil temperature yielded the highest fruit set. A soil temperature of 25°C also increased fresh fruit weight and seed number. Grafted plants yielded the highest fruit dry matter under 18°C air and 25°C soil temperature. Both 25°C treatments shortened fruit development time.
A. S. de Melo, M. E. B. Brito, M. P. P. Gois, M. C. V. Barreto, P. R. A. Viegas, and F. S. R. Holanda, “Effect of organic compost and different fertilizers levels on passion fruit seedlings production (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.),” Revista Cientifica Rural (Brazil), 2003.https://eurekamag.com/research/004/124/004124888.php.
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION
G. M. Mendiondo and M. T. A. García, “Emergence of Passiflora Caerulea Seeds Simulating Possible Natural Destinies,” Fruits, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 251–258, Jul. 2006.
doi: 10.1051/fruits:2006022.
Introduction. The emergence of P. caerulea L. seeds was studied for the first time, in order to obtain useful information for cultivation of this plant with ornamental, edible and medicinal values. Materials and methods. Different treatments (aril removal, mechanical and chemical scarification and combinations of them) were performed on fresh seeds before sowing. The treatments simulated different paths that the seeds may follow in nature in this ornithochorus species, those which small growers could reproduce before cultivation. Seed emergence was recorded periodically for 16 months in a greenhouse. Seed emergence initial time, percentage and speed were calculated. Results and discussion. Seeds immersed in hydrochloric acid (chemical scarification) did not germinate, but the rest of the treatments were successful. Emergence percentages were low in most of the treatments and speed was slow in all of them. The minimum seed emergence initial time was 25 days. The curve of the accumulated number of seeds emerged followed an oscillating sigmoid pattern. Conclusion. It is suspected that dormancy exists, which will be dealt with in another paper.
G. M. Mendiondo and M. T. Amela García, “Germination of Stored and Scarified Seeds of Passiflora Caerulea L. (Passifloraceae),” Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, vol. 143, no. 2, pp. 369–376, Jul. 2009.
doi: 10.1080/11263500902722709.
This work evaluates the influence of storage and scarification in the germination of Passiflora caerulea L., in order to acquire the necessary knowledge to cultivate this economically important species. Seeds stored one month under different conditions (no storage, fermentation, desiccation) were submitted to various pre‐treatments (aril removal, mechanical and chemical scarification or combinations of these). Emergence was recorded periodically for 11 months in a greenhouse. Germination time, germination percentage and germination speed were calculated. Histochemical tests were applied to seeds maintained under the three storage conditions, for observing possible changes in the integument and storage tissue. Viability was maintained at least for the storage period tested, as germination occurred after that time. Because the seeds stored under desiccation germinated, the species is orthodox. Chemical scarification prevented germination in most cases. Although germination levels were low, they were higher in stored seeds (fermented and desiccated) than in fresh ones. Fermented seeds (which exhibited no storage tissue and less lignin in the integument) devoid of the aril germinated earlier, faster and in greater quantity. The type of dormancy of this species is discussed.
M. S. Mendonça Freitas, P. H. Monnerat, and I. J. Curcino Vieira, “Mineral Deficiency in Passiflora Alata Curtis: Vitexin Bioproduction,” Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 1844–1854, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1080/01904160802325552.
A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate macronutrients and boron deficiencies on vitexin bioproduction by sweet passion fruit leaves. Sand irrigated with nutrient solution was used as substrate in a complete randomized design, with eight treatments: 1) complete, 2) nitrogen-deficient(-N), 3) phosphorus-deficient(-P), 4) potassium-deficient(-K), 5) calcium-deficient(-Ca), 6) magnesium-deficient(-Mg), 7) sulfur-deficient(-S), and 8) boron-deficient(-B). After thirty days, the fourth fully expanded leaves were harvested. Under deficiency treatments, leaf dry matter concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and B were 52, 53, 62, 76, 69, 31, and 80% lower than in complete treatment, respectively. Nitrogen, P, and K deficiency increased vitexin leaf concentration by 46, 16, and 18%, although Ca and B deficiencies decreased vitexin concentration by 22 and 33%, respectively, when compared to complete treatment. Magnesium and S deficiencies had no significant effect on vitexin concentration. In complete treatment, the concentration of nutrients and vitexin, in leaf dry matter were: 43.4 g kg− 1 of N, 2.47 g kg− 1 of P, 27.4 g kg− 1 of K, 15.6 g kg− 1 of Ca, 3.8 g kg− 1 of Mg, 5.28 g kg− 1 of S, 64 mg kg− 1 of B, and 5.57 mg kg− 1 of vitexin.
L. Menghini, “Quantitative TLC of the Flavonoid Content of Passiflora Incarnata Herba,” Journal of commodity science, technology and quality : rivista di merceologia, tecnologia e qualità. APR./JUN., 2004, pp. 1000–1008, 2004.
doi: 10.1400/97613.
Purchase online the PDF of Quantitative TLC of the Flavonoid Content of Passiflora incarnata Herba, Menghini, Luigi,Menghini, Alessandro,Epifano, Francesco,Tirillini, Bruno,Pagiotti, Rita - CLUEB ; Coop. Tracce - Article
A. Menghini and L. A. Mancini, “TLC Determination of Flavonoid Accumulation in Clonal Populations of Passiflora Incarnata L.,” Pharmacological Research Communications, vol. 20, pp. 113–116, Dec. 1988.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-6989(88)80854-3.
Flavonoid production and accumulation during the ontogenic cycle of Passiflora incarnate L. was studied. The highest concentration of isovitexin accurred between pre-flowering and flowering stages. The greatest accumulation of flavonoids took place in the leaveas. Furthermore some pharmacodiagnostic characteristics of the drug of P. incarnata were specified using a Scanning Electron Microscope.
A. Mensuali-Sodi, M. Lucchesini, S. Maltinti, G. Serra, and F. Tognoni, “Leaf Senescence in Tissue Culture of Passiflora Incarnata L.: The Role of Ethylene,” in Advances in Plant Ethylene Research, Dordrecht, 2007, pp. 151–152.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6014-4_33.
The work was conducted with the aim to improve the quality of in vitro propagated shoots of the medicinal species Passiflora incarnata L.
C. M. Menzel, D. R. Simpson, and C. W. Winks, “Effect of Temperature on Growth, Flowering and Nutrient Uptake of Three Passionfruit Cultivars under Low Irradiance,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 259–268, May 1987.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(87)90051-3.
High day/night temperatures (2015, 2520 and 3025°C compared to 1510°C) increased vegeta growth in Passiflora edulis f. edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa hybrids (cultivars ‘Lacey’, ‘E-23’ and ‘Purple Gold’) grown under low solar radiation levels (9.8 MJ m−2 day−1). For ‘E-23’ and ‘Purple Gold’, increased vegetative growth at 2520 and 3025°C was associated with a reduction in the number of floral buds and open flowers. Flowering in ‘Lacey’ was completely suppressed at all temperatures. The greatest numbers of floral buds and open flowers were obtained in ‘Purple Gold’ at 2015°C. The greatest uptake of nutrients into the shoots occurred at 2520°C for all cultivars. Tissue concentrations of P, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, B and Al were also greatest at the same temperature. In contrast, the concentrations of K rose at higher temperatures, while those of N, S and Mg declined with an increase of temperature. These results show that potential yield will be reduced by either low temperatures which restrict vegetative growth or by high temperatures which prevent flower production. Selection criteria for new passionfruit cultivars should include both cold and heat tolerance.
C. M. Menzel and D. R. Simpson, “Effect of Continuous Shading on Growth, Flowering and Nutrient Uptake of Passionfruit,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 77–88, Apr. 1988.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(88)90039-8.
Low irradiance (mean total shortwave radiation of 2.1 or 6.3 MJ m−2 day−1 compared to 10.5, 14.6 or 20.9 MJ m−2 day−1) increased shoot elongation and reduced leaf area, plant dry weight, and floral bud and open flower number in the Passiflora edulis f. edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa hybrid, E-23. Shading also increased the proportion of stem contributing to plant dry matter and reduced the proportion of root, and altered a range of plant morphological characteristics. The decline in shoot weight at low irradiance was associated with a fall in the total shoot content of most nutrients. The shoot tissue levels of Ca, Mg and Fe rose and those of P fell at lower irradiance. The levels of S and Zn rose as irradiance fell to 14.6 or 10.5 MJ m−2 day−1. The concentration of the other nutrients (N, K, Na, Mn, Cu, B and Al) was not consistently affected by shading. It was concluded that irradiance may be one of the major environmental factors contributing to seasonal fluctuations in passionfruit flowering and fruit set. Potential production was reduced by each reduction in irradiance below full sun. The effect of irradiance on vine development did not appear to involve changes in nutrient uptake.
C. M. Menzel and D. R. Simpson, “Effect of Intermittent Shading on Growth, Flowering and Nutrient Uptake of Passionfruit,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 83–96, Dec. 1989.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(89)90052-6.
Passionfruit plants (Passiflora edulis f. edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa cultivar ‘E-23’) were grown under various periods of full sun and shade, but with some of the plants receiving similar amounts of total shortwave radiation. Low irradiance treatments, i.e. 90% shade; 1 week full sun:3 weeks 90% shade; 50% shade; alternate weeks of full sun and 90% shade; and 3 weeks full sun:1 week 90% shade, generally increased vine extension and reduced plant dry weight and floral bud and open flower number compared with full sun or alternate weeks of full sun and 50% shade. The effects of shading on growth and flowering were generally stronger with shorter periods of heavy shade (90%) than with longer periods of intermediate shade (50%), when the average irradiances during the experiment were similar (16.5 and 15.4 MJ m−2 day−1 and 11.2 and 10.0 MJ m−2 day−1). The concentrations of most nutrients were significantly higher from full-sun plants only with 90% shade or 1 week full sun:3 weeks 90% shade. The levels of most nutrients were in the range considered to be optimum for passionfruit in subtropical Queensland. The only exceptions were leaf N, Mg and Cu, which were low in all treatments. Values for full-sun and shaded plants generally fell into the same category in the standard table. The only exception was leaf B which was low in full-sun vines. It was concluded that intermittent periods of heavy shade have residual effects on growth and flowering during periods of full sun. Short periods of heavy shade for as little as 1 out of 4 weeks can reduce flowering and potential yield significantly. These results suggest that increases in plant density which lead to inter-vine shading will decrease flowering and fruit set.
C. M. Menzel, G. F. Haydon, and D. R. Simpson, “Effect of Nitrogen on Growth and Flowering of Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis f. Edulis X P. Edulis f. Flavicarpa) in Sand Culture,” Journal of Horticultural Science, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 689–702, Jan. 1991.
doi: 10.1080/00221589.1991.11516200.
The relationship between growth of passionfruit hybrid E-23 and N status was investigated in sand culture. High N supply (0.5, 2.5, 5,10, 25 and 50 mM N as NH4NOs) compared with nil N increased the concentration of total N in new growth (1.75-7.03%), index leaves (youngest fully expanded leaf plus next 9 older leaves) (1.56-7.98% N), old leaves (1.37-6.86% N), stems (0.72-4.13% N) and roots (1.38-3.60% N). The index or old leaves were the best indicators of vine N status from deficiency to toxicity. Flower number increased as N concentrations in the index leaves rose from 1.5-8.0%. The critical leaf N concentration ranges using 95% of maximum growth were: 6.0-8.0% N for vine extension, 6.3-7.8% N for the number of nodes, 4.3-6.6% N for the number of leaves, 5.0-7.2% N for leaf area, and 4.4-7.1% N for leaf dry weight and 5.5-8.6% N for stem dry weight. There was no suitable regression relating root dry weight to increasing vine N status. The leaf concentrations of most of the other nutrients were highest between 2.5- 25 mM N supply. The concentrations of all nutrients, except for Zn which was low, were in the range considered adequate for passionfruit vines. The concentration of NOs-N and NH4-N in the old leaves ranged from 0-5663 [ig g_l, and 25-250 (xg g ‘, respectively but were well below toxic levels. The concentration of NH4-N in the roots ranged from 138- 636 ngg”1 and may have been toxic for root growth at the higher values. It is recommended that the youngest fully expanded leaf be sampled for vine N status. Best overall growth and productivity was associated with a concentration of N in the index leaves of 4.5-5.5%.
C. M. Menzel, D. R. Simpson, and G. H. Price, “Effects of Foliar-Applied Nitrogen during Winter on Growth, Nitrogen Content and Production of Passionfruit,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 339–346, May 1986.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(86)90108-1.
The effects of foliar-applied nitrogen (11.5 g N l−1) during winter on growth, nitrogen content and production of passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa cultivar E-23 grafted onto P. edulis f. flavicarpa) was investigated in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Vegetative growth and flowering were severely restricted during winter in the untreated vines, despite the maintenance of leaf nitrogen levels within the range presently believed to be optimum for Queensland conditions after nitrogen was applied to the soil in autumn. Foliar urea applications during winter (monthly or twice monthly) increased leaf nitrogen levels but reduced growth and subsequent fruitlet number. Reductions in vegetative growth during winter in passionfruit appear to be due to a direct effect of cool soil and/or air temperatures, unrelated to nitrogen uptake, translocation and leaf nitrogen level.
C. M. Menzel, D. W. Turner, V. J. Doogan, and D. R. Simpson, “Root Shoot Interactions in Passionfruit (Passiflora Sp.) under the Influence of Changing Root Volumes and Soil Temperatures,” Journal of Horticultural Science, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 553–564, Jan. 1994.
doi: 10.1080/14620316.1994.11516487.
Passionfruit are grown in the tropics and subtropics where mean monthly soil temperatures at 15 cm range from about 10° to 30°C. The choice of rootstock can also influence production with most industries exploiting either the purple (Passiflora edulis f. edulis) or golden passionfruit (P. edulis tflavicarpa). We examined the relationship between shoot and root growth in purple x golden hybrid E-23 grafted onto golden passionfruit seedlings. Growth was manipulated by varying the volume of the soil available to the roots or temperature of the root zone. Shoot and root growth increased as root zone volume increased from 0.3, 1.4, 4, 12 to 24 1. Shoot weight (Ws) was correlated with root weight (WR):WS = 12.697 + 5.272 WR + 0.195 WR2 (r2 = 91%, P<0.001), with the plants allocating a smaller proportion of dry matter to the roots as root weight increased. Differences in shoot growth with pot volume were not due to changes in water or nutrient status. In the temperature experiment, the two critical root zone temperatures at 90% of maximum growth were about 20° and 35° C for vine extension, leaf area, node and leaf production, and 20° and 30°C for flower production. Leaf and stem dry weight were optimal between about 18° and 34°C, while maximum root growth occurred at 38°C. There was a weak relationship between shoot (Ws) and root dry weight (WR): Ws = −19.346 + 24.500 WR −1.046 WR2 (r2 = 53%, .P<0.001). Apparently, variations in shoot growth at different soil temperatures cannot be explained solely by differences in root growth. Reduced growth at 10°C was associated with lower chlorophyll concentration, stomatal conductance and net CO2 assimilation, but not lower leaf water potential. The concentration of most nutrients were lower at 10°C than at higher temperatures, but none was outside the range which would be expected to restrict growth. There appears to be a co-ordination of shoot and root growth as the soil volume available for root growth increases, whereas root temperature affects the roots and tops differently. The results of the pot volume experiment demonstrate the importance of rootstock vigour in passionfruit breeding. Productivity would be affected in cool subtropical areas with soil <20°C and in tropical areas with soil >30°C.
C. M. Menzel, D. R. Simpson, and A. J. Dowling, “Water Relations in Passionfruit: Effect of Moisture Stress on Growth, Flowering and Nutrient Uptake,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 239–249, Jul. 1986.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(86)90067-1.
The response of passionfruit hybrids (Passiflora edulis f. edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa cultivar E-23 on P. edulis f. flavicarpa seedling rootstocks) to soil moisture was evaluated in a heated glasshouse by irrigating when soil water pressure potential fell to −0.0025, −0.01, −0.14 and −1.5 MPa. Leaf, stem and root dry weight, leaf area, vine extension and node, flower bud and open flower number were reduced by soil moisture stress. Changes were also noted in a range of morphological characteristics. Reductions in growth and flowering were associated with reduced nutrient uptake and leaf water potential, but not leaf conductance. It was concluded that moisture stress may be one of the major environmental factors responsible for seasonal fluctuations in passionfruit yields.
F. de O. Mesquita II, A. C. M. Meireles, J. L. N. Cardoso, C. W. Oliveira, and P. L. B. Roguides, “Use of Salines Waters and Biofertilizers in Quality of the Seedlings From Passiflora Edulis Evaluated by the Dry Phytomass,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 121, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.5539/jas.v11n5p121.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the biofertilizers (common and enriched) in substrate irrigated with saline waters on the quality of the seedlings evaluated by the phytomass from yellow Passiflora edullis. In this sense, an experiment was carried in a greenhouse at the Center of Agricultural Sciences and Biodiversity CCAB/UFCA, Crato-CE, from October/2017 to March/2018. The substrate used was a material of the first 20 cm to depth of a Red Yellow Latosol. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of type 5 × 3, with three replications, referring to the electrical conductivity values of the irrigation water: 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 dS m-1, in the soil without the bovine biofertilizer; in treatments with common biofertilizer and, evaluated in the soil with enriched biofertilizer, conditioned in black polyethylene bags with it a maximum capacity of 5.0 kg, totaling 60 treatments. The fermented bovine biofertilizer after dilution in non-saline and non-chlorinated water (0.5 dS m-1), in the proportion of 1:3, was applied only once to 10% of the substrate volume, two days before sowing. The salinity increase of the irrigation water affected negatively the phytomass production, but with less intensity in the treatments with enriched biofertilizer. The enriched and common biofertilizer provided higher growth and consequently higher phytomass production of passion fruit seedlings in relation to the soil without the respective input, independently of the level of salinity of irrigation water.
A. C. Mezzonato-Pires, C. B. F. Mendonça, M. A. Milward-De-Azevedo, and V. Gonçalves-Esteves, “The Taxonomic Significance of Seed Morphology in the Passiflora Subgenus Astrophea (Passifloraceae),” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 31, pp. 68–83, Mar. 2017.
doi: 10.1590/0102-33062016abb0414.
ABSTRACT The center of diversity for Passiflora subg. Astrophea is in low altitude areas of northern South America. The majority of species of this group are difficult to find in nature. Seed morphology was described in detail for 25 species of Passiflora subgenus Astrophea, a subgenus that until now did not exist. For morphological analysis, 20 seeds per species were measured for length, width and thickness, and the arithmetic means calculated. The seeds varied in length, width and thickness. Eight types of ornamentation were found. The margins varied among crestate, dentate, parted, entire and parted-crestate. The seed apex can be distinguished by the shape and position of the apical appendage. Seed shape varied among obovate, lanceolate, cordiform, and oblong to elliptical. An identification key was developed and a PCA was performed both using the principal morphological characters. Morphological characters of seeds are a new source of data for delimiting taxa with quite conflicting morphological boundaries, such as seen here with the Passiflora subgenus Astrophea. Furthermore, seed morphology is especially useful for the identification of specimens with only fruits and, consequently, seeds available.
J. M. Michoma, “Soil Water, Growth and Yield of Yellow Passion Fruit Response to Mulch and Hydrogel in Embu and Kiambu Counties, Kenya,” Master's thesis, Kenyatta University, Kenya, 2019.https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/20490.
Decline in yields and frequent failure of major crops in Embu and Kiambu counties, Kenya, is linked to inadequate or unevenly distributed rainfall and poor agronomic practices, among other factors. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using mulch and hydrogel in production of yellow passion fruit in Embu and Kiambu Counties, Kenya. The study was set up specifically to (i) determine the effect of mulch and hydrogel on soil moisture and nutrients in a yellow passion fruit orchard, (ii) to assess the effect of mulch and hydrogel on growth, yield and quality of yellow passion fruit, and (iii) to evaluate the economic benefits of mulch and hydrogel in production of yellow passion fruit. The study sites were; Ugweri (Embu County), and Kenyatta University. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was adopted. There were six treatments; (1) hydrogel 10 grams + plastic mulch (H10 g + PM), (2) hydrogel 10 grams + grass mulch (H10 g + GM), (3) plastic mulch (PM), (4) grass mulch (GM), (5) hydrogel 20 grams (H20 g), and (6) control. Key variables measured were growth (vine length), yields (fruit weight), soil moisture, soil chemical properties (total N, total C, extractable P, and exchangeable cations (Ca, K and Mg), and economic data. Data was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS version 9.3. Results showed that at Ugweri, H10 g + PM treatment had soil moisture content of 192.14 mm at 215 days after transplanting (DAT), 165.13 mm at 229 DAT, 150.91 mm at 243 DAT, 154.73 mm at 257 DAT, 145.69 mm at 271 DAT and 142.67 mm at 285 DAT, which ranked significantly higher compared to other treatments. The highest average soil moisture of 135.24 mm, 134.29 mm, 122.46 mm, 131.70 mm, 115.20 mm and 111.52 mm at Kenyatta University site during 216, 230, 244, 258, 272 and 286 DAT respectively, was recorded in H10 g + PM. At all sites, treatments did not significantly affect soil nutrients; N, P, K, C, Ca and Mg. At 10 weeks after transplanting (WAT), H10 g + PM treatment had the highest average vine length (248.22 cm) at Ugweri, and (89.21cm) at Kenyatta University. At Ugweri, the H10 g + PM had the highest average yields; 1.20 t/ha, 1.60 t/ha, 2.30 t/ha, 2.02 t/ha and 1.69 t/ha during 44, 46, 48, 50 and 52 WAT respectively. At Kenyatta University, the highest average fruit weight of 1.10 t/ha at 44 WAT; 1.37 t/ha at 46 WAT; 2.03 t/ha at 48 WAT; 1.59 t/ha at 50 WAT and 1.29 t/ha at 52 WAT were recorded in H10g + PM treatment. At Ugweri, H10 g + PM and H10g + GM treatments provided higher net benefit (NB) of 2599.00 USD/ha and 2455.10 USD/ha; benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.54 and 1.59; and return to labor (RL) of 5.00 and 5.21, respectively. At Kenyatta University, the treatment with H10g + PM provided a net benefit of 3390.40 USD/ha, significantly higher compared to other treatments. The treatments; H10g + PM and H10g + GM provided BCR of 2.02 and 1.78; and RL of 6.36 and 5.70 respectively, significantly higher compared to other treatments. Results showed that H10 g + PM and H10 g + GM performed better compared to other treatments in yields and net benefits. The use of hydrogel plus mulching for soil water conservation is therefore recommended for farmers in Embu and Kiambu counties.
A. I. Mikovski et al., “From Endosperm to Triploid Plants: A Stepwise Characterization of the de Novo Shoot Organogenesis and Morpho-Agronomic Aspects of an Ornamental Passion Fruit (Passiflora Foetida L.),” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 239–253, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-021-02120-4.
The cellular and biochemical features associated with expression of pluripotency in endosperm cells during de novo shoot organogenesis, as well as the cytogenetic and morpho-agronomic features of regenerated Passiflora foetida triploid plants has been recently reported. Endosperms were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg L−1 of 6-benzyladenine, thidiazuron, or kinetin. No plant growth regulators were added to the control treatments. Morphogenetic responses were observed only in the presence of cytokinins, especially thidiazuron. The highest percentage of morphogenetic responses (27%) and number of adventitious shoots per explant (68.2) were observed with 1.5 and 2.0 mg L−1 thidiazuron, respectively. The regeneration of adventitious shoots occurred mostly from the outer face of the endosperm by cells that acquired meristematic-like features. Lipids and proteins were consumed rapidly, whereas carbohydrates increased considerably throughout the organogenic process. Cytogenetic analyses confirmed the triploid genotype of endosperm-derived plants, whose vegetative and floral structures were nearly all larger than their diploid counterparts. This study provides a complete morphological characterization of P. foetida endosperm-derived triploid plants and opens new possibilities for genetic breeding of passion fruit.
A. I. Mikovski et al., “Tissue Culture and Biotechnological Techniques Applied to Passion Fruit with Ornamental Potential: An Overview,” Ornamental Horticulture, vol. 25, pp. 189–199, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.14295/oh.v25i2.2036.
Abstract The ornamental flower sector has growing over the past years worldwide with potential for further expansion. Among the ornamental plants, Passiflora species have been gaining ground in the market, mainly in European and North American countries. However, the market aiming the use of these species in ornamentation is still poorly explored. The inclusion of passion flower in the list of ornamental plants is related to the peculiar characteristics of the flower as it is complex structure, capacity of flowering all year long and also by the abundance and exuberance of the leaves, which in many species adds an ornamental value. Among the biotechnological tools for the production of ornamental plants, tissue culture has been outstanding in the cloning of elite genotypes, with high phytosanitary quality and large scale production. In addition, it offers possibilities of producing new varieties with characteristics peculiar to the market of ornamental plants. The diversity of wild Passiflora opens perspectives to the conservation, market and production of ornamental Passiflora cultivars.
M. Minteguiaga, F. Wallace, P. Basile, F. Ferreira, C. Olivaro, and E. Dellacassa, “Passiflora Caerulea L.,” in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of South America Vol. 2: Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, Á. Máthé and A. Bandoni, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 411–427.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-62818-5_32.
Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) (“mburucuyá”, “maracujá-laranja”), a widely distributed species in South America, has been traditionally considered as a medicinal, ornamental, and edible plant. Its fruits, besides being well appreciated for their flavor and sweetness, have valuable nutritional properties. The ethnopharmacological use as anxiolytic, antistress and sedative of the non-reproductive aerial parts (leaves and tendrils) from P. caerulea is the main reason for its commercialization as an infusion herb. In general, its preparations are rich in flavonoids (chrysin and C-glycosides such as vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin, and vicenin-2, among others), which were confirmed as responsible for the anxiolytic effect. The Argentine Pharmacopeia includes a monograph on P. caerulea, while other Pharmacopeias (Brazilian, European, and British) consider it as a potential adulterant of P. incarnata and P. edulis. Harmala alkaloids from P. caerulea might also contribute to the anxiolytic effect, but no preclinical assays have been conducted to confirm it. Pharmacological research confirmed other bioactivities associated with the aerial parts of P. caerulea, such as antimicrobial, gastroprotective, analgesic, and anticonvulsant. Even though, no systematic toxicological assessments have been conducted in order to evaluate the safety in the consumption, especially regarding the presence of cyanogenic glycosides both in the vegetal drug and the unripe fruits.
L. A. Montaña, G. Fischer, S. Magnitskiy, and G. Zuluaga, “Effect of NaCl Salinity on Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Purple Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims),” Agronomía Colombiana, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 188–195, Aug. 2014.
doi: 10.15446/agron.colomb.v32n2.38287.
A. C. B. de A. Monteiro, G. T. Nakazawa, B. M. J. Mendes, and A. P. M. Rodriguez, “Regeneração in vitro de Passiflora suberosa a partir de discos foliares,” Scientia Agricola, vol. 57, pp. 571–573, Sep. 2000.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162000000300033.
A regeneração in vitro de plantas de Passiflora suberosa foi obtida a partir de discos foliares. Folhas foram retiradas de plantas germinadas em casa de vegetação, imersas em solução comercial de hipoclorito de sódio (3:1), durante 20 minutos. Discos foliares de 0,5 cm de diâmetro, com a face adaxial em contato com o meio de cultura, foram introduzidos em placa de petri. Organogênese foi obtida utilizando-se meio MS acrescido de 0,5 ou 1,0 mg L-1 de BAP (6-benzilaminopurina). Após 4 a 8 semanas, observou-se formação de calos nas bordas dos discos foliares. Os calos formados foram transferidos para meio MSM, acrescido de 1,0 mg L-1 de GA3 (ácido giberélico), sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas. Desenvolvimento de gemas adventícias foi obtido a partir dos calos, sendo estas alongadas e enraizadas no mesmo meio de cultura, após periódicas repicagens, e aclimatadas em casa de vegetação.
J. P. Morales-Payan and W. Stall, “Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) Transplant Production Is Affected by Selected Biostimulants.,” Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, vol. 117, pp. 224–227, 2004.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20193120882.
Research was conducted to determine the effects of foliar applications of the growth stimulators gibberellic acid 3 (GA; 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg L-1), acetylthioproline (AP; 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L-1), benzyladenine (BA; 10, 20, 30, 40 mg L-1), and a glycine-rich complex of amino acids and short-chain peptides (APC; 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L-1) on the growth of purple passion fruit (Passiflora...
M. A. D. O. Morgado, C. H. Bruckner, L. D. S. Rosado, W. Assunção, and C. E. M. dos Santos, “Estimação da área foliar por método não destrutivo, utilizando medidas lineares das folhas de espécies de Passiflora,” Revista Ceres, vol. 60, pp. 662–667, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1590/S0034-737X2013000500009.
Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, desenvolver uma equação confiável, que possibilite calcular a área foliar de forma rápida e não destrutiva, utilizando medidas lineares da folha, para as diferentes espécies de Passiflora (P. alata, P. coccinea, P. gibertii, P. ligularis, P. misera, P. mucronata, P. nitida, P. setacea). Foram coletadas trezentas folhas, de diferentes tamanhos, de cada espécie. Realizaram-se análises de regressão da área foliar versus comprimento da nervura principal, maior largura da folha e o produto destas. A área foliar foi medida com um dispositivo de medição automática e as medidas lineares foram determinadas utilizando-se régua. O modelo linear escolhido, para todas as espécies, foi o que utiliza o produto das variáveis independentes, por apresentar maior coeficiente de determinação (R²) e maior significância do coeficiente de regressão. Os modelos apresentaram coeficiente de determinação ajustado superior a 0,927 e índice de desempenho ótimo, segundo a classificação de Camargo e Sentelhas. No processo de validação do modelo, mostrou-se que a correlação da área foliar medida com a área foliar observada foi muito alta. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que a área foliar das espécies de Passifloras podem ser preditas, usando-se as determinações do comprimento e da largura das folhas.
G. R. Morwani, “Screening Passiflora Species for Drought Tolerance, Compatibility with Purple Passion Fruit, Fusarium Wild Resistance and the Relationship Between Irrigation, Drenching and Media Composition in the Control of Fusarium Wilt,” Doctor of Philosophy, Ohio State University, 2008.http://www.secheresse.info/spip.php?article8198.
Drought and Fusarium wilt are the main constraints in growing purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) in Kenya. There is need for drought and Fusarium wilt-resistant rootstock. In an effort to develop a drought and Fusarium wilt resistant Passiflora rootstock, a series of experiments were conducted at The Ohio State University and Egerton University in Kenya, to study vegetative propagation, graft compatibility, drought tolerance, Fusarium wilt resistance in Passiflora species and to identify an integrated control method for Fusarium wilt. In the vegetative propagation, graft compatibility and drought tolerance studies, 20 Passiflora species were screened. Species of the subgenus Passiflora rooted in higher percentages than species of the Decaloba subgenus (81 vs 64%). Cuttings from vines and liana type species rooted in higher percentages than cuttings from annual species when treated with 0.1% indole-3-butyric acid powder (82, 73 vs 44%). Cuttings of Passiflora gerbertii L., Passiflora caerulea L. and Passiflora subpeltata Ortega. could be rooted in high percentages and were compatible rootstocks with the purple passion fruit. Passiflora incarnata, P. caerulea and P. subpeltata had higher drought-tolerance than the other species. In the Fusarium wilt resistance studies, nine Passiflora species were screened using Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae isolates from four locations in Kenya. Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa and P. suberosa were resistant to Fusarium wilt implying that the P. edulis f. flavicarpa plants currently being used by farmers may not be true-to-type and hence susceptible. Passiflora incarnata and P. mollisima were moderately resistant to Fusarium wilt. Passiflora suberosa, P. incarnata and P. caerulea can be improved for use as rootstock alternatives for purple passion fruit. For Fusarium resistant P. suberosa, breeding should focus on improving graft compatibility and drought tolerance. For drought-tolerant P. incarnata, improvement should focus on improving compatibility and Fusarium wilt resistance. Since P. caerulea is compatible with P. edulis and is drought-tolerant, improvement should focus on Fusarium wilt resistance. In the study the effect of irrigation and substrate type in the occurrence and suppression of Fusarium wilt in a passion fruit orchard, two substrates, native soil in Kenya and a formulated substrate comprising of 20% soil, 60% pumice and 20% decomposed bovine manure were evaluated. Substrate treatment was by pasteurization, or three chemicals; Root-guard and Rodozin (both under trials) with Terraclor Super® as a commercial control. Irrigation methods comprised of a novel integrated container-irrigation system (ICIS-pot) and black plastic mulch with integrated irrigation system (ICIS-mulch), micro irrigation (dripper), basin irrigation and no irrigation as control. Three month old seedlings were inoculated with 2.0 x 10 6 cfu. of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae macroconidia obtained from infected passion fruit plants. ICIS-pot and ICIS-mulched plots in the field and greenhouse as well as plots treated with Root-guard and Rodozin had low pathogenic Fusarium colony populations. Also ICIS-mulched plots had the highest colony populations of non-pathogenic Fusarium per gram of substrate. In the greenhouse and field, the ICIS-pot and ICIS-mulch irrigation methods significantly reduced Fusarium wilt occurrence 75 days after substrate treatment. ICIS-pot irrigated passion fruits had longer vines in the field. Thus, the use of ICIS-pot and ICIS-mulch together with either Rodozin or Root-guard treatment give short term suppression of Fusarium wilt and increase passion fruit vegetative growth.
R. dos S. Moura, M. A. C. Filho, H. R. Gheyi, O. N. de Jesus, L. K. S. Lima, and T. G. Junghans, “Overcoming Dormancy in Stored and Recently Harvested Passiflora Cincinnata Mast. Seeds,” Bioscience Journal, pp. 1158–1166, 2018.
doi: 10.14393/BJ-v34n5a2018-39451.
The treatment of seeds using growth regulators can overcome seed dormancy and increase the emergence and development of seedlings. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of GA4+7 + N-(phenyl methyl)-aminopurine on the dormancy breaking of Passiflora cincinnata Mast. seeds recently harvested and stored for six years. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, in completely randomized design, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with the following factors: year of seed harvest (2010 and 2016) and the emergence promoter GA4+7 + N-(phenyl methyl)-aminopurine at four concentrations (0%; 0.03%; 0.45% and 0.90%), with 4 replicates of 25 seeds. Emergence percentage, first count, emergence speed index, number of leaves, root length, stem diameter, dry matter of shoots, roots and total, and root/shoot ratio were evaluated. The results showed that GA4+7 + N-(phenyl methyl)-aminopurine is recommended to overcome dormancy of Passiflora cincinnata in recently harvested seeds (2016) and increase the emergence of seedlings from seeds stored for six years in cold chamber (2010). The emergence promoter concentration of 0.03% can be used to overcome dormancy in recently harvested seeds and maintains the vigor of seeds stored for six years. Passiflora cincinnata seeds remain physiologically viable for six years and their emergence is potentiated by the use of GA4+7 + N-(phenyl methyl)-aminopurine.
R. dos S. Moura, T. L. Soares, L. K. S. Lima, H. R. Gheyi, O. N. Jesus, and M. A. Coelho Filho, “Salinity-Induced Changes in Biometric, Physiological and Anatomical Parameters of Passiflora Edulis Sims Plants Propagated by Different Methods,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 1692–1706, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1080/03650340.2019.1688789.
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses limiting agricultural production worldwide. Here, we investigated the biometric, physiological and anatomical changes of Passiflora edulis plants propagated from seeds, cuttings and grafts and exposed to salt stress (0.3 – control and 6.3 dS m−1). Saline stress significantly reduced plant height, the number of leaves, total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, shoot dry weight, total dry weight, total water consumption and root volume. Among the propagation methods evaluated, plants propagated from seeds were more sensitive to salinity, while plants propagated from cuttings showed smaller alterations when subjected to salinity. Similar behavior was observed for anatomical characteristics, since plants propagated from seeds presented more pronounced anatomical alterations, such as greater thicknesses of the leaf mesophyll, upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma and also was observed presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the form of druses in greater quantity in the root cortex, in comparison to plants propagated from cuttings. The approach used in this study allowed identifying the type of yellow passion fruit propagation (cuttings) that was best for physiological and anatomical adaptation to salt stress and will be potentially useful in programs for improvement of the crop.
B. C. Muniz, E. L. Falcão, R. de P. Monteiro, E. L. dos Santos, C. J. A. Bastos Filho, and F. S. B. da Silva, “Acaulospora Longula Spain & N.C. Schenck: A Low-Cost Bioinsumption to Optimize Phenolics and Saponins Production in Passiflora Alata Curtis,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 167, p. 113498, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113498.
The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation is an alternative to regulate the synthesis of plant biomolecules, such as the flavonoids and saponins, which confer therapeutic properties in Passiflora. With such benefits, Passiflora alata can have its phytomass improved, increasing the interest of sedative herbal medicine industries. Thus, this study aimed to select the most efficient AMF on increasing the phenolic compounds and saponins production in P. alata. In foliar ethanolic extracts, the production of saponins and total phenols were increased by 137.93 % and 110.75 %, respectively, in seedlings associated with A. longula in comparison to non-inoculated plants. In this same treatment, we verified an increment of 219.96 % in the total soluble carbohydrates, in addition to an increase in the leaf area (589.20 %) and stem diameter (13.92 %), in comparison to non-mycorrhizal plants. The foliar phenols production and the plant growth were also benefited in plants inoculated with G. albida, nonetheless, at lower increments. On the other hand, the production of proteins, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and the antioxidant activity was not favored by AMF inoculation. Therefore, A. longula is the most efficient AMF to obtain greater metabolites concentration of medicinal interest in sweet passion fruit phytomass.
V. C. Muschner, P. M. Zamberlan, S. L. Bonatto, and L. B. Freitas, “Phylogeny, Biogeography and Divergence Times in Passiflora (Passifloraceae),” Genetics and Molecular Biology, vol. 35, pp. 1036–1043, 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S1415-47572012000600019.
As part of a long-term investigation on the evolution of Passiflora L., we investigated the divergence ages of the genus and diversification of its subgenera, relating them with biogeographical and/or historical events, and other characteristics of this taxon. The main aim of the present work was to evaluate the biogeographic distribution of this genus to better understand its evolutionary history. This is the first time that representatives from South American and Old World Passifloraceae genera have been studied as a group comprising a total of 106 widely distributed species, with representative samples of the four suggested subgenera. Seven DNA regions were studied, comprising 7,431 nucleotides from plastidial, mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Divergence time estimates were obtained by using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and a random local clock model for each partition. Three major subgenera have been shown to be monophyletic and here we are proposing to include another subgenus in the Passiflora infrageneric classification. In general, divergence among the four subgenera in Passiflora is very ancient, ranging from ~32 to ~38 Mya, and Passifloraceae seems to follow a biogeographic scenario proposed for several plant groups, originating in Africa, crossing to Europe/Asia and arriving in the New World by way of land bridges. Our results indicated that Passiflora ancestors arrived in Central America and diversified quickly from there, with many long distance dispersion events.
N. Nave, E. Katz, N. Chayut, S. Gazit, and A. Samach, “Flower Development in the Passion Fruit Passiflora Edulis Requires a Photoperiod-Induced Systemic Graft-Transmissible Signal,” Plant, Cell & Environment, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 2065–2083, 2010.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02206.x.
Different organisms use gradual seasonal changes in photoperiod to correctly time diverse developmental processes, such as transition to flowering in plants. Florigen is a systemic signal formed in leaves exposed to specific environmental cues, mainly photoperiodic, and capable of triggering flower induction in several species. Here we show that in Passiflora edulis, a perennial climbing vine, flower initiation occurs throughout the year; however, without long photoperiods, flower primordia show arrested growth and differentiation at an early stage. Our results support the existence of a positive, systemic, graft-transmissible signal, produced in mature leaves under LDs, that is required for normal flower development beyond sepal formation. Our results also suggest that Gibberellin acts to inhibit flower development. We provide evidence for genetic variation in the response to short photoperiods. A genotype capable of forming developed flowers under short photoperiods produces a positive graft transmissible signal allowing normal flower development under short days in a cultivar which normally aborts flower development under these conditions. We believe these findings contribute towards discovering the chemical nature of this interesting mobile signal involved in flower development.
A pot experiment was conducted to understudy the effect of nursery media on early seedling emergence and growth two genotypes of Passion fruits (Passiflora edulis). The experiment was conducted in a high tunnel located in the Research and Teaching Farm of the Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out as a 2 × 7 split plot experiment in Completely Randomized Design and replicated twice. All the data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) following the procedure for split plot experiment design in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using GENSTAT (2007) statistical software package. Mean separation was done using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. The textural class of the media used in study was loamy-Sandy. The study shows that the percentage emergence of both genotypes - KPF-4 and Purple were higher in the media - Sawdust (100%) with the mean percentage emergence of 65% and 75% respectively although statistically there were no significant difference in the percentage emergence (P>0.05) amongst the interaction of the genotypes and media. The media - Tp+Pm+Rv (3:2:1) had the highest plant height at 1 and 2 months after emergence while the media- Tp+Pm+Sd (3:2:1) had the highest mean plant height at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months after emergence with KPF-4 genotype. The media – Tp+Pm+Rh (3:2:1) had the highest mean plant height for the period under study with Purple genotype although there was no significant difference (P>0.05) on the mean plant height at 1, 2, 3, 4 months after emergence there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the interaction effects at 5 and 6 months after emergence. The result further reveal that the media Tp+Pm+Rh (3:2:1) had the highest vine girth with Purple genotype for the period under study. Although there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the Purple genotype-Media interaction effect on the mean vine girth of the plant at 1, 3, 4, & 6 months after emergence, there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the Purple genotype-Media interaction effect on the mean vine girth of the plant at 2 & 5 months after emergence. Again, the Purple-Tp+Pm+Rh (3:2:1) interactions had the highest mean number of leaves within the period under study. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean number of leaves amongst the genotype-media interactions within the period under study. Based on dry matter content of the whole plant, KPF-4 with the media- Rh+Pm+Sd (1:1:1) had a mean dry matter content of 99.00 while Purple with the media - Tp+Pm+Rv (3:2:1) had a mean dry matter content of 260.0 but there was no significant difference statistically in the dry matter contents of the leaf, vine, root and whole plant of Passion fruit with both genotypes-media interactions. General growth responses suggested that media Tp+Pm+Rh (3:2:1) for KPF-4 & Purple genotypes was the best after 6months of emergence. Seedling grown in these media also suggested better water economy as water stress symptom expressions were delayed. Considering the emergence and growth response, the media- Sawdust (100%) and Tp+Pm+Rh (3:2:1) respectively are recommended for growing Passion fruit in Awka.
T.-B. Ng et al., “Chapter 102 - Antifungal Protein from Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) Seeds,” in Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, V. R. Preedy, R. R. Watson, and V. B. Patel, Eds. San Diego: Academic Press, 2011, pp. 865–871.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10102-1.
This chapter outlines the usage of passion fruit seeds and its contribution to health and nutrition. Passion fruit has an abundance of vitamins A and C, folic acid, niacin, calcium, iron, potassium, and other nutrients. Two steroidal saponins with three and four glucose moieties, respectively, have been found to exert fungicidal effects on Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. An antifungal protein has been isolated from seeds of the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). Passiflin specifically inhibits the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, with an IC50 of 16 mM, but no effect is seen on two other fungi, Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella arachidicola. It suppresses proliferation of breast cancer cells with an IC50 of 15 μM, but there is no effect on hepatoma HepG2 cells. It is devoid of ribonuclease, hemagglutinating, and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities that may be present in some antifungal proteins. In addition to the aforementioned antifungal proteins and peptides, passion fruit has other therapeutic effects. Dietary fiber from passion-fruit rind may be promising for treatment of ailments such as diabetes, colon cancer, and other diverticular diseases. 2S albumin-like antifungal proteins and peptides distinct from passiflin in species specificity of antifungal activity have also been isolated from passion fruit.
Y.-W. Ni, K.-H. Lin, K.-H. Chen, C.-W. Wu, and Y.-S. Chang, “Flavonoid Compounds and Photosynthesis in Passiflora Plant Leaves under Varying Light Intensities,” Plants, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 633, May 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9050633.
Functional constituents in the leaves of Passiflora plants contain antidepressant and antianxiety effects which are beneficial to human health and fitness. The objective of this study was to investigate leaf growth, physiological parameters, and secondary metabolite contents of Tainung No. 1 variety (P. edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa.) and P. suberosa in response to three light intensity conditions, including 100% light intensity (LI-100), 50% light intensity (LI-50), and 15% light intensity (LI-15) for 2 months. The leaf number, length, width, area, dry weight (DW), minimal fluorescence (Fo), maximal fluorescence (Fm), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values of all tested plants increased with a decreasing light intensity, except for the leaf number and DW of P. suberosa plants. Low values of the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of Tainung No. 1 leaves in the LI-15 treatment showed the acclimation capacity of these plants. These observations together with high values of leaf growth traits of Fo, Fm, SPAD, and the intercellular-to-atmospheric CO2 concentration ratio indicate their physiological plasticity, which is of fundamental importance when cultivating plants in environments with different light availabilities. Wide variations occurred in total phenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), orientin (OR), and isovitexin (IV) contents of the two Passiflora varieties, and P. suberosa contained higher TP and TF contents than did Tainung No. 1 in each light treatment but IV content of P. suberosa was lower than that of Tainung No. 1 in the LI-15 treatment. Moreover, increases in TF, OR, and IV contents of Tainung No. 1 and P. suberosa were clear in the LI-50 and LI-100 treatments, respectively, compared to LI-15 treatment. Leaf growth, physiological parameters, and secondary metabolite accumulations in Passiflora species can be optimized for commercial production via lighting control technologies, and this approach may also be applicable to leafy vegetables to produce a stable industrial supply of high leaf yields and metabolite contents.
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P. Nuñez-P., J. Apolinar, and M. Añez-Q., “Effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on the growth of passion fruit seedlings (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener).,” Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture, vol. 49, pp. 191–194, 2005.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20093212838.
To evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on growth of passion fruit seedlings an experiment was made with the following treatments: T1 0.125 g urea, T2 0.250 g urea, T3 0.75 ml nitrofoska and T4 control. The variables analyzed were: height, area, volume, stem diameter and leaves number of passion fruit seedlings. Effect of foliar application of urea and nitrofoska was appreciated twenty...
J. Ocampo Pérez and G. Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, “Morphological Characterization in the Genus Passiflora L.: An Approach to Understanding Its Complex Variability,” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 303, no. 4, pp. 531–558, Apr. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s00606-017-1390-2.
Morphological variation was studied in 124 accessions from 61 Passiflora L. species. Twenty-four quantitative descriptors selected for their high variation among subgenera were submitted to a principal component analysis. The first principal component (32% of total variance) was associated with flower length and secondarily with floral cup constriction, the second (27%) with flower width and bract shape, and the third (14%) with peduncle branching, stem width, and leaf length, which relates it to the differentiation of subgenera Astrophea and Deidamioides. The projection of accessions in the resulting tridimensional space consistently separates the four subgenera, as well as supersection Tacsonia of subgenus Passiflora. A neighbor joining analysis, on a selection of 32 qualitative traits and four categorized quantitative variables, clustered species according to their chromosome number and, within subgenus Passiflora, separated supersections Tacsonia (pollinated by the sword-billed hummingbird) and Distephana (pollinated by shorter-billed hummingbirds) from all other, bee-pollinated, species. Thus, the morphological study allows separating the effects of genome evolution from those of more recent and independent coevolutions concerning the pollination syndromes of supersections Tacsonia and Distephana. Within subgenus Decaloba, diverging subclusters are consistent with supersections and particular sections, with the partial exception of supersection Decaloba. Within supersection Tacsonia, subclusters correspond to one or two sections, pointing to overclassification in the current taxonomy. Among the bee-pollinated species of subgenus Passiflora, only supersection Laurifolia is clearly validated. Most of these results are consistent with molecular phylogenetic studies, except for interspecific relations among bee-pollinated species of subgenus Passiflora, which appear particularly difficult to classify.
T. Ogata and S. Yamanaka, “In Vivo Micrografting to Eliminate Passiflora Latent Virus from Infected Passion Fruit Plants,” The Horticulture Journal, vol. advpub, 2021.
doi: 10.2503/hortj.UTD-259.
An in vivo micrografting method was developed to obtain Passiflora latent virus (PLV)-free passion fruit from infected plants. The scion length required to eliminate PLV was ≤ 2 mm. The method required no aseptic handling and the procedure was relatively simple, and resulted in more than 10 micrografts in one hour. Moreover, no special equipment or procedures were necessary, allowing it to be conducted at an individual farm level. Rapid growth of the scion after grafting was also observed due to the use of fully established seedlings as rootstock. Leaf samples for analysis of PLV infection could therefore be obtained about two months after grafting with fruit harvest possible about four months later. In vivo micrografting was conducted with a scion length of 0.5–1 mm from September to November to determine the optimal air temperature conditions. The graft success rate increased from 18% to 58% with a decrease in the average air temperature from September (28.6°C) to November (23.3°C), although there was no significant difference in PLV-free rates between months (73% to 80%). Accordingly, in vivo micrografting of passion fruit is not recommended under high air temperature conditions. The effect of scion shoot storage conditions was also examined, revealing that in vivo micrografting using shoots stored for one day could be performed without difficulty, whereas the rate of graft success and PLV-free rate were close to those obtained using shoots selected less than 30 min before. These findings suggest that with this method, virus-free plants can be obtained using PLV-infected shoots selected in the field one day earlier. In conclusion, our in vivo micrografting technique is useful to eliminate PLV from infected plants; it is simple and leads to rapid growth of the scion after grafting.
M. S. Oliveira, M. A. S. Campos, and F. S. B. Silva, “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Vermicompost to Maximize the Production of Foliar Biomolecules in Passiflora Alata Curtis Seedlings,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 522–528, Feb. 2015.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6767.
Abstract BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil organisms that associate with plant roots and promote plant growth, increasing the concentration of secondary metabolites, which are molecules of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Passiflora alata is a Brazilian medicinal plant that is used as a raw material for anxiolytic phytotherapeutic agents. The anxiolytic properties are related to the presence of biomolecules in the plant material, principally flavonoids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with AMF and organic fertilization on the production of soluble carbohydrates and total foliar proteins, phenols and flavonoids in P. alata seedlings. RESULTS There was an effect of the tested treatments on the analyzed variables. Seedlings inoculated and cultivated in soil to which 0.15?kg vermicompost kg?1 had been added showed increased growth and production of primary and secondary metabolites compared with treatments with lower levels of manure, which did not differ from those cultivated in soil with 0.2?kg vermicompost kg?1. CONCLUSION The inoculation of P. alata seedlings with Gigaspora albida is an alternative to maximize the production of pharmacologically important foliar biomolecules, especially flavonoids, with benefits that vary in accordance with the fertility of the soil. ? 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
R. P. de Oliveira, W. B. Scivittaro, and L. A. B. C. de Vasconcellos, “Avaliação de mudas de maracujazeiro em função do substrato e do tipo de bandeja,” Scientia Agricola, vol. 50, pp. 261–266, Sep. 1993.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-90161993000200014.
A utilização de bandejas de isopor na produção de mudas de hortaliças e frutíferas vem aumentando em nosso pais, devido às vantagens que esse método apresenta: economia de substrato e de área de viveiro, menor custo no controle de pragas e doenças, produção de mudas de alta qualidade e alto índice de pegamento após o transplante. No caso do maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa), o transplante de mudas é uma prática bastante utilizada para sua propagação. A ocorrência de traumatismos na raiz durante esta fase é significativa, influindo negativamente no desenvolvimento posterior das mudas. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a produção de mudas de maracujá em bandejas de isopor, comparando a eficiência de quatro substratos diferentes e dois tipos de bandejas na germinação e desenvolvimento das mudas. Conclui-se que o método de produção de mudas de maracujazeiro em bandejas é eficiente, resultando em mudas de alta qualidade, com elevada porcentagem de pegamento. Verificou-se também que na bandeja de 72 células e nos substratos Plantmax e substrato III (areia: vermiculita: estéreo; 1:1:1, suplementado com 10 Kg/m³ de superfosfato simples, 6 Kg/m³ de cloreto de potássio, 2 Kg/m³ de uréia e 8 Kg/m³ de calcário houve maior porcentagem de germinação e adequado desenvolvimento das mudas.
A. de Oliveira et al., “Efeito de reguladores vegetais no desenvolvimento de mudas de Passiflora alata Curtis,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 27, pp. 9–13, Apr. 2005.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452005000100005.
O principal fator limitante à produção de mudas enxertadas de maracujazeiro é o elevado tempo para a sua formação. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de reguladores vegetais no desenvolvimento de mudas de Passiflora alata Curtis, a serem empregadas como porta-enxerto, visando a reduzir o tempo para atingir o ponto de enxertia. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o inteiramente casualisado, em esquema fatorial 4x5 (4 reguladores vegetais x 5 concentrações), com 4 repetições de 25 plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 0,0 mg L-1 (testemunha); 25 mg L-1; 50 mg L-1; 75 mg L-1, e 100 mg L-1 de Benziladenina (BA), GA4+7 + Fenilmetil-aminopurina (GA4+7+CK), Ácido giberélico (GA3) e Cloreto de chlormequat (CCC). Avaliaram-se o comprimento e o diâmetro do caule, o número de folhas, o comprimento e a fitomassa seca de raíz, do caule, das folhas e total. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão polinomial, sendo realizado desdobramento quando houve efeito significativo da interação.Os reguladores não promoveram respostas significativas para o comprimento e a massa seca de raiz, do caule, de folhas e total. Porém, GA4+7+Fenilmetil-aminopurina foi o regulador que incrementou o comprimento do caule, o diâmetro e o número de folhas, promovendo maior desenvolvimento às mudas e reduzindo o tempo para a formação do porta-enxerto, de três a oito meses, para dois meses (63 dias).
P. A. de Oliveira et al., “Initial Growth of Clonal Seedlings of Passiflora Mucronata Genotypes in Response to Paclobutrazol Concentrations,” Research, Society and Development, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. e10891210862–e10891210862, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.33448/rsd-v9i12.10862.
Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator of the triazole group that can block the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid, resulting in reduced plant height and increased stem diameter. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different paclobutrazol concentrations on seedling quality of Passiflora mucronata Lam. Two Passiflora mucronata genotypes were used, one resistant (G5) and one tolerant (G7) to fusariosis, prepared as cuttings treated with PBZ. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement corresponding to two genotypes (G5 and G7) and four PBZ concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15 mg plant-1), with three replications of four plants. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, regression analysis, and the F-test, followed by Pearson’s correlation test between variables. PBZ promoted an increase in the plagiotropic shoot diameter and the leaf area index of genotypes G5 and G7, in addition to increased shoot length in genotype G5 and increased number of leaves in genotype G7. PBZ also resulted in increased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. There was a positive correlation for genotype G5, between the plagiotropic shoot diameter and the leaf transpiration rate, and for genotype G7, between the plagiotropic shoot diameter and the number of leaves. Genotypes G5 and G7 showed different phenotypic responses when subjected to PBZ doses, highlighting the intraspecific divergence of the species.
M. S. Oliveira, I. O. Pinheiro, and F. S. B. Silva, “Vermicompost and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: An Alternative to Increase Foliar Orientin and Vitexin-2-O-Ramnoside Synthesis in Passiflora Alata Curtis Seedlings,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 77, pp. 754–757, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.061.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase the synthesis of the secondary metabolites in Passiflora alata. However, there is no information about the role of AMF on glycosyl flavonoids metabolism. Flavonoids have neuropharmacological activity and are relevant for pharmaceutical industry. The hypothesis was that AMF improve foliar production of orientin and vitexin-2-O-ramonoside. The aim of this work was to determine the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and vermicompost manuring, on the foliar concentration of vitexin-2-O-ramonoside and orientin in P. alata seedlings. In a greenhouse experiment, seedlings were inoculated with Gigaspora albida and cultivated with different levels of vermicompost (VC) (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2kgVCkg−1 soil). At the end of the experiment, total colonization was determined and foliar flavonoids concentration was quantified by liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mycorrhized seedlings, grown in soil with 0.15 and 0.2kgVCkg−1 soil synthesized more flavonoids. The mycorrhization increased foliar orientin concentration in 139.34%, in seedlings cultivated in soil with 0.2kgVCkg−1 soil. The inoculation of P. alata seedlings with G. albida promoted benefits on the orientin and vitexin-2-O-ramnoside synthesis, but responses vary according with soil fertility.
E. O. Oludare, “Comparative Studies of the Morphological and Reproductive Mechanism of Nigerian Passiflora Foetida L. and Passiflora Edulis F.,” Thesis, Obafemi Awolowo University, 2019.https://ir.oauife.edu.ng/handle/123456789/6282.
The study investigated Passiflora foetida L. and Passiflora edulis F. morphological characteristics and reproductive mechanism under different localities. This was carried out with a view to describing and identifying the two Passiflora species and their reproductive mechanisms. Seedlings of the two Passiflora species used for the study were collected from Olonade in Ile-Ife, Osun State. Viable seeds collected from matured plants were germinated. Established seedlings were transplanted 6 weeks after germination into 7 litre plastic bucket filled with top soil at the rate of one plant per bucket with 10 replicates each and later transplanted to the field behind Chemical Engineering Lecture Theatre in Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. The plants were scored for both quantitative and qualitative morphological characteristics. For each species, the following pollination mechanisms were investigated on 50 flowers in the open and bagged treatments: Emasculation, Natural pollination, Manual self-pollination, Geitonogamy and Cross pollination. Pollination of the two Passiflora species was also studied with respect to type of foragers that visited the plants and the activities of each forager during each visit. Data obtained from quantitative morphological characteristics and the pollination treatments were analyzed using Descriptive and Inferential analyses while data obtained from pollination experiments were subjected to two-way analysis of variance. The results showed that the two species have hermaphroditic flower with ovate leaf shape and alternate leaf arrangement. The leaf surface of P. foetida is pubescent while that of P. edulis is glaborous, and the fruits of P. edulis turned yellow when matured but fruits of P. foetida remained green when matured. Flower opening (anthesis) in P. foetida began from 5 am-6 am and closes between 10:00 am-11 am, while in P. edulis anthesis began from 1:10 pm-3:00 pm and closes 10:00 pm-10:14 pm. All opened treatments of the P. foetida and P. edulis species produced more fruit than their corresponding bagged treatments. Autonomous self-pollination produced the maximum fruit set (92%) in P. foetida while in P. edulis cross-pollination treatment was the most effective method of pollination (78%) for maximum fruit set. Floral visitors were not observed on P. foetida, while in P. edulis floral visitors such as Xylocopa caffra, Xylocopa frontalis, Dactylurina staudingeri, Trigona fuscipennis were observed to visit the plant from 8 am–7:00 pm for pollen and nectar. Bees during their visit, were often seen foraging on the nectars or pollen of flowers, while doing this, pollens got attached to their back and legs. Hence, movement of these foragers from one flower to another makes them simultaneously pollinate the stigma of flowers. The study concluded that the two species varied in their vegetative and floral morphological characteristics. Passiflora foetida is primarily adapted to reproduction by autogamy while Passiflora edulis exhibit mixed mating system of autogamy and out-crossing which is enhanced by bees that visit the flowers.
P. Oluoch, E. N. Nyaboga, and J. L. Bargul, “Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims) Genotypes Grown in Kenya by Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) Markers,” Annals of Agrarian Science, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 367–375, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.aasci.2018.08.003.
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis [Sims]) is currently ranked third among fruit exports from Kenya and has great potential since demand for both fresh fruit and processed juice is on a continuous increase. Although assessment of genetic variability of germplasm is indispensable for improvement and development of superior cultivars, little information is available on the genetic diversity of passion fruit cultivated in Kenya. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of passion fruit genotypes from major growing regions in Kenya using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Twenty four SRAP primer combinations were screened using three passion fruit genotypes and only seven that displayed polymorphic and stable amplification profiles were used to analyze 22 genotypes. The seven primer combinations amplified a total of 931 clear bands with an average of 133 bands per primer pair, of which 610 (65.5%) bands were polymorphic. The similarity coefficients among the 22 passion fruit germplasms ranged from 0.51 to 1.0 with an average of 0.755. The 22 passion fruit genotypes were classified into two groups by cluster analysis using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) with 12% similarity. Shannon’s diversity index was 0.0934 and Nei’s gene diversity index was 0.1370 in the present study. The study findings demonstrate the existence of a considerable amount of genetic variability among passion fruit genotypes grown in different regions of Kenya. This indicates the potential application of these genotypes in breeding programs by exploiting the use of molecular markers for selection of specific agronomic traits.
S. M. Orozco-Restrepo, S. L. Rojas-Duque, T. M. dos Santos, J. C. Aristizábal-Loaiza, and C. Horst-Bruckner, “Fruiting assessment and determination of seed germination in Passiflora setacea DC.,” Agronomía, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 66–76, 2014.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20163195514.
Studies with wild species of Passiflora are important for use them as gene source or as rootstocks. This work had as objectives: to confirm the self incompatibility in Passiflora setacea; compare the fruit set and fruit characteristics obtained by crosses and selfings and compare the germination of the seeds. Six treatments were studied: natural pollination, self-pollinations: natural, at bud...
E. Ortiz and L. Hoyos-Carvajal, “Standard Methods for Inoculations of F. Oxysporum and F. Solani in Passiflora,” African Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 11, no. 17, pp. 1569–1575, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.5897/AJAR2015.10448.
Soil fungi, Fusarium oxysporum FO and F. solani FS (teleomorph: Nectria hematococca), are pathogens of economic importance passion fruit crops. The present work was developed in order to standardize the methodology of inoculation, as an initial step to confirm the etiology of diseases associated with Fusarium wilt and collar rot. Strains of FO for A14, A16, A22, A27, A29, A32, A34, A48, A54, A64 and FS A11, A23, A62, A63 were used; they were obtained from symptomatic crops of P. edulis. Inoculations were carried with and without wounds, on seedlings of two and four months of P. edulis. To assess incidence and severity, a scale designed for symptoms and growth variables was used. An incubation period of 14 to 19 days for FO, and was found highly virulent strains (A54, A64, A34). The symptoms are characterized by vascular wilt corresponded to a pattern of descending necrosis. Cross sections showed discoloration in vascular vessels and roots showed necrotic processes that lead to delayed development of seedlings. FS causes disease but the evolution in most strains is very low and exceeds 100 days. Wounds are further evidence for the fungus required in the plant tissue. Symptoms are manifested in the collar area with redness, mild canker associated with cracking and dry appearance on the injury. Key words: Pathogenicity, collar rot, Fusarium wilt, passion flower, Passiflora edulis, Koch´s postulates.
E. A. F. Osipi and J. Nakagawa, “Efeito da temperatura na avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes do maracujá-doce (Passiflora alata Dryander),” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 27, pp. 179–181, Apr. 2005.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452005000100048.
Com o objetivo de verificar condições favoráveis de temperatura para a germinação das sementes do maracujá-doce (Passiflora alata Dryander), utilizou-se como tratamento de cinco plantas fornecedoras de sementes e duas temperaturas de germinação, na ausência de luz: 25ºC constante e 20-30ºC alternada. Os arilos das sementes provenientes de frutos maduros, completamente amarelos, foram extraídos com a utilização de liquidificador em baixa rotação. As características avaliadas nas sementes foram: peso, conteúdo de matéria seca, teor de água, porcentagem de germinação (plântulas normais), de plântulas anormais, de sementes dormentes e mortas. Concluiu-se que a temperatura alternada 20-30ºC atuou significativamente na obtenção de maior porcentagem de germinação e reduzida porcentagem de sementes dormentes. Estas últimas, para as sementes de todas as plantas, foi elevada sob temperatura de 25ºC, evidenciando grande influência do fator temperatura na superação de dormência.
E. A. F. Osipi, C. B. D. Lima, and C. A. Cossa, “Influência de métodos de remoção do arilo na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Passiflora alata Curtis,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 33, pp. 680–685, Oct. 2011.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452011000500095.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes métodos de remoção do arilo, na germinação de sementes e emergência de plântulas do maracujá-doce (Passiflora alata Curtis). Sementes extraídas de frutos maduros foram submetidas aos métodos de remoção do arilo: manual com fricção sobre malha de arame; manual com fricção de areia grossa sobre malha de arame; mecânico com liquidificador; biológico com fermentação à temperatura de 24ºC, por cinco dias; químico com imersão em solução de cal virgem a 10%; químico com imersão em solução de ácido clorídrico a 37% (1:2), ambos sob agitação por 30 minutos, e sementes sem a extração do arilo. As sementes foram avaliadas pelos testes de germinação, emergência de plântulas e índice de velocidade de emergência. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes. A remoção do arilo com friccão em malha de arame apresentou a maior eficiência de germinação em laboratório. Os métodos com fricção de areia em malha de arame, imersão em solução com cal, imersão em solução com ácido clorídrico, fermentação e a não remoção do arilo conferiram melhor desempenho às sementes em condições de viveiro. A remoção do arilo com liquidificador prejudicou a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. As condições de viveiro proporcionaram percentuais de emergência em plântulas, que superaram os resultados obtidos em condições de laboratório.
W. C. Otoni et al., “High Responsiveness in de Novo Shoot Organogenesis Induction of Passiflora Cristalina (Passifloraceae), a Wild Amazonian Passion Fruit Species,” Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-017-9881-y.
The aim of the present study was to establish a regeneration system via de novo organogenesis from different types of non-meristematic explants of Passiflora cristalina. Leaf, hypocotyl, root segments, cotyledons, and endosperm of P. cristalina seeds were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS)-basal medium, supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (BA), Thidiazuron (TDZ), or Kinetin (KIN). BA was found to be the most efficient cytokinin in induction of de novo organogenesis from most the explants used in the study. The highest frequencies of adventitious bud formation in the hypocotyl and cotyledon explants were observed in medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L\^−1 BA. For leaf and endosperm segments, the best concentration was 2.0 mg L\^−1 BA; while for root segments, the highest mean values were observed with 1.0 mg L\^−1 KIN. The different morphogenetic responses obtained from each explant source were characterized using light microscopy. P. cristalina revealed a remarkable organogenic potential, with superior production of adventitious shoots compared with the other Passiflora species evaluated elsewhere. These results will be helpful to establish a reproducible and reliable micropropagation protocol, as well as to implement conservationist and biotechnological-based genetic breeding strategies for this wild Passiflora species.
M. Ozarowski et al., “Comparison of Bioactive Compounds Content in Leaf Extracts of Passiflora Incarnata, P. Caerulea and P. Alata and in Vitro Cytotoxic Potential on Leukemia Cell Lines,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 28, pp. 179–191, 2018-Mar-Apr.
doi: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.01.006.
ABSTRACT Passiflora caerulea L., P. alata Curtis and P. incarnata L. (synonym for P. edulis Sims), are the most popular representatives of the Passiflora genus in South America. In recent years, a growing attention is paid to the biological activity and phytochemical profiles of crude extracts from various species of Passiflora in worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare of anti-leukemic activity of the dry crude extracts from leaves of three Passiflora species from greenhouse of Poland in two human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines: CCRF-CEM and its multidrug resistant variant. Two systems of liquid chromatography in order to assessment of phytochemical composition of extracts were applied. Extracts of P. alata and P. incarnata showed the potent inhibitory activity against human acute lymphoblastic leukemia CCRF-CEM, while P. caerulea not showed activity (or activity was poor). Despite similarities in quality phytochemical profile of extracts from P. caerulea and P. incarnata, differences in quantity of chemical compounds may determine their various pharmacological potency. For the activity of P. alata extract the highest content of terpenoids and a lack of flavones C-glycosides are believed to be crucial. Summarizing, the crude extract from P. alata leaves may be considered as a substance for complementary therapy for cancer patients.
This paper reviews the available research results published in 2006–2011. The attention has been focused on biological processes in the in vitro callus cultures which were obtained from various species of medicinal climbers of Passiflora. Procedures of callus induction on different parts of plants including physico-chemical conditions, among others light, photoperiod, temperature, basal medium, concentration and composition of plant growth regulators: auxin – 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA), picloram – PIC (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), cytokinin – benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), thidiazuron (TDZ), and gibberellin GA3 were analyzed. The occurrence of complex interactions between these factors and the efficiency of callus induction as well as its proliferation and development were described. The experiments in callus culture (induction of somatic embryogenesis, indirect organogenesis, cell suspension cultures) including studies concerning the effect of the elicitor (methyl jasmonate, MeJA) and the precursor (L-tryptophan) as well as phytochemical investigations were summarized. It has been found on the basis of reviewed bibliography for a systematic research in this area.The important role of callus cultures in search of an alternative source of plant material (biomaterial) for traditional crop of plants from Passiflora spp. without the involvement of climatic factors. The following species were studied in the callus cultures: P. alata, P. caerulea, P. cincinata, P. edulis, P. edulis var. flavicarpa, P. foetida, P. gibertii, P. incarnata, P. quadran- gularis, P. pohlii, P. setacea, P. suberosa has been shown. Systematic review showed that only P. edulis and P. edulis var. flavicarpa were most frequently investigated. Few studies were per- formed for P. incarnata which is the most important source of raw material in Europe. Sum- marizing it can be concluded that the biotechnological methods including the plant in vitro techniques may play important role in development of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy.
M. Ożarowski et al., “The Phenotypic Reactivity of Passiflora Incarnata L. on Various Content of Mineral Salts and Regulators during Micropropagation and Acclimatization,” Biology and Life Sciences Forum, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 44, 2021.
doi: 10.3390/IECPS2021-11992.
Passiflora incarnata is ornamental and medicinal plant that contains a valuable active chemical derivatives of apigenin and luteolin. Conventional cultivation of this plant in Poland is a very problematic, caused by the low percentage of seed germination, viability of seedlings, and plant diseases which can seriously reduce the productivity of P. incarnata. An alternative and promising way to solve these problems may be used the technique of micropropagation, which may have applied for the plant multiplication under controlled conditions and have offered the production of healthy, pathogen-free and true-to-type plants. The aim of this study was to detrmine (1) the influence of IAA (0.1–1.0 mg L−1), and IBA (0.1–1.0 mg L−1) on Brasilian seed germination, and (2) the influence of various concetrations of mineral salts in Murashige and Shoog (MS), Gamborg (B-5), Shenk-Hildebrandt (SH) and Phytamax media on growth, development and condition of plant in vitro, (3) induction of adventitious shoots using nodal fragments under influence of BAP (0.1–1.0 mg L−1), TDZ (0.1–1.0 mg L−1), KIN (0.1–1.0 mg L−1) with IAA (0.1 mg L−1). Results showed that (1) MS medium with IAA (1.0 mg L−1) has been most efective in induction of seed germination (60%); (2) Gamborg (B-5) medium has been more favorable for plant growth and development, and (3) SH with BAP (1.0 mg L−1) and TDZ (0.1 L−1) with IAA induced more adventitious buds and new regenerated plantlets. After rooting, 100% obtrained plants have been actimatizared to ex vitro conditions and have been observed in greenhaouse.
M. Ozarowski and B. Thiem, “Progress in Micropropagation of Passiflora Spp. to Produce Medicinal Plants: A Mini-Review,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 23, pp. 937–947, 2013-Nov-Dec.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2013000600011.
Micropropagation of Passiflora species and its hybrids may play an important role in the production of healthy and disease-free plants which can be a source of medicinal herbal products, nutritional fruits and ornamental flowers. The rapid multiplication of elite plants to obtain pharmacognostic material, containing valuable flavonoid C-glycosides, is possible by usingcontrolled in vitro conditions, constituents of the medium and the interactions of plant growth regulators (1-naphtaleneacetic acid, benzyladenine, gibberellin GA3,kinetin, indole-3-acetyl-L-aspartic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, thidiazuron) and influencing various chemical additives (silver nitrate, coconut water, activated charcoal). Investigations of specific requirements during stages of micropropagation, such as the establishment of primary cultures (including type of explants, age of donor plant), shoot multiplication (by direct and indirect organogenesis and embryogenesis), rooting and acclimatization of regenerated plants are summarized in this review. The following species were recently studied for micropropagation: P. alata, P. caerulea, P. cincinnata, P. edulis, P. foetida, P. setacea, P. suberosa. It seems that for awide range of applications of in vitro clones of Passiflora, interdisciplinary studies including genetic and phytochemical aspects are needed.
G. Pacheco, R. Garcia, D. Lugato, M. Vianna, and E. Mansur, “Plant Regeneration, Callus Induction and Establishment of Cell Suspension Cultures of Passiflora Alata Curtis,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 144, pp. 42–47, Sep. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2012.06.022.
Passiflora alata Curtis (sweet passion fruit), native to Brazil, is one of the commercially cultivated species of the genus, being consumed in natura due to its sweet taste, and also used as an ornamental. The goal of this work was to develop new strategies for in vitro culture of P. alata, including plant production, and establishment of callogenesis and cell suspension cultures. Shoot elongation rate and number of nodes per shoot of the primary cultures were improved by adding coconut water to the medium. Plants derived from primary cultures were used as sources of nodal, internodal and leaf explants. Shoot formation occurred through distinct pathways in response to 6-benzyladenine. Internodal and leaf explants displayed both direct and indirect organogenesis, resulting in the formation of 9.9±1.3 and 2.0 shoots per explant, respectively. Nodal segments originated organogenic calluses, with the production of 12.9±1.5 shoots per explant. Shoots were transferred to elongation medium (MSM+10% coconut water), and showed root formation at a frequency of 100%, after 30 days of culture. Friable calluses were induced from nodal and leaf segments in the presence of PIC, and those obtained from leaves on medium supplemented with 28.9μM PIC were selected for the establishment of cell suspension cultures.
T. G. Pacheco et al., “Plastome Sequences of the Subgenus Passiflora Reveal Highly Divergent Genes and Specific Evolutionary Features,” Plant Molecular Biology, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 21–37, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s11103-020-01020-z.
Phylogenetic aspects, hotspots of nucleotide divergence, highly divergent genes, and specific RNA editing sites have been identified and characterized in the plastomes of the subgenus Passiflora.
A. C. Pacheco, L. G. T. Feba, E. G. Serra, W. H. S. Takata, P. H. Gorni, and C. H. P. Yoshida, “The Use of Animal Manure in the Organic Cultivation of Passiflora Incarnata L. Increases the Content of Phenolic Compounds in the Leaf and the Antioxidant Activity of the Plant,” Organic Agriculture, Jun. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s13165-021-00361-3.
Organic cultivation of the medicinal species Passiflora incarnata L. is generally a requirement of the herbal industries. However, there is little information about the nutritional requirements of this species as well as about the effects of organic fertilization on its biochemical and physiological performance. This study evaluated the effect of two types of animal manure on the production of biomass and content of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity in P. incarnata organically grown. The field experiment was carried out under sandy soil condition, with three types of fertilization (control: without fertilization; fertilization with cattle manure; fertilization with poultry manure) and 2 harvest seasons (first harvest at 90 days after seedling transplanting [DAT] and second harvest at 150 DAT). Chemical analysis of the soil was done for compare the initial and final conditions and foliar analysis were made to verify the leaf macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) content in each harvest season. The organic fertilization did not influence the production of aerial dry biomass, which presented an average of 1 ton ha−1 for each harvest. There were no differences in leaf macronutrient contents between organically fertilized plants and control plants. The highest leaf contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were observed at 90 DAT. Plants fertilized with cattle and poultry manures presented increases in the total phenol content and antioxidant activity in relation to the control plants (without fertilization), in both harvest seasons (90 and 150 DAT). In conclusion, fertilization of P. incarnata with cattle and poultry manure did not result in dry biomass gains, but promoted an increase in the quality of the raw material (higher phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity).
G. Pacheco, M. J. Simão, M. G. Vianna, R. O. Garcia, M. L. C. Vieira, and E. Mansur, “In Vitro Conservation of Passiflora—A Review,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 211, pp. 305–311, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.09.004.
The genus Passiflora (family Passifloraceae) occurs mainly in tropical regions. Brazil is considered the most important diversity center of the genus and is also the major producer of passion fruit. Besides the agronomical use, some of Passiflora species are widely cultivated due to the ornamental value of their flowers. In addition, different species are used in folk medicine, being considered as official drugs in Pharmacopeias of American and European countries. Conservation of Passiflora germplasm is usually carried out in seed banks or as live plants. However, seed renewal can be impaired by loss of germinative potential or specific seed characteristics. Therefore, complementary in vitro methodologies represent an important tool for ex situ conservation of Passiflora germplasm. In this work, we analyze the state of art of plant propagation and the use of in vitro conservation methodologies for Passiflora species.
J. G. Pádua, L. C. Schwingel, R. C. Mundim, A. N. Salomão, and S. C. B. Roverijosé, “Germinação de sementes de Passiflora setacea e dormência induzida pelo armazenamento,” Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 33, pp. 80–85, 2011.
doi: 10.1590/S0101-31222011000100009.
Objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar a germinação inicial de sementes de Passiflora setacea DC com diferentes níveis de umidade e após a conservação sob diferentes temperaturas. Foram utilizados tratamentos pré-germinativos com nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e ácido giberélico (GA3). A germinação foi conduzida em papel germitest embebido em água. O teste de tetrazólio foi empregado para verificar a viabilidade das sementes após os períodos de armazenamento. Foi possível verificar que: (i) as sementes de P. setacea podem ser desidratadas até atingir, aproximadamente 4,7% de água (base úmida) sem perda da capacidade de germinação; (ii) o armazenamento de sementes com baixo teor de água, a baixas temperaturas pode induzir a dormência de sementes de P. setacea; (iii) a dormência é superada pelo tratamento das sementes com ácido giberélico, até o quinto mês de armazenamento; (iv) as sementes conservadas sob temperaturas subzero apresentaram maior porcentagem de viabilidade em relação às armazenadas a 4 °C. Diante destes resultados, pode-se concluir que sementes de P. setacea podem ser conservadas por até 8 meses, sob baixas temperaturas, a -20 ou -196 °C, pois mantêm os padrões mínimos de viabilidade estabelecidos internacionalmente.
J. A. V. Pagassini, L. J. G. de Godoy, F. G. Campos, G. R. Barzotto, M. A. R. Vieira, and C. S. F. Boaro, “Silicon and Mechanical Damage Increase Polyphenols and Vitexin in Passiflora Incarnata L.,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 22064, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01647-y.
Passiflora incarnata L. is a species of global pharmacological importance, has not been fully studied in the context of cultivation and management. It is known that silicon acts on abiotic stress and promotes phenols synthesis. The practice of mechanical damage is widely used in P. incarnata crops, and its interaction with silicon can have a significant influence on plant metabolism. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effects of silicon and mechanical damage on photosynthesis, polyphenols and vitexin of P. incarnata. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design with SiO2 concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 mM) and presence or absence of mechanical damage. It was found that mechanical damage improved photosynthetic performance at lower concentrations or absence of silicon. Moreover, this condition promoted an increasing in vitexin concentration when SiO2 was not provided. The application of 3 mM Si is recommended to increase polyphenols and vitexin, without harming dry mass of aerial part. The interaction between silicon and mechanical damage could be a tool to increase agronomic yield and commercial value of the P. incarnata crop.
J. J. Parisi, I. H. Fischer, P. F. Medina, A. C. Firmino, and L. M. Meletti, “Pathogenicity and Transmission of Fungi Detected on Passiflora Alata Seeds,” Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, vol. 85, no. INVALID_SCITE_VALUE, Nov. 2018.
doi: 10.1590/1808-1657000702017.
Passion fruit is usually propagated by seeds because of the ease and lower cost in seedling production. However, the seed is the most efficient agent for the spread of pathogens. The damages from seed-borne diseases occur mainly during the germination stages or at the formation of seedlings in nurseries. Considering the need for knowledge on the pathology of sweet passion fruit seeds, the objective was to evaluate the transmission and pathogenicity of the fungi Alternaria sp., Botrytis fabae, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium spp. and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, known as potentially pathogenic to this crop, and isolated from sweet passion fruit seeds. Therefore, tests on seed health, germination and seedling emergence in a sterilized commercial substrate were conducted using seeds from this species, inoculated with those fungal isolates. Leaves, stems and fruit from this plant were also inoculated with the same fungi. Alternaria sp., Fusarium spp. and L. theobromae were identified in seedlings obtained from inoculated seeds, confirming the transmission of these fungi by seeds. L. theobromae was also considered the most harmful fungus to passion fruit crop, as it causes seed rot and other disease symptoms on the leaves, stem and fruit. These findings inferred that healthy seeds of sweet passion fruit are essential for producing seedlings and to prevent the spread of the diseases caused by these fungi to exempt areas.
N. B. Park and A. S. Andersen, “Gamma Ray Treatment of Passiflora Caerulea Cuttings: Mutation and Rooting Data.,” Gartenbauwissenschaft, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 63–65, 1990.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19900398624.
Cuttings were irradiated with γ-rays at doses of 15-60 Gy and planted. After 5 weeks, the percentage of somatic alterations detected on new leaves was highest in cuttings that had received a dose rate of 20 or 25 Gy. The percentage of cuttings that had rooted fell from 94.0% to 70.0% as the dose rate was increased from 15 to 60 Gy. After 10 weeks the plants were examined again. Changes were...
S. S. Patel, T. S. M. Saleem, V. Ravi, B. Shrestha, N. K. Verma, and K. Gauthaman, “Passiflora Incarnata Linn: A Phytopharmacological Review,” International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP), vol. 3, no. 4, 2009.
doi: 10.22377/ijgp.v3i4.100.
Medicinal plants are the nature’s gift to human being to have disease-free healthy life. It plays a vital role to preserve our health. India is one of the most medico-culturally diverse countries in the world where the medicinal plant sector is part of a time-honoured tradition that is respected even today. Medicinal plants are believed to be much safer and proved elixir in the treatment of various ailments. In our country, more than 2000 medicinal plants have been recognized. Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae; passion flower Family) is an important medicinal plant of tropical and subtropical India. Its medicinal usage has been reported in the traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. P. incarnata has been described as a passion flower and has been used extensively fortreatment of some diseases like as anxiety, insomnia, convulsion, sexual dysfunction, cough and cancer. The present article including the detailed exploration of phyto-pharmacological properties of P. incarnata is an attempt to provide a direction for further research.Key words: Anti-cancer, anxiety, aphrodisiac, Passiflora incarnata
This review gives an account of the current knowledge on the morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Passiflora incarnata. A wide range of chemical compounds has been isolated, mainly alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and carbohydrates. P. incarnata has been described as passion flower and used extensively for treatment of several diseases like anxiety, insomnia, convulsion, sexual dysfunction, cough and cancer. Hence the present article includes the detailed exploration of morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of P. incarnata is an attempt to provide a direction for further research.
A. S. Patil, “Exploring Passiflora Incarnata (L.): A Medicinal Plants Secondary Metabolites as Antibacterial Agent,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 4, no. 14, pp. 1496–1501, Jul. 2010.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR10.061.
Different solvent extract of Passiflora incarnata (L.), known for antibacterial activity, were investigated for antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (oxacillin resistance strain) and Escherichia coli by disc diffusion method. The secondary metabolites extracted in methanolic extract were found to be more potent as compared to ethyl acetate, as it shows minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) at extreme lower dilutions. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-bioautography indicated passicol as a major active compound in ethyl acetate and flavonoid in methanol extract.
Nowadays the introduction of new species and varieties in floricultural crops in Romania is a necessity, the more so as there is the possibility of monitoring the ecological factors in a controlled climate. Passiflora is a highly appreciated worldwide plant, for both the decorative value and the many medicinal properties it has. For ornamental purposes, the most common is Passiflora caerulea, followed by the species Passiflora edulis and Passiflora quadrangularis, which, in addition to fruit production, are also used for decorative purposes. Passifloa incarnata has the greatest interest in Passifloraceae because it contains significant amounts of substances such as: alpha-alanine, pectin, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, serotonins, sterols, volty oils, etc., with sedative, analgesic, anxiolytic and hypotensive properties. This paper focuses on the presentation of these Passiflora species from the ornamental, food and medicinal point of view in order to be promoted and introduced into culture in climate controlled areas.
F. R. Payán and F. W. Martin, “Barriers to the Hybridization of Passiflora Species,” Euphytica, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 709–716, Nov. 1975.
doi: 10.1007/BF00132909.
To avoid compatibility barriers among species of passion fruit that do not normally set fruit, hormones were applied to the stigma following cross pollination. In other cases, two of the three stigmas were cross pollinated, and one was self-pollinated. With such treatments, abscission of the flower was often delayed. and seeds were produced. Seeds were often aborted at an early stage or failed to germinate. Seven new hybrid combinations were produced.
O. J. P. Peñalosa and G. O. C. Escalante, “Evaluation of Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis from Cotyledonary Leaves of Banana Passion Fruit (Passiflora Mollissima) L.H Bailey,” Respuestas, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 31–38, 2019.https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7163169.
Autorías: Oscar José Parra Peñalosa, Giovanni Orlando Cancino Escalante. Localización: Respuestas. Nº. 3, 2019. Artículo de Revista en Dialnet.
P. P. A. Pereira, L. K. S. Lima, T. L. Soares, F. F. Laranjeira, O. N. de Jesus, and E. A. Girardi, “Initial Vegetative Growth and Survival Analysis for the Assessment of Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Passiflora Spp.,” Crop Protection, vol. 121, pp. 195–203, Jul. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2019.03.018.
In Brazil, diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae are major constraints to the yellow passion fruit crop. We report the use of the survival analysis technique to assess the resistance of Passiflora spp. to Fusarium wilt in field conditions in a coastal tableland region of Brazil. Fifty genotypes were evaluated comprising the species Passiflora edulis, P. alata, P. gibertii, P. nitida, P. setacea, P. cincinnata, and backcross [(P. edulis x P. cincinnata) x P. edulis] and three graft combinations of P. edulis onto P. nitida, P. gibertii or P. alata. Plant growth and Fusarium wilt incidence were evaluated using 30 plants of each genotype in a completely randomized design. The highest growth speed indexes (GSI) were observed in P. cincinnata (BGP077) and P. edulis (BRS-GA) grafted onto P. gibertii (BGP008) with 12.04 and 11.96, respectively. Conversely, P. nitida (BGP390) had the lowest growth rate (4.10). Plants of P. gibertii, P. nitida and P. setacea did not present Fusarium wilt symptoms until 15 months after planting and presented the same median survival time with 466 days. Among P. edulis genotypes, Fusarium wilt incidence varied within three reaction groups, with the highest median survival time of 286 days. P. alata and P. cincinnata plants had high Fusarium wilt incidence (median survival time 250 and 252, respectively), similar to P. edulis, with 80% of symptomatic plants at 15 months after planting and median survival time of 240 days. Interspecific backcross hybrids differed from genotypes and intraspecific hybrids of P. edulis despite the similar median survival time among all of them (239–252 days). Grafting P. edulis onto wild species did not decrease Fusarium wilt incidence in relation to the most resistant group of P. edulis genotypes.
D. de A. Pereira, R. X. Corrêa, and A. C. de Oliveira, “Molecular Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Populations of ‘Somnus’ Passion Fruit Trees (Passiflora Setacea DC): Implications for Conservation and Pre-Breeding,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 59, pp. 12–21, Apr. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.12.020.
The ‘somnus’ passion fruit tree (Passiflora setacea) is native to the ‘Cerrado’ and ‘Caatinga’ biomes in Brazil and possesses agrobiological and commercial traits of interest. Studies examining the nature of genetic variability in natural populations are important for the utilization of these traits in conservation and breeding programs. In this study, we analyzed 12 populations of P. setacea from different locations distributed in three agro-ecological zones within the Bahia state of Brazil. Eleven ISSR primers and four pairs of RGA primers were used to assay 109 and 49 unique and reproducible loci, of which 108 (99%) and 49 (100%) were polymorphic. Although the level of genetic diversity in ‘somnus’ passion fruit trees was greater than that observed for other species of the same genus, preferential collection of certain populations, such as those located in the cities of Vitória da Conquista and Licinio de Almeida, is important when considering the fact that ‘somnus’ passion fruit trees occur in areas that are highly disturbed. This disturbance is primarily due to the deployment of pasture, predatory extraction and accelerated urban expansion. An analysis of molecular variance revealed a balance between the estimated genetic variation within and among populations. These data may be useful for developing strategies for preservation of this species in the Cerrado.
L. D. Pimentel, N. M. C. Stenzel, C. D. Cruz, and C. H. Bruckner, “Seleção precoce de maracujazeiro pelo uso da correlação entre dados de produção mensal e anual,” Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, vol. 43, pp. 1303–1309, Oct. 2008.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2008001000007.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar épocas de avaliação da produtividade e de componentes da produção que permitam selecionar precocemente genótipos superiores de maracujazeiro. Foram avaliados 111 acessos de maracujazeiro amarelo, do Sul e Sudeste brasileiros, durante duas safras consecutivas. Avaliaram-se, mensalmente, as variáveis produção por planta, número de frutos por planta e peso médio de frutos. Os valores mensais e anuais dessas variáveis foram correlacionados à produção total acumulada em dois anos. Entre os dados mensais, os do terceiro mês tiveram a melhor correlação com os dados acumulados. Seleções positivas e negativas foram simuladas com os dados do terceiro mês e comparadas à seleção feita com base nos dados acumulados em dois anos. Os dados do terceiro mês da primeira safra foram adequados para a seleção quanto ao peso de frutos, mas as variáveis número de frutos e produtividade por planta seriam melhor selecionadas com os dados do terceiro mês da segunda safra.
G. H. Pinheiro Maciel, I. E. de P. Ferreira, and D. Baron, “Phytoregulators and Mineral Nutrition Interactions to the Establishment of Passiflora Alata Seedlings,” Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 44, no. 19, pp. 2825–2839, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1080/01904167.2021.1918715.
Crop plants have been widely used to discuss several physiological interactions between plant growth regulators (PGRs) and mineral nutrition. However, these physiological effects and their potentiality in non-domesticated species (wild species) are far to be elucidated. In this experiment, it is hypothesized that PGRs and mineral element availability interactions guaranteed improvements in plant development under low availability for the establishment of Passiflora alata Curtis (sweet passion fruit) seedlings. Plant growth and ionic accumulation of macro and micronutrients in leaf and root plant tissues of P. alata were examined. As expected, the ionic accumulation of some elements (N, P, S, B, and Cu) increased in response to a higher nutrient solution (ionic strength, IS) availability. The interactions IS × PGR were significant with respect to almost all the plant growth variables, besides the Zn in leaf and N, Zn, and B in roots. Comparing the treatment means, we verified that the plant growth responses and Zn in leaf were more similar between ISs when PGRs had been applied. Moreover, the use of PGR probably favors an adequate nutritional and hormonal balance, since it has guaranteed improvements even under low availability. It can be concluded that Passiflora alata Curtis that did not receive these phytoregulators are more variable in terms of nutrient content, and are therefore more susceptible to nutritional deficiencies.
L. Pipino, L. Braglia, A. Giovannini, G. Fascella, and A. Mercuri, “In Vitro Regeneration of Passiflora Species with Ornamental Value,” Propagation of Ornamental Plants, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 47–49, 2008.
With the aim to exploit the ornamental value of some Passiflora species, nodal cuttings, flower buds and young tendrils from open air and greenhouse-grown plants were cultured in vitro. Micropropagation from nodes was achieved in P. coerulea L. Shoot regeneration was induced from young tendrils in P. trifasciata Lemaire and in the Maurizio Vecchia hybrids P. ‘Guglielmo Betto’ and P. ‘Manta’. Shoots of P. x allardii Lynch, P. foetida L. and P. trifasciata Lemaire were regenerated from immature flower organogenetic callus. In vitro shoot regeneration and multiplication protocols were established.
L. Pipino, L. Braglia, A. Giovannini, G. Fascella, and A. Mercuri, “In Vitro Regeneration and Multiplication of Passiflora Hybrid ‘Guglielmo Betto,’” in Protocols for In Vitro Propagation of Ornamental Plants, S. M. Jain and S. J. Ochatt, Eds. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010, pp. 153–162.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-114-1_15.
With more than 450 species, Passiflora is the most important genus of the family Passifloraceae. It comprises many species grown for their edible fruits, for their high ornamental value, and further for the therapeutic properties. With their striking exotic flowers, they are of particular interest for the floriculture market. With the aim of evaluating the in vitro propagation of an Italian ornamental hybrid, axillary tendrils of Passiflora “Guglielmo Betto” M. Vecchia (P. incarnata L. × P. tucumanensis L.) were sterilized and placed in vitro. Direct shoot regeneration was achieved from young tendrils cultivated on MS medium containing, either 4.43 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 11.41 μM indoleacetic acid (IAA), or 49.20 μM 6-γ-γ-dimethylallylaminopurine (2iP) and 2.68 μM α–naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), respectively. In vitro shoot multiplication, rooting, and regenerated plant acclimatization protocols were established.
M. V. Pires, A.-A. F. de Almeida, A. L. de Figueiredo, F. P. Gomes, and M. M. Souza, “Germination and Seedling Growth of Ornamental Species of Passiflora under Artificial Shade,” Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, vol. 34, pp. 67–75, Mar. 2012.
doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v34i1.11623.
Passiflora morifolia, P. suberosa litoralis, and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata are three wild species with ornamental potential that occur in Brazil. These species were evaluated with the purpose of determining the effects of different shade levels on seedling emergence and initial growth. Treatment with 50% shade resulted in the highest percentage of seedling emergence and the highest emergence speed index for all three species. The 50% shade level was the best condition for growth of P. morifolia and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata seedlings because in this condition, they presented higher growth in relation to control and the other treatments. However, P. suberosa litoralis can be considered a sun species because it grew better in full sunlight and 25% shade, but its growth was stunted at 75% shade. Increased leaf area and specific leaf area were due to changes in leaf dimension and shape in response to an increase in shade levels. These observations related to the initial growth reflect the development and adaptation of adult plants to heterogeneous environmentsenvironments. Therefore, P. morifolia and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata seedlings adapted better to moderate shade conditions, and P. suberosa litoralis seedlings should be cultivated in full sunlight.
A successful in vitro culture establishment has been achieved from the leaves of blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea L) and the regeneration of shoots was observed with and without callus development. Leaf segment of Passiflora caerulea L. formed
Genetics: The chromosome number of P. tripartita var. mollissima is 2n=18 (Wagner et al., 1990). Physiology and PhenologyWilliams and Buxton (1995), almost certainly working with P. tripartita var. mollissima, found that in New Zealand establishment is restricted to areas of high light levels and soil disturbance. P. tripartita var. mollissima vines in the forest canopy were found to originate...
S. Prammanee, S. Thumjamras, P. Chiemsombat, and N. Pipattanawong, “Efficient Shoot Regeneration from Direct Apical Meristem Tissue to Produce Virus-Free Purple Passion Fruit Plants,” Crop Protection, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1425–1429, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2011.07.008.
Purple passion fruit is an important fresh table fruit. At present, the production of passion fruit is decreasing because of the spread of viral diseases throughout the planting area. The aim of this research was to propagate virus-free plants using a tissue culture technique involving the apical meristem of purple passion fruit. Shoot tips were excised to a length of 2 mm and the shoots were regenerated by culturing on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg/l) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l). Root formation was promoted using different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/l). A greater number of shoots were produced with BA concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5 mg/l than with any other BA concentrations tested (less than 1.0 mg/l or greater than 1.5 mg/l). However, when NAA at any concentration was included in the medium, no shoots were produced in culture. The cultures including 1.0 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l BA were then subcultured four times every two weeks. Initially, the tissue cultured in the 1.5 mg/l BA medium grew faster than that cultured in the 1.0 mg/l BA medium. The tissue cultured with 1.5 mg/l BA generated many short shoots, whereas the tissue cultured with 1.0 mg/l BA, generated long shoots that could be subcultured into individual plants. These regenerated shoots were assayed for the presence of the passion fruit woodiness virus using ELISA or a test strip kit; only virus-free shoots were used for further propagation. Root formation was very good in IBA concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6 mg/l. Thus, virus-free plants could be successfully regenerated directly from the apical meristem.
It has been indicated that passion fruit can be successfully grown under Mysore conditions and was of very good quality. Data are presented on the rate and percent germination of freshly extracted as well as one year old passion fruit seeds (Passi-flora edulis, Sims) stored at room temperature (Mysore). Figures for fruit weight, fruit composition, seed number, seed weight etc., are given Seeds were sown by randomized block system, in seed beds in triplicate, each bed containing. 100 seeds in 10 rows. In the case of fresh seeds, the germination commenced within 12–15 days’ of the date of sowing, and was complete within another fortnight, the percent germination ranging from about 70–95% while the comparative figures for the one year old seeds were only 23–36% and their rate of germination also much slower. Soaking of seeds in hot water overnight did not materially help in the rate and percent germination. The plants’ came to bearing in about a year. The fruit born were of very good quality. It has been indicated that passion fruit can be successfully grown under Mysore conditions.
P. Quesada and F. B. Matta, “Cold Hardiness of Passiflora Species,” HortScience, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1167e–1167, Nov. 1992.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.27.11.1167e.
Two species of Passiflora, P. edulis f. edulis (purple passion fruit) and P. edulis f. flavicarpa (yellow passion fruit), and P. incarnata (maypop), were evaluated for acclimation and cold hardiness, using differential thermal analysis, electrolyte leakage and the tetrazolium stain test. The two species showed the capacity to acclimate several degrees during the evaluation period and the three tests gave similar lethal temperatures for the two species; –9C to –10C for yellow passion fruit, –10C to –12C for purple passion fruit and –11C to –13C for maypop. Purple and yellow passion fruit were also assayed for survival after a freeze-thaw cycle, using a tissue culture regeneration technique called “feeder plate”. Yellow passion fruit did not show the capacity to regenerate at any of the temperatures used (0, –3, –6C). Purple passion fruit showed callus formation even at the lowest temperature (–6C).
C. Ragavendran, D. Kamalanathan, G. Reena, and D. Natarajan, “In Vitro Propagation of Nodal and Shoot Tip Explants of Passiflora Foetida L. An Exotic Medicinal Plant,” p. 5, 2012.
Passiflora foetida L.(Passifloraceae) is an angiosperm plant with high medicinal value. The present study was developed an efficient micropropagation protocol by using node and shoot tip explants of Passiflora. Explants are surface sterilized and inoculated into culture medium with different concentrations of growth regulators. The MS medium supplemented with the hormone 6 – Benzyl adenine at the concentration of 1.5 mg/l was found to be ideal for optimal growth of the inoculated shoot and nodal cultures (100%) and MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA hormones was best suited for induction of roots in vitro (90%). The rate of successful acclimatization was about 78% in the Sand: Soil: Compost (at the ratio of 1:1:1) of the hardening process.
S. D. Ramaiya, “Biology, Cultivation and Potential Uses of Passion Fruit Plant, Passiflora Species,” Doctor of Philosophy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2016.https://core.ac.uk/display/324186652.
Passiflora fruits are widely known for their unique flavour, fruity aroma, desirable organoleptic properties and essential nutrient contents. Passiflora plant is not native to Malaysia and it is cultivated in a small scale. The evolutions of cultivated Passiflora plants have also not been extensively investigated and there have been inconsistences in the identification suggesting more research needs to be conducted. Hence, the present research was carried out to examine the adaptability, biology and phenology of five Passiflora species, i.e., Passiflora edulis Sims (Purple), Passiflora edulis Sims (Frederick), Passiflora maliformis Linn., Passiflora quadrangularis Linn. and Passiflora incarnata Linn. The morphology and molecular characterization were also examined for the five species with additional accessions from other geographical locations (i.e., Passiflora edulis Sims (Pink), Passiflora edulis Sims (Yellow) and Passiflora foetida Linn. for species identification and confirmation. In addition the nutrition properties of the fruit juices were also evaluated. Apart from their juices, the plants’ agro by-products; leaves, stems and seeds were also examined for their utilization.
S. Ramaiya, J. Bujang, M. Zakaria, and N. Shahbani, “Floral Behaviour, Flowering Phenology and Fruit Production of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Species) in East Malaysia,” Journal of Agriculture Food and Development, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–9, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.30635/2415-0142.2020.06.01.
Passiflora species generally known as passion fruit may well be the most fascinating plant of the tropics. This plant is known to be self-incompatible in its native environment and it affects the fruit production. Extend of passion fruit set is highly dependent on effective pollinators such as carpenter bees and honey bees. However, in East Malaysia, there was good fruit sets, although lesser number of pollinators visiting the farm or sometimes absence. It is important therefore, to study the reproduction mechanisms of Passiflora plants, because this factor reflect the quantity of the fruit produced. The present studies aim therefore to evaluate the floral behaviours, reproductive mechanism and fruit production of locally grown Passiflora species. Based on the observations, Passiflora species was classified as “steadystate species” that exhibit constant production of few flowers, each day lasting only one day. All species have the ability to adapt to the local condition where plants continuously grew and produced flowers and fruits all the year around. The flowering and fruiting were not synchronized and showed a marked phenological pattern with species. Good fruit yields were observed throughout the year which was attributed to Passiflora species ability for self-pollination, involving the movement of styles to lead the stigma faced the anthers during flower blooming. This is an important phenomenon in order to reduce the distance between the stigma and anther, aid for pollination and provided reproductive assurance to the species. As P. edulis growing in its native environment is reported to be self-incompatible and have become selfcompatible in the present study; showed that evolution of these features is an important factor for its adaptability and survivability, thus crucial to P. edulis propagation optimally in local conditions.
R. Ramírez-Durón, L. Í. Ceniceros-Almaguer, R. Salazar-Aranda, M. D. L. L. Salazar-Cavazos, and N. W. De Torres, “Evaluation of Thin-Layer Chromatography Methods for Quality Control of Commercial Products Containing Aesculus Hippocastanum, Turnera Diffusa, Matricaria Recutita, Passiflora Incarnata, and Tilia Occidentalis,” Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 920–924, Jul. 2007.
doi: 10.1093/jaoac/90.4.920.
Abstract In Mexico, plant-derived products with health claims are sold as herbal dietary supplements, and there are no rules for their legal quality control. Aesculus hippocastanum, Turnera diffusa, Matricaria recutita, Passiflora incarnata, and Tilia occidentalis are some of the major commercial products obtained from plants used in this region. In this paper, we describe the effectiveness of thin-layer chromatography methods to provide for the quality control of several commercial products containing these plants. Standardized extracts were used. Of the 49 commercial products analyzed, only 32.65% matched the chromatographic characteristic of standardized extracts. A significant number of commercial products did not match their label, indicating a problem resulting from the lack of regulation for these products. The proposed methods are simple, sensitive, and specific and can be used for routine quality control of raw herbals and formulations of the tested plants. The results obtained show the need to develop simple and reliable analytical methods that can be performed in any laboratory for the purpose of quality control of dietary supplements or commercial herbal products sold in Mexico.
N. Ramnanan, Ed., “An Intensive and Sustainable System for Barbadine (Passiflora Quadrangularis),” in 29th Annual Meeting, Martinique, 1993.
doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.258908.
A survey of barbadine cultivation in Trinidad revealed that this crop was largely cultivated in a traditional backyard manner despite the existence of a market for the fresh fruit and processed barbadine products. Lack of sound agronomic practices, poor marketing facilities and the traditional trellis system employed by farmers are the main factors hindering large scale commercialization of this crop. A vertical trellis system which was compared to a horizontal trellis system was evaluated over a period of two years. A vertical system facilitates high density planting (2,000 plants per hectare), intercropping, and minimizes the drudgery of normal cultural practices, among other advantages. A comparison of the production costs and yield of the vertical versus the horizontal trellis system supports the conclusion that the vertical system lends itself to intensive and sustainable cultivation of barbadine
I. M. Rangel Junior, M. A. da S. Vasconcellos, R. C. C. Rosa, and F. F. Cruvinel, “Floral Biology and Physicochemical Characterization of Wild Passion Fruit Passiflora Setacea d.C BRS Pérola Do Cerrado Cultivated in the State of Rio de Janeiro,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 40, Nov. 2018.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452018041.
Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the floral and physicochemical characteristics of passion fruits BRS Pérola do Cerrado cultivar (Passiflora setacea D.C.), as well as its relationship with local climatic factors. Peak flowering, time in days of floral appearance until anthesis and until fruits harvest, floral morphometry, time of flower opening and closing, occurrence of natural self-pollination, geitonogamy and floral incompatibility, physicochemical characteristics of fruits and relationship with climatic variables were evaluated. Under the conditions of this study, it was observed that the flowering peak occurred in November and the time of flower opening ranged from 7:21 pm to 8:40 pm throughout the year, probably influenced by daily solar radiation; while the time of flower closing occurred between 6:00 am and 8:00 pm. After closing, flowers showed no recurrence of floral opening. Flowers of Passiflora setacea species BRS Pérola do Cerrado cultivar are self-incompatible and do not allow geitonogamy. Therefore, for fruit formation, cross-pollination is necessary. Regarding fruit setting in the different pollination methods, rates were 34.6% when artificially made and 53.5% in case of natural pollination. Fruits had, on average, longitudinal diameter of 4.9 cm, cross-sectional diameter of 46 mm and fresh mass of 55 g, juice volume of 15.7 ml per fruit, 13.31 ° Brix and total titratable acidity of 1.7 g / 100g ac. citric.
B. N. Rao and A. K. Jha, “Effect of Irrigation and Mulching on Growth, Yield and Quality of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims.),” p. 5, 2013.
An experiment was undertaken to study the effect of irrigation and mulching on passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) variety Kaveri and Purple in the hilly terrace area of Manipur. Growth, fruit yield and quality of passion fruit could be improved with the application of irrigation during dry months (November to March) in Manipur. Although irrigation at 10 days interval gave higher growth, irrigation at 15 days interval recorded higher fruit yield in both the varieties. Grass mulch recorded significantly higher growth, yield and quality over poly mulch and no irrigation. Among the different treatments, Kaveri variety recorded significantly higher growth, yield and quality than Purple.
M. M. Rego, E. R. Rego, L. P. U. Nattrodt, P. A. Barroso, F. L. Finger, and W. C. Otoni, “Evaluation of Different Methods to Overcome in Vitro Seed Dormancy from Yellow Passion Fruit,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 13, no. 36, 2014.
doi: 10.4314/ajb.v13i36.
Seeds from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) present dormancy imposed by the seed-coat. The present study aimed to evaluate some methods to overcome dormancy of seeds from P. edulis grown under in vitro conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial scheme (15 scarification methods × 2 substrates: PlantMax® and MS medium), constituting 30 treatments with 10 replicates. The following treatments were established: Control (untreated seeds); seeds soaked in water at room temperature for 12, 24 and 48 h; seeds soaked in hot water at 80°C for 1, 2.5 and 5 min; chemical scarification with sulphuric acid (98%) for 1, 5, and 10 min; immersion of the seeds in absolute ethanol for 5, 10 and 25 min; physical scarification with wood sandpaper (no. 125); and total seed coat removal with a Gavin® mini-vise. After each treatment, the seeds were inoculated in vitro in two sterile substrates (MS medium or PlantMax®). The results show that the best treatment to overcome dormancy of P. edulis seeds was total removal of seed coat with Garvin® mini-vise. This treatment yielded 100% seed germination under in vitro conditions either on PlantMax® or MS medium. Approximately 150 seeds per hour could be decoated according to the operator’s skills. However, in some cases, there was physical damage to the zygotic embryo. Seed treated with sulphuric acid for 1 min also showed promising results (average 0.107). Seeds germinated within seven days after being treated with sulphuric acid and inoculated in vitro in PlantMax® sterile substrate. Moreover, poor germination rates were achieved when seeds were treated with sulphuric acid, followed by inoculation in vitro onto MS medium (0.0711). All seeds germinated on in vitro PlantMax® sterile substrate and presented an epinastic phenotype, possibly due the ethylene biosynthesis in vitro.Keywords: Passiflora, dormancy, seed germinationAfrican Journal of Biotechnology, Vol 13(31) 3657-3665
M. M. Rêgo, E. R. Rêgo, C. H. Bruckner, F. L. Finger, and W. C. Otoni, “In Vitro Induction of Autotetraploids from Diploid Yellow Passion Fruit Mediated by Colchicine and Oryzalin,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 451–459, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-011-9995-6.
In vitro chromosome doubling from hypocotyl segments of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) was carried out in the presence of either colchicine (0, 25, 250 and 1,250 μM) or oryzalin (0, 5, 15 and 30 μM). Murashige and Skoog (in Physiol Plant 15:473–497, 1962)(MS)-based regeneration medium containing 250 or 1,250 μM colchicine markedly affected explant development leading to browning and death of the hypocotyl segments. Oryzalin has similar effect to colchicine in inducing polyploidy. In vitro regenerated autotetraploid plants induced by 25 μM colchicine or 15 μM oryzalin were further acclimatized and cultivated in hydroponics system in greenhouse. Autotetraploids plants were more vigorous than the control diploids. The chromosome number of diploid plants was 2n = 2x = 18, whereas that found on autotetraploid plants were 2n = 4x = 36. The stomata sizes of the autotetraploids were significantly larger than those on the diploid counterparts, while the frequency of stomata was significantly reduced. Similarly, the chloroplast number of guard cells of autotetraploid plants increased significantly. Two albino plants (4%) were generated in medium with 25 μM colchicine, indicating phytotoxic effects. These plants are being grown to full maturity in order to test their potential to use in a breeding program.
M. C. H. Reimberg, R. Colombo, and J. H. Yariwake, “Multivariate Analysis of the Effects of Soil Parameters and Environmental Factors on the Flavonoid Content of Leaves of Passiflora Incarnata L., Passifloraceae,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 19, pp. 853–859, Dec. 2009.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2009000600010.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of soil characteristics (pH, macro- and micro-nutrients), environmental factors (temperature, humidity, period of the year and time of day of collection) and meteorological conditions (rain, sun, cloud and cloud/rain) on the flavonoid content of leaves of Passiflora incarnata L., Passifloraceae. The total flavonoid contents of leaf samples harvested from plants cultivated or collected under different conditions were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV/PAD). Chemometric treatment of the data by principal component (PCA) and hierarchic cluster analyses (HCA) showed that the samples did not present a specific classification in relation to the environmental and soil variables studied, and that the environmental variables were not significant in describing the data set. However, the levels of the elements Fe, B and Cu present in the soil showed an inverse correlation with the total flavonoid contents of the leaves of P. incarnata.
A. Rezazadeh and E. T. Stafne, “Comparison of Seed Treatments on the Germination of Seven Passion Fruit Species,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 3074–3083, Nov. 2018.
doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.353.
M. R. Ribeiro, A. G. de L. Souto, M. Q. Maitan, B. da S. Xavier, L. D. S. Rosado, and C. E. M. dos Santos, “Luminosity and Sowing Depth in the Emergence and Development of Passion Fruit Seedlings,” Journal of Seed Science, vol. 39, pp. 311–317, 2017-Jul-Sep.
doi: 10.1590/2317-1545v39n3180280.
Abstract: The propagation of passion fruit in commercial orchards is carried out by seeds. However, passion fruit seed germination occurs irregularly. The goal of this study was to evaluate the emergence and development of passion fruit seedlings under different luminosities and sowing depths. The experimental design was completely randomized with six replications of 25 seeds, with a 3 x 5 factor scheme, in which three light conditions (absence of light, presence of 12 h light and 12 h dark and the presence of light for 24 h) were combined with five sowing depths (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm). The emergence test was conducted in a BOD-type germination chamber, with alternating temperatures of 20-30 °C, at intervals of 12 h and the established luminosities. The evaluated characteristics were the emergence percentage for weekly counts, the emergence speed index for 28 days; the total shoot and root length on evaluation day 28 and the individual dry weight. The lack of luminosity accelerates the emergence of passion fruit seedlings, but it produces low quality seedlings. However, the alternation of luminosity associated to a lower sowing depth helps both the emergence and the quality of seedlings produced from passion fruit 14 days after sowing.
The substrate is one of the most important factors in the production of seedlings of fruit species, since they guarantee the best conditions of growth and stability of the seedlings in the field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings (Passiflora edulis) with different sources and proportions of organic matter. The experimental design was in...
M. M. Rinaldi, A. M. Costa, F. G. Faleiro, and N. T. V. Junqueira, “Conservação pós-colheita de frutos de Passiflora setacea DC. submetidos a diferentes sanitizantes e temperaturas de armazenamento,” Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, vol. 20, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.1590/1981-6723.4616.
Resumo A Passiflora setacea DC. é uma espécie silvestre de maracujazeiro que ocorre nos biomas Cerrado e Caatinga, e em áreas de transição, como o Semiárido norte-mineiro do Brasil. A alta perecibilidade dos frutos de P. setacea reduz sua vida útil, limitando sua comercialização. Objetivou-se determinar a melhor temperatura e o melhor sanitizante para a conservação pós-colheita de frutos de P. setacea. Os frutos foram submetidos a dois sanitizantes químicos e armazenados por 21 dias, sob condição ambiente (21,3 °C e 77,8% de umidade relativa) e nas temperaturas de 6 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C e 20 °C e 90% de umidade relativa. No início do armazenamento e aos 4, 7, 14 e 21 dias, realizaram-se análises de perda de massa fresca, cor, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, ratio e pH dos frutos. A temperatura de 10 °C e 90% de umidade relativa é a condição mais recomendada para o armazenamento dos frutos. Os sanitizantes não aumentaram a vida útil dos frutos, não sendo recomendados para utilização nas concentrações estudadas, uma vez que os mesmos não auxiliaram na redução da perda de massa fresca e na conservação dos mesmos. De acordo com as condições experimentais do presente trabalho, a vida útil pós-colheita dos frutos foi inferior a quatro dias de armazenamento, mesmo sob refrigeração; observou-se que, assim como o maracujazeiro azedo comercial, frutos de P. setacea perdem massa fresca e apresentam o enrugamento da casca após quatro dias de armazenamento. No entanto, de acordo com os valores de acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e pH, essas características não inviabilizam o consumo da polpa após sete dias de armazenamento.
P. A. Rivera Méndez, “Irrigation technology for passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis) production through the implementation of hydroponic systems under protected environments,” Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, 2021.https://expeditiorepositorio.utadeo.edu.co/handle/20.500.12010/20572.
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, describir en términos generales la implementación de un sistema hidropónico para la siembra de gulupa bajo invernadero ubicado en la Sabana de Bogotá. El enfoque principal es una revisión literaria de los sistemas de fertirriego y de sus componentes para realizar un uso eficiente del agua y de los fertilizantes; porque estos son la base fundamental para mejorar las productividades y también generar rentabilidad, lo cual es un aspecto determinante dados los altos costos de inversión para un proyecto de esta índole. El riego es considerado parte fundamental en cualquier tipo de cultivo, siendo el agua el recurso indispensable para el crecimiento y producción de una planta; no obstante, existen desafíos por preservar este recurso y hacer un uso eficiente del mismo. Es indispensable establecer criterios básicos para el cálculo de las necesidades y tipos de riego que se requieren con el fin de diseñar una formula nutricional acorde con estos aspectos y con el estado fenológico de las plantas. Por otro lado, la evaluación de diferentes tipos de sustrato para hidroponía requiere contemplar aspectos como la recolección de los drenajes y la toma de datos de conductividad eléctrica CE y pH de entrada y salida, para analizar la disponibilidad y toma de nutrientes por parte de la planta.
D. I. Rocha, L. M. Vieira, F. A. O. Tanaka, L. C. da Silva, and W. C. Otoni, “Anatomical and Ultrastructural Analyses of in Vitro Organogenesis from Root Explants of Commercial Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims),” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 69–78, Oct. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-012-0171-4.
This study aimed to characterize the anatomical events and ultrastructural aspects of direct and indirect in vitro organogenesis in Passiflora edulis. Root explants were cultured on induction medium, supplemented with 4.44 μM 6-benzyladenine. Roots at different stages of development were collected and processed for observation by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Patterns of direct and indirect regeneration were observed in the explants. During direct organogenesis, the organogenic buds and nodules, formed from meristemoids, originated from the pericycle regions distant from the cut surface. Completely differentiated buds were observed after 20 days of culture. During indirect organogenesis, bud formation occurred via meristemoids at the periphery of the calli, which differentiated from the cortical region of the initial explant. Regardless of the regeneration pattern, the meristemoids had similar ultrastructural characteristics; however, differences were reported in the nuclear shape of the cells of the meristemoids formed directly and indirectly. This study provides important information for enhancing the understanding and characterization of the organogenic process in non-meristematic explants and provides information on the use of roots as explants in genetic transformation protocols for this important tropical species.
D. I. Rocha, L. M. Vieira, F. A. O. Tanaka, L. C. da Silva, and W. C. Otoni, “Somatic Embryogenesis of a Wild Passion Fruit Species Passiflora Cincinnata Masters: Histocytological and Histochemical Evidences,” Protoplasma, vol. 249, no. 3, pp. 747–758, Jul. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s00709-011-0318-x.
The characterization of cellular changes that occur during somatic embryogenesis is essential for understanding the factors involved in the transition of somatic cells into embryogenically competent cells and determination of cells and/or tissues involved. The present study describes the anatomical and ultrastructural events that lead to the formation of somatic embryos in the model system of the wild passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata). Mature zygotic embryos were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog induction media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-benzyladenine. Zygotic embryo explants at different development stages were collected and processed by conventional methods for studies using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histochemical tests were used to examine the mobilization of reserves. The differentiation of the somatic embryos began in the abaxial side of the cotyledon region. Protuberances were formed from the meristematic proliferation of the epidermal and mesophyll cells. These cells had large nuclei, dense cytoplasm with a predominance of mitochondria, and a few reserve compounds. The protuberances extended throughout the abaxial surface of the cotyledons. The ongoing differentiation of peripheral cells of these structures led to the formation of proembryogenic zones, which, in turn, dedifferentiated into somatic embryos of multicellular origin. In the initial stages of embryogenesis, the epidermal and mesophyll cells showed starch grains and less lipids and protein reserves than the starting explant. These results provide detailed information on anatomical and ultrastructural changes involved in the acquisition of embryogenic competence and embryo differentiation that has been lacking so far in Passiflora.
M. G. F. Rodrigues et al., “Production of Passion Fruit Seedlings by Grafting Using Native Passiflora Species Rootstocks,” Research, Society and Development, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. e849986409–e849986409, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6409.
To obtain uniform passion fruit plantations, the aim of this research is to analyze the development of rootstocks and grafted seedlings, using the following treatments: non-grafted Passifora edulis and grafted with two different method: single grafting, P. edulis on P. caerulea and P. edulis on P. giberti, and double grafting, P. edulis on P. giberti and P. caerulea, on the same plant, with 3 replicates in 2 blocks. The germinative potential of seeds of the three species used was evaluated according to the storage period, viability of the grafting methods used, plant height after the juvenile period and relative growth rate. It was observed that treatments of passion fruit on P. caerulea obtained good initial development, reducing more sharply in the last data collection compared to treatments of passion fruit on P. giberti and double grafting. For non-grafted passion fruit, there was matter accumulation at the beginning of plant development, with reduction throughout collections, with tendency to stabilization, mainly approaching flowering. It was verified that non-grafted plants tend to start developing first, showing physiological advance, when compared to double grafting or single grafting with P. caerulea, also due to the rootstock vigor, which presents low potential. Using P. giberti as a rootstock seems to be more viable for the passion fruit culture.
D. L. Rodrigues, A. P. Viana, H. D. Vieira, E. A. Santos, and F. H. L. E Silva, “Responses of Sour Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims) Seeds from the Third Recurrent Selection Cycle during Storage,” Acta Agronómica, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 61–67, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.15446/acag.v69n1.80343.
Conflicting responses have been found for the period of conservation of passion fruit seeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the response of the seeds of passion fruit progenies to a 24-month storage period. The sour passion fruit progenies from the third cycle of Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF intrapopulation recurrent selection program were grown in Itaocara- RJ and the progenies seeds were evaluated for: germination potential, germination first count, accelerated aging, first count of accelerated aging test, seedling and radicle size and germination speed index. The germination and vigor of the seeds of the full-sib progenies were assessed by analysis of variance and factorial arrangement with 3 progenies and 7 periods of storage and the averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Progenies 1 and 2 responded better to germination (92% for both progeny) and vigor test of accelerated aging (92% for both progeny), rootlet size (6.4 and 5.8 cm, respectively) and germination speed index (2.91 and 2.85, respectively) during storage. Variations were observed during the storage period in mean of progenies for germination (81-93%) and vigor for all traits, except accelerated aging (84-91%). At eight months of storage, the seeds presented increased vigor; at 16 months, they showed reduced vigor. The passion fruit seeds of the progenies under analysis can be stored for up to 24 months with high and uniform germination rate and no loss in vigor. The seeds from the passion fruit breeding program showed increases in the variables of germination and vigor during the selection process for fruit production variables, proving the efficiency of the breeding program.
N. C. Rodríguez, L. M. Melgarejo, and M. W. Blair, “Purple Passion Fruit, Passiflora Edulis Sims f. Edulis, Variability for Photosynthetic and Physiological Adaptation in Contrasting Environments,” Agronomy, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 231, May 2019.
doi: 10.3390/agronomy9050231.
Purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis) is a tropical juice source. The goal of this project was to evaluate photosynthetic and physiological variability for the crop with the hypotheses that landraces contain the diversity to adapt to higher elevation nontraditional growing environments and this is dependent on specific parameters of ecological adaptation. A total of 50 genotypes of this crop were chosen from divergent sources for evaluations of their eco-physiological responses in two equatorial locations at different altitudes in the Andes Mountains, a center of diversity for the species. The germplasm included 34 landraces, 8 commercial cultivars, and 8 genebank accessions. The two locations were contrasting in climates, representing mid and high elevations in Colombia. Mid-elevation valleys are typical regions of production for passion fruit while high elevation sites are not traditional. The location effects and variables that differentiated genotypes were determined. Results showed statistically significant differences between locations and importance of physiological parameters related to photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Some landraces exhibited better water status and gas exchange than commercial types. Parameters like maximum photosynthesis, points of light saturation and compensation, darkness respiratory rate, and apparent quantum yield varied between genotype groups. The landraces, commercial types, and genebank entries also differed in content of carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b. Meanwhile, photosynthesis measurements showed that altitudinal difference had an effect on genotype-specific plant growth and adaptation. An important conclusion was that landraces contained the diversity to adapt to the new growing environment at higher altitudes.
G. Roncatto, G. C. Nogueira Filho, C. Ruggiero, J. C. de Oliveira, and A. B. G. Martins, “Avaliação do desenvolvimento de maracujá-doce (Passiflora alata Dryander) propagado por estaquia e por semente em condições de pomar comercial,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 30, pp. 754–758, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452008000300032.
O trabalho foi realizado na Área de Propagação de Fruteiras do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, e em área de produtor, no município de Araguari-MG, com o objetivo de verificar o potencial de crescimento vegetativo (diâmetro do caule, altura de plantas e número de folhas) de plantas de maracujá-doce (Passiflora alata Dryander), obtidas por estaquia e por semente, comparando o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas no campo. O experimento foi conduzido no período de janeiro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003. A formação de mudas por semente foi realizada em casa de vegetação e, por estaca, em câmara de nebulização intermitente, sob condições de telado. As estacas e sementes foram coletadas de plantas adultas, oriundas do Banco de Germoplasma Ativo (BAG) do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da FCAV/UNESP. Para as estacas, utilizou-se a parte intermediária de ramos em estádio de crescimento vegetativo. As sementes, para a obtenção das plântulas, foram semeadas em bandejas plásticas. Efetuou-se o transplantio de estacas e de plântulas, para sacos de polietileno, mantido sob telado e irrigado diariamente por aspersão, para aclimatação e plantio no campo, após 60 dias. O diâmetro do caule, a altura e o número de folhas de plantas obtidas por estaca foram maiores do que nas obtidas por semente, em Jaboticabal-SP. Já em Araguari-MG, o diâmetro do caule foi maior naquelas oriundas de semente, enquanto a altura e o número de folhas foram maiores nas plantas propagadas por estacas.
L. Rosa and A. Marie, “The Biology and Ecology of Passiflora Mollissima in Hawaii,” Cooperative National Park Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Report, Mar. 1984.http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4029.
Passiflora mollissima (HBK). Bailey, a perrenial climber from the Andean highlands, is currently proliferating in koa Acacia-koa) and ’ohi’a (Metrosideros collina) forests on the islands of Hawai’i and Kaua’i. Since its introduction to the islands in the early part of this century it has spread rapidly and now occupies nearly 500 km2. Infestations range from scattered individuals with low cover to complete dominance of an area, inhibiting the growth and reproduction of forest trees.This vine, commonly known in Hawai’i as "banana poka" has been variously referred to as Passiflora mollissima or P. mixta or as the product of introgressive hybridization between P. mollissima and an unknown species. quantitative and qualitative characters were evaluated in an attempt to characterize the Hawaiian taxon. Comparison of these data with the most recent taxonomic treatment of Passiflora showed that most characters are within the range of those of P. mollissima. It is concluded that the Hawaiian taxon should be considered Passiflora mollissima sensu lato. Brief mention is made of the similarity between the Hawaiian population and several populations in other Pacific areas. The ecology and life history of P. mollissima were studied in three areas on the island of Hawai’i. In this species, seeds require a short period of after ripening. Germination is staggered and most seedlings emerge within 4 to 12 weeks. Gemination success is not affected by light intensity but the rate increases with increasing light and associated higher temperatures. At very low light intensities (2.0% RLI) the germination rate is significantly inhibited. Ingestion of seeds by feral pigs has little effect on germination; they function principally as effective, short-distance dispersal agents. Densities of germinants ranged from 540 to 554,000 indiv./ha. and were considerably higher in areas of heavy pig activity. Growth of seedlings is slow compared with other stages in the life cycle. Heaviest mortality occurs between the germinant and seedling stage. The juvenile phase is characterized by rapid growth rates (up to 3 m/yr) and a distinctive morphology which is also found in rapidly-growing (flushing) adult shoots. Survival from the juvenile to the adult phase of the life cycle is very high. Under favorable conditions, individuals may go from seed to reproductive maturity in a single year. All populations sampled were stable and reproducing. The reproductive pattern of P. mollissima promotes both allogamy and autogamy although selfing is favored. A high degree of self-compatibility is indicated, although autogamy occurs in low frequency in the, absence of pollinators, which are principally exotic insects. Pollinator efficiency is quite low, however (30%). Passiflora mollissima exhibits continuous growth and reproduction in Hawai’i both individuals and populations are asynchronous. Seasonal differences in behavior are reflected in the relative magnitude of activity throughout the year. Peak activity of reproductive phases tends to be concentrated into a single annual period while growth is less seasonal. All phases of flowering are concentrated in the drier summer months (May-Aug.), fruiting in the wet winter months (Dec.-Mar.). No strong correlations were found between climatic variables and phenological activity, however. The relative shade tolerance of P. mollissima and its mode of establishment in closed-canopy forests of Hawai’i was studied using a series of shade levels under both natural and artificial conditions. Net assimilation rates and relative growth rates increase with increasing light intensity. Optimal growth occurs in full sun (100% RLI). Intermediate levels of shade (2-14% RLI)induce etiolation and result in rapid height growth. Greatest shade tolerance is exhibited a t these intermediate intensities. At very low light levels (0.35% RLI) growth is severely restricted and some individuals are regularly below the compensation point. As growth is proportional to light intensity, the magnitude of a disturbance, or gap size, has a direct effect on the rate and pattern of establishment. Following a disturbance, increases in cover and biomass of P. mollissima are proportional to levels of canopy disturbance and associated higher light intensities. Density is not proportional to the amount of biomass and cover present. The rapid and synchronous colonization of plots under conditions of 130% canopy removal also suggests that disturbance stimulates the germination of seeds present in the soil. From these data it is concluded that although closed-canopy forests in Hawai’i are not optimal habitats they are nonetheless susceptible to invasion and infestation by this exotic vine, following regular canopy disturbance.
Y. B. C. J. Rosa, L. C. B. Aizza, J. S. L. Armanhi, and M. C. Dornelas, “A Passiflora Homolog of a D-Type Cyclin Gene Is Differentially Expressed in Response to Sucrose, Auxin, and Cytokinin,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 233–242, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-013-0355-6.
In higher plants, one of the major components of developmental processes is cell division. The cell division cycle in plants is controlled by cyclins and cyclin-dependend kinases. Nutrient and hormonal signals can influence the roles that D-type cyclins play in the G1-to-S phase transition. Auxins and cytokinins are long known to be important plant hormones controlling plant growth. Additionally, as sucrose is the major transported carbon source in higher plants, it is possible that it plays a major role in cell division. To access the molecular aspects of the effect of auxin, cytokinin and sucrose on the regulation of cell cycle machinery and plant development, we cloned a Passiflora morifolia putative homolog to a D-type cyclin, PmCYCD1, which showed high sequence similarity to other known plant D-type cyclins. We examined the expression patterns of PmCYCD1 during callus induction and growth in in vitro conditions. We observed incremented expression levels of PmCYCD1 correlated to increasing concentrations of sucrose, α-naphthalene acetic acid and 6-benzyladenine in the culture medium. Additionally, the results of in situ hybridization experiments indicated a dynamic spatial expression pattern for PmCYCD1 during callus growth.
Y. B. C. J. Rosa, C. C. M. Bello, and M. C. Dornelas, “Species-Dependent Divergent Responses to in Vitro Somatic Embryo Induction in Passiflora Spp.,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 69–77, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-014-0580-7.
Passiflora is a large and widespread genus of tropical plants that includes over 500 species. Organogenesis-based in vitro plant regeneration systems have long been available for the commercially important species Passiflora edulis, the passionfruit, and for a few other related wild species. Recently, somatic embryogenesis from mature zygotic embryos was reported for passionfruit and for a related wild species, P. cincinnata, although the recovery of entire plants was obtained only for the latter. Here we assessed the in vitro morphogenic responses of zygotic embryos of five different Passiflora species (P. alata Curtis, P. crenata Feuillet & Cremers, P. edulis Sims, P. foetida L. and P. gibertii N.E. Brown) cultured in basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.5 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and different concentrations (13.6, 18.1, 22.6 or 27.1 μM) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). We characterized these different responses using light and scanning electron microscopy. Somatic embryos were obtained in MS medium supplemented with 4.5 μM BA and either 13.6 or 18.1 μM 2,4-D for all species, except P. foetida for which only indirect shoot organogenesis was observed. Regeneration of entire plants that could be acclimatized was achieved for all species studied. Additionally, our results indicated that the in vitro conditions that promote somatic embryogenesis in some Passiflora species might induce shoot organogenesis in others, suggesting that the conservation of morphogenetic signals among Passiflora species might be limited by their phylogenetic relatedness.
Y. B. C. J. Rosa, C. C. Monte-Bello, and M. C. Dornelas, “In Vitro Organogenesis and Efficient Plant Regeneration from Root Explants of Passiflora Suberosa L. (Passifloraceae),” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 64–71, Feb. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-016-9747-8.
The neotropical genus Passiflora (Passifloraceae) contains over 500 species of plants, including the commercially important passion fruit. Most of the literature on tissue culture of this genus is devoted to passion fruit or closely related species belonging to subgenus Passiflora. Nevertheless, some species belonging to subgenus Decaloba might also be commercially important, such as Passiflora suberosa, which has recognized medicinal importance. This report describes a highly efficient method for in vitro plant regeneration of P. suberosa obtained via organogenesis, using root segments as explants. The highest number of regenerated plants per explant was obtained using Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 9 μM 6-benzyladenine. There was a clear effect of the combination of different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on the in vitro morphogenetic responses of P. suberosa root explants. These different responses were characterized using light and electron microscopy. These results should be useful for the rapid micropropagation of P. suberosa and, above all, for the implementation of biotechnological methodologies in Passiflora species belonging to subgenus Decaloba.
L. D. S. Rosado, J. P. G. Cremasco, C. E. M. dos Santos, C. H. Bruckner, M. H. M. Cordeiro, and L. L. Borges, “Evidence of Maternal Effect on Germination and Vigor of Sour Passion Fruit,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 42, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452020002.
Abstract The seminiferous propagation of Sour Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is the main kind of multiplication due to the ease formation of seedlings. However, the reduced number of productive and homogeneous cultivars reflects the need for genetic breeding. The objective of this study was to assess the maternal and reciprocal effects in vigor and germination of Sour Passion Fruit seeds. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in the factorial scheme, with two structure (hybrid and reciprocal) and ten crosses with four replicates (50 seeds) in trays containing inert sand in germination chamber. Before sowing, it was obtained the weight of 100 seeds, and at 28 days germination percentage, emergence speed index, total seedlings length, shoot length and main root length, number of normal seedlings and dry mass per seedlings were evaluated. The reciprocal effects tell us which genotype is most promising when used as the female or male parent for the trait studied. It can be inferred that there is maternal effect influencing the weight of 100 seeds, emergence, emergence speed index and the number of normal seedlings. There was influence of the parent on the expression of traits in seeds of Sour Passion Fruit. It is important to define the paternal and maternal parent to obtain seeds with high germination potential.
J. B. Ryals, P. R. Knight, and E. T. Stafne, “Rooting Response of Seven Passion Fruit Species to Basal Application of Auxin,” HortTechnology, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 692–696, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH04660-20.
Production of passion fruit (Passiflora sp.) via cuttings is a way to eliminate genetic variation in the crop and also results in a faster establishment time. This could aid producers in increasing production efficiency while maintaining genetic lines. The objective of this research was to evaluate ease of rooting and determine the optimal auxin source for seven species of passion fruit. Semihardwood two-node cuttings were taken from the middle of the parent vine, and auxin treatments were applied to the basal end of the cutting. The cuttings were then stuck to a depth of 1 inch on 20 Aug. 2019. Treatments included three auxin sources and seven passion fruit species. Treatments were set up as a randomized complete block design blocking on species, with 10 single-plant replications per treatment. Data were collected 30 d after sticking cuttings and included percent rooted, total root number, average root length (of the three longest roots, measured in centimeters), root quality (0–5 scale, with 0 = dead and 5 = healthy, vigorous root system), root dry weight (measured in grams), and percent callus. Results showed that passion fruit cuttings receiving a hormone treatment had significantly positive effects on rooting responses, such as increased number, length, quality, and dry weight of roots. Blue passionflower (P. caerulea) was the only species in which hormone treatment did not increase rooting compared with the control. The use of hormone to aid in cutting propagation of passion fruit is recommended, depending on the species being propagated.
C. R. S, H. W. M. Hilhorst, and E. H. D. Jaramillo, “Viability and Seed Germination of Passiflora Mollissima (H.B.K.) Bailey According to Provenance and Fruit Ripening Stage.” 2008.
Passiflora mollissima (“banana passion fruit”) is a tropical fruit widely distributed in Colombia and others South American countries. This specie is commercially exploited due to its high quality fruits, its medical and ornamental properties and it is frequently propagated by seeds. (Otero, 1984; Campos, 1992; Mazzani et al., 1999). Several
J. R. de Sá, F. H. S. F. de Toledo, Y. A. Mariño, C. R. F. S. Soares, and E. V. de O. Ferreira, “Growth and Nutrition of Passiflora Edulis Submitted to Saline Stress after Silicon Application,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 43, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452021057.
Abstract We carried out greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effect of silicon (Si) on growth and mineral nutrition of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) submitted to saline stress in a nutritive solution. The experiment comprised a completely randomized design in a 5x4 factorial scheme: five NaCl concentrations (0; 7.5; 15; 30 and 60 mmol L-1) and four SiO2 concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 mmol L-1) with four replicates. At the end of 35 days, we measured stem diameter, leaves, stem, and roots dry matter, as well as the macronutrient, Na, Cl, and Si leaf accumulation in plants. In most cases, the increase in NaCl supply in a nutritive solution reduced the dry matter of roots, stem, and leaves. The SiO2 supply attenuated the effect on higher tested saline stress (30 and 60 mmol L-1 NaCl) on roots and stem dry matter. The application of 0.5 mmol L-1 of SiO2 reduced the deleterious effect of salinity on all macronutrients absorption in yellow passion fruit cultivated in a nutritive solution.
A. H. Salazar, D. F. P. da Silva, and C. H. Bruckner, “Effect of Two Wild Rootstocks of Genus Passiflora L. on the Content of Antioxidants and Fruit Quality of Yellow Passion Fruit,” Bragantia, vol. 75, pp. 164–172, Feb. 2016.
doi: 10.1590/1678-4499.396.
ABSTRACT The nutritional importance of the fruit of passionfruit has prompted studies to assess its composition and antioxidant content and to evaluate it as a functional food in fresh fruit and concentrated juice markets. Currently, the use of wild species as rootstock has been recommended mainly for their positive effects such as tolerance to disease attack and maintenance of fruit quality of grafted cultivars. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of wild species of Passiflora gibertii N.E. Br. and Passiflora mucronata Lam as rootstock on the content of antioxidants and fruit quality of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and 25 replications, with a total of 100 experimental units. As a control treatment, plants of P. edulis from seed and grafted on the same species were used. Significant correlations were observed among the contents of β-carotene, ascorbic acid, luminosity values, chroma and hue angle. For the combination P. edulis/P. gibertti, the contents of β-carotene and ascorbic acid were highly correlated with luminosity, chroma and hue angle of fruit juice. A similar behavior was observed for the combination P. edulis/P. mucronata Lam. The content of β-carotene in the fruit showed no statistical differences (p < 0.05), indicating no significant rootstock effect on the variables evaluated. The results indicate a potential wild rootstock use for its positive effects on grafted plants while maintaining the commercial quality of the fruits of passionfruit crops.
A. Salazar and C. Ramírez, “Fruit Maturity Stage and Provenance Affect Seed Germination of Passiflora Mollissima (Banana Passion Fruit) and P. Ligularis (Sweet Granadilla), Two Commercially Valuable Tropical Fruit Species,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 383–397, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2017.45.2.07.
Passiflora mollissima (banana passion fruit) and P. liguralis (sweet granadilla) are two Passifloraceae species exploited in the tropics due to their high quality fruits, medicinal and ornamental properties. These species are propagated by seeds but the seeds exhibit low and erratic germination due to a combination of physical and physiological dormancy. Fruit ripening and provenance highly affect seed germination yet little is known about their effects in Passiflora species. We evaluated the effect of provenance and fruit maturity stage on the germination of P. mollissima and P. liguralis by germinating seeds extracted from fruits differing in maturity stage and from different provenances. Fruit maturity stage, provenance and their interaction affected seed germination but the magnitude of the effects differed between species. In P. mollissima, fruit maturity affected seed germination to a larger extent than provenance while the contrary occurred in P. ligularis. Seeds from low maturity stage-fruits had lower germination values across provenances than seeds from high maturity stage-fruits. This study shows that fruit ripening and increase in germination capacity occur simultaneously in P. mollissima and P. ligularis and thus seeds from fruits at high maturity stages from specific cultivars are desirable to obtain high germination rates.
A. H. Salazar, D. F. P. da Silva, N. Ceballos-Aguirre, J. Ocampo, and C. H. Bruckner, “Proline and Ions Accumulation in Four Passiflora Species under Water-Saline Stress,” Comunicata Scientiae, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 570–580, 2017.
doi: 10.14295/cs.v8i4.2323.
Water-saline stress is one of the factors limiting growth and crop production, with the induction of morphological, structural and metabolic changes in higher plants. This study aimed to evaluate the response of four species with ten accessions of Passiflora to saline stress and drought stress, and the accumulation of proline and content of cationic macronutrients and their relationships with sodium. The plants were grown under controlled conditions for seven months, watered with nutrient solution with additions of NaCl (100 mM) to achieve the desired conductivities (1.5, 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1) and constant substrate humidity of 100%, 66% and 33%. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ and proline in the leaves were determined. Proline accumulation increased in salinized plants, especially in young leaves. Proline increase was evident in accessions tolerant and moderately tolerant to salinity. These results indicate that tolerance to salinity and water stress in Passiflora relates to an improved ability to exclude sodium and greater ability to accumulate proline for osmotic adjustment. The increased salinity of the nutrient solution increased sodium contents, relations Na+/Ca++, Na+/Mg++, Na+/K+, and decreased Ca++, Mg++ and K+ levels, reflecting the nutritional imbalance caused by progressive saline stress.
R. A. de Sales, S. da S. Berilli, L. C. Pereira, A. P. B. Pinheiro, W. R. Ribeiro, and A. P. C. G. Berilli, “Effect of foliar-applied tannery sludge on growth and physiology of Passiflora edulis seedlings,” Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - Reveng, vol. 28, pp. 549–557, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.13083/reveng.v29i1.9970.
Today, industries are increasingly concerned about the disposal of their waste. One of the proposed solutions to deal with certain wastes is through agriculture in the form of fertilizers. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of liquid tannery sludge as foliar fertilizer on the growth and physiology of passion fruit seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design with six replications. Six treatments were applied to leaves: tannery sludge diluted in water (132, 263, 395 and 527 mL L-1); only water (control); and the conventional treatment. The following growth characteristics were evaluated: leaf production, plant height, crown diameter, stem diameter, total fresh matter and dry matter of the plants. The physiological characteristics evaluated were the indices chlorophyll, nitrogen balance, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and plant color. The flavonoid index increased in plants that received foliar application of 527 mL L-1 without compromising the other characteristics evaluated. The doses 263, 395 and 527 mL L-1 showed the best results for the growth characteristics, equaling those of the conventional treatments. Foliar application of tannery sludge can be recommended for yellow passion fruit seedlings.
B. Santos Alvarado, G. Almaguer Vargas, and A. F. Barrientos Priego, “Pregerminative treatment and growth evaluation of seedlings of sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligulares Juss.),” Revista Chapingo. Serie Horticultura (Mexico), vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 157–160, 1994.
doi: 10.5154/r.rchsh.1993.07.051.
Several treatments were applied to seed of sweet granadilla in order to determine the best pregerminative method. Gibberellic acid at 50, 100, 200 mg·litro-1, stratification during 12 ad 24 hours at 5 °C, running water during 12 and 24 hours, washing and control were the treatments. In the last evaluations the highest percentage of germination was worth stratification during 200 hours but this was not statistically different from the control. The beginning of germination was between 19 and 25 days after the sowing, although the maximum increase was between 30 and 60 days.
B. Santos Alvarado, G. Almaguer Vargas, and A. F. Barrientos Priego, “Seed treatments and evaluation of seedling growth of sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss).,” Revista Chapingo. Serie Horticultura, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 157–160, 1994.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19950304625.
P. ligularis seeds were treated with 50, 100 or 200 mg GA3/litre for 24 h, stratified at 5°C for 50, 100 or 200 h, soaked in water for 12 or 24 h or washed. Few differences in percentage germination (recorded at 30-day intervals from 30 to 240 days after sowing) and none in seedling growth were observed between treatments.
E. A. Santos, M. M. Souza, A. P. Viana, A.-A. F. de Almeida, I. S. Araújo, and J. C. de O. Freitas, “Development and Bloom in Hybrids of Wild Passion Fruit Cultivated in Different Types of Pots and Shading Levels,” Scientia Agricola, vol. 69, pp. 126–134, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162012000200007.
Ornamental hybrids of passion flowers are thoroughly diffused in many countries and used in the decoration of houses and gardens. However, the cultivation of ornamental passion fruits practically unexploited in Brazil. This study aimed at evaluating the growth and blooming of F1 hybrids of Passiflora L. (P. sublanceolata J.M. MacDougal [ex P. palmeri var. sublanceolata Killip] vs. P. foetida var. foetida L.) cultivated in ceramic and concrete pots under different shading levels. The vegetative and flower evaluations were carried out weekly, in clonal cuttings 60 days after rooting. The height, leaf length and width, the number of internodes and leaves and stem diameter were evaluated using a randomized complete design in a factorial scheme which corresponded to two genotypes, two types of pot, three shading levels (25 %, 50 %, 75 %) and seven weeks of evaluation, with four replications. For the variable number of flowers, the same experimental design was adopted. However, the number of evaluations was modified for three periods, but this was not considered for the flower diameter and leaf area. The shading levels of 25 % and 50 % were the most favorable to the growth in height, whereas hybrid genotypes under 25 % shade had greater increase in the number of leaves, internodes and stem diameter, showing tolerance to moderate shade. The higher values for length, width and leaf area were observed at 75 % shade. The greatest number of flowers was verified at 25 % shadow in concrete pots. As for the types of pot, the ceramic ones were more favorable to the growth of hybrid plants during the first weeks of acclimatization to the treatments, and the concrete ones were more propitious to blooming. Thus, the use of hybrid plants in concrete pots for the ornamentation of internal environments is recommended, if they are well illuminated.
J. L. Santos, S. N. Matsumoto, P. N. de Oliveira, L. O. D’Arêde, and C. L. L. Brito, “Development of Passiflora Cincinnata Mast. Submitted to Different Levels of Nitrogen and Potassium,” Revista de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 777–787, 2017.
doi: 10.19084/RCA17035.
The present study aimed to evaluate the morphological characteristics of passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnataMast.) under different levels of nitrogen and potassium, and interactions between these nutrients. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments, three replications per treatment and 48 experimental plots and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Factors were four doses of N (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg of N dm-3of soil, applied as urea, 45 % N), and four doses of K (0, 150, 300 and 600 mg of K dm-3of soil, applied as potassium chloride, 60 % K2O). After 60 days of transplanting the seedlings to pots, stem diameter, leaf number, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) index, leaf area, dry weight of shoot and root were evaluated. The interaction effect between levels of N and K was observed when the dry weight of shoot, stem diameter and SPAD index was assessed. The greatest growth rate ofPassiflora cincinnataMast. was obtained at doses of 180 to 300 mg of N dm-3of soil. Potassium rates used in this study reduced the potential for accumulation of dry mass of the shoots.
C. H. B. Santos, A. J. da Cruz Neto, T. G. Junghans, O. N. de Jesus, and E. A. Girardi, “Fruit maturation stage and influence of gibberellic acid on the emergence and growth of Passiflora spp.,” Revista Ciência Agronômica, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 481–490, 2016.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20163140025.
The aim of this work was to evaluate emergence and initial growth in plants of Passiflora spp. from seeds obtained from fruit at different stages of maturation and treated with different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3). The species under evaluation were Passiflora alata, P. cincinnata, P. setacea, P. edulis and P. gibertii. For the first trial, the seeds were extracted from fruits at...
C. E. M. dos Santos, M. A. D. O. Morgado, R. G. P. Matias, A. Wagner Júnior, and C. H. Bruckner, “Germination and Emergence of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) Seeds Obtained by Self- and Open-Pollination,” Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, vol. 37, pp. 489–493, 2015-Oct-Dec.
doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v37i4.19616.
ABSTRACT Seed dormancy is an important adaptive mechanism in many species and is generally lost during plant domestication because of selection that occurs through the collection and planting of seeds. We compared germination and seedling emergence in selfed and open-pollinated progenies obtained from eight passion fruit vines (genotypes). Self-pollination was performed at the button stage to overcome self-incompatibility. The experiment was a randomized block design in a factorial scheme (2 x 8; type of progeny x genotypes) with four replicates and 50 seeds per experimental unit. At 14, 21 and 28 days after sowing, the germination percentage and the emergence speed index were analyzed. The total length of seedlings (cm), shoot length (cm), radicle length (cm) and total dry matter of seedlings (g) were evaluated 28 days after sowing. The mass of 100 seeds (g) was determined before sowing. Differences were noted between genotypes and progeny types with respect to germination and emergence speed. In general, seeds obtained by selfing exhibited earlier germination and a higher emergence speed. It was concluded that seed dormancy is associated with the genotype of the embryo and is most likely conditioned by a dominant genetic effect.
C. H. B. Santos, E. J. D. Oliveira, F. F. Laranjeira, O. N. D. Jesus, and E. A. Girardi, “Growth, Fruit Set, and Fusariosis Reaction of Yellow Passion Fruit Grafted onto Passiflora Spp.,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 38, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452016711.
ABSTRACT Yellow passion fruit grafting on other Passiflora spp. may be an alternative technique for the production under biotic stresses, especially soil-borne diseases. This study evaluated the survival of yellow passion fruit to fusariosis grafted onto P. edulis, P. alata, P. gibertii and P. cincinnata, in the field in Cruz das Almas, State of Bahia, Brazil. Horticultural performance was evaluated as plant growth, flowering and fruit set up to 13 months after transplanting. The apical cleft hipocotyledonar grafting was used. Survival analysis to fusariosis was based on the detection of typical visual symptoms. Grafting in species of wild passifloras did not influence on the stem diameter or fruit set of the yellow passion fruit, even though the flowering of P. edulis grafted on P. alata was lower than P. edulis grafted on itself. Hipocotyledonar grafting of P. edulis on P. gibertii, P. cincinnata and P. alata resulted in similar survival rates to fusariosis in relation to plants grafted onto P. edulis up to 13 months after transplanting.
B. M. Santos and J. P. Gilreath, “Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization and Support Systems on Passion Fruit Yield and Economic Feasibility,” HortTechnology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 43–45, Jan. 2006.
doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH.16.1.0043.
A 2-year field study was conducted in two locations in the Dominican Republic to determine the influence of various support systems and nitrogen fertilization programs on passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa) yield and economic returns. Three trellis systems were used: 1) single line, where a single wire was placed along the planting rows at 2 m high; 2) double lines, where two wires were established along the planting rows at 2 and 1 m high, respectively; and 3) crossed lines, with wires at 2 m high, allowing the vines to grow both along and across the planting rows. Nitrogen (N) fertilization rates were 13, 26, and 52 g/plant of N every 20 days. Plants trained with the single- and double-line support systems combined with 52 g/plant of N had higher marketable yield and had the lowest proportion of non-marketable fruit/plant per year. Partial budget analysis indicated that the single-line support system had a marginal return rate of 36% compared to the double-line support system.
J. L. Santos, S. N. Matsumoto, P. N. D. Oliveira, L. S. D. Oliveira, and R. D. A. Silva, “Morphophysiological Analysis of Passion Fruit Plants From Different Propagation Methods and Planting Spacing,” Revista Caatinga, vol. 29, pp. 305–312, 2016-Apr-Jun.
doi: 10.1590/1983-21252016v29n206rc.
ABSTRACT: The passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) is a perennial and drought resistant species that represents a new alternative crop for small farmers in rainfed conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative and physiological development of passion fruit plants derived from two propagation methods and grown at varied planting spacing. The experiment was conducted from January to June of 2012, in the Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (State University from Southwestern Bahia), in Brazil. It was carried out in a randomized block design under a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, which consisted of two propagation methods (cutting and seeds) and three planting spacing distances within a row (1.5; 3.0 and 4.0 m), however, at same distance between rows (3.0 m), with four replicates and four plants per plot. Cuttings and seeds were sampled from adult plants pre-selected in native areas from Vitória da Conquista - BA, Brazil. Growth (stem diameter and leaf area) and physiological parameters (leaf chlorophyll content, leaf water potential before dawn, relative water content and leaf gas exchange) were assessed on the 90th, 120th and 150th day after transplanting of seedlings into the field (DAT). Based on our results, we concluded that despite plants propagated via cuttings showed most favorable water status, vegetative growth and photosynthetic capacity were lower whether compared to plants obtained from seeds.
L. Santos, S. A. D. S. Silva, A. D. O. A. Netto, P. R. A. Viegas, and A. S. Mello, “Salinity and Its Effects in the Growth of Yellow Passion Fruit Tree Seedlings,” in XXXVII Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Agrícola, Brazil, 2008.
The increase in the concentration of salts in the soil has caused reduction in the growth of the plants because these ions cause, among other negative effects, changes in the ability of plants to absorb water. So, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of salinity on the development of seedlings of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora eduli f. flavicarpa Deg). They were used vessels with a capacity to 2.9 dm ³ and five levels of salinity: control = 0,42dS/m - 2,0 - 4,0 – 6,0 and 8dS/m. The results have showed that the total dry matter, dry matter of the aerial part and number of leaves have showed some significant differences among treatments. Thus, the higher the Saline lower, the absorption of water and nutrients and carbon accumulation into yellow passion fruit seedlings. KEYWORDS: Salty stress, fruit production.
J. L. Santos, S. N. Matsumoto, L. O. D’Arêde, I. S. da Luz, and A. E. S. Viana, “Vegetative Propagation of Cuttings of Passiflora Cincinnata Mast. in Different Commercial Substrates and Containers,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 34, pp. 581–588, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452012000200033.
Passiflora cincinnata Mast é uma espécie com grande potencial produtivo por estar adaptada a fatores abióticos e bióticos da região Semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil e pelas características nutricionais e medicinais de seus frutos. Com o objetivo de estudar a propagação vegetativa e o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de Passiflora cincinnata Mast. a partir de estacas herbáceas submetidas a diferentes recipientes e substratos comerciais, foi conduzido um ensaio utilizando o delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial (3 x 2), constituído por três tipos de recipientes e dois substratos, dispostos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram utilizados como recipientes de propagação tubetes, com volumes de 50 cm³, 288 cm³ e sacos de polietileno de 573 cm³ associados a dois tipos de substratos comerciais, Bioplant® e Vivatto®. Verificou-se efeito isolado dos recipientes para as variáveis comprimento das brotações, número de folhas por estaca e comprimento do sistema radicular, ocorrendo interação de fatores recipiente e substrato para massa fresca e seca do sistema radicular, percentagem de estacas enraizadas e percentagem de estacas enraizadas com emissão de brotações. Tendência de elevado potencial de crescimento de estacas em Passiflora cincinnata foi observada para recipientes de maiores volumes, com a utilização do substrato Vivatto®. Foi observado que o enraizamento e o enraizamento de estacas com brotações foram menores para tubetes de 50 cm³. O desenvolvimento vegetativo, avaliado por meio do comprimento de brotações e número de folhas por estaca, foi maior em sacos de polietileno de 573 cm³, não sendo verificada diferença entre substratos. Para massa fresca e seca do sistema radicular, maiores valores foram observados para tubetes de 288 cm³. Em tubetes menores com volume de 50 cm³, foi verificado maior crescimento do sistema radicular, quando utilizado o substrato Bioplant®.
R. Santos-Tierno et al., “Light Quality and Explant Type Modulate Growth, Antioxidant Properties and Bioactive Compounds Production of Calluses of Passiflora Setacea Cv BRS Pérola Do Cerrado,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 147, no. 3, pp. 635–646, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-021-02188-y.
Passiflora species have high industrial and medicinal relevance, due to presence of specific metabolites and their recognized pharmacological activities. In vitro systems allow the modulation of secondary metabolites production according to culture conditions. In this work, we report the effect of different light emitting diodes (LED) on induction, metabolite production, and antioxidant properties of calluses derived from stem and leaf segments of P. setacea cv BRS Pérola do Cerrado. Friable calluses were induced on MSM medium supplemented with picloram, under different light qualities (white fluorescent lamps or different types of LEDs) or in the dark. Light quality contributed more significantly for biomass accumulation than the other variables. Callus formation was observed in response to all treatments, although the highest biomass accumulation was induced by red LED. Chromatographic analyses indicated that blue LED induced the highest production of bioactive substances. All samples displayed low antioxidant potential by the DPPH assay, but showed a high capacity to chelate iron. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was also evaluated. The incubation under red LED caused an increase on the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in calluses derived from internodal segments induced under red LED. This is the first study evaluating the effect of lighting conditions in in vitro systems of P. setacea cv BRS Pérola do Cerrado, thus opening new possibilities of study and utilization.
E. R. Schmildt, L. S. Oliari, R. S. Alexandre, F. O. dos R. da Silva, and O. Schmildt, “Histological Aspects of Mini-Grafting of Passiflora Edulis Sims. And Passiflora Mucronata Lam.,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 40, May 2018.
doi: 10.1590/0100-29452018174.
Abstract In Brazil, the main cultivated passion fruit species is Passiflora edulis, which is affected by Fusarium soil fungus. P. mucronata species stands out because it presents resistance to this fungus, being thus an alternative rootstock to yellow passion fruit. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of mini-grafting by top cleft grafting and simple English type grafting, using shoot tips of adult P. edulis plants in clonal rootstocks of P. mucronata. When the rootstocks reached approximately 2.5 mm in diameter and 20 cm in height, grafting was carried out with Parafilm® tape fasteners and silicone clip. At the end of 60 days, histological analysis of the grafting region was performed to verify the formation of the scarring parenchyma tissue (callus). The filling of the mini-grafting cleft by callus was verified; however, there was no differentiation of the new vascular tissue at 60 days after grafting. During the performance of the simple English type grafting using Parafilm® tape, it was extremely difficult to encircle the tape and at the same time to join the bionts so that tissue junction is perfect. Mini-grafting by top cleft grafting using Parafilm® tape fastener is recommended.
Leaf, stem, and tendril explants of Passiflora suberosa L. flowered in vitro in as few as 21 days on a basal medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts, Benzyladenine (BA) at IE glycine, vitamins, and cytokinin. 3% sucrose, 0.1 mg/liter was the most effective cytokin in for promotion of shoot and flower formation as compared to benzyladenine riboside, isopentenyladenine, kinetin, and zeatin. In vitro flowering depended upon locus of explant origin. Leaf discs and stem internode explants flowered only if they originated near apices; explants that originated below the fifth node from the apex produced only nonflowering shoots. The existence of a flowering gradient suggested the presence of either inhibitors in basal tissue or flowering promoters in apical tissue. However, there was no change in flowering reaction when discs from basal to apical (old) leaves were cultured in proximity (young) stem internodes although the presence of apical stem internodes stimulated from basal leaf discs. callus production Removal of leaves from source plants did not increase subsequent flowering of apical stem internodal explants. This, there was no evidence for diffusible or translocated flowering inhibitors from basal leaves. Leaf discs recultured from explants that had clowerd in vitro formed shoots but did not flower suggesting and exhaustion of a flower susbstance in culture. Explants from juvenile P. suberosa formed shoots but also failed to form flowers. These results provide evidence that cytokinins are not eh only components of the floral stimulus. Light was necessary for in vitro flowering from stem internodes. Explants in darkness for up to 6 weeks remained vegetative but flowered when returned to light; flowering was reduced after 4-6 weeks of dark exposure. Photoperiod (8, 16, 24 hours of light) applied to source plants did not affect in vitro flower production or subsequent flowering in vitro. Most of the flowers formed in vitro lacked stamens although a few complete flowers were produced from leaf disc explants. Flowers were generally produced on short leafy shoots although some were produced at nodes of large shoots or on short pedicels directly from explants or associated callus. Shoot formation in vitro from stem internodes required a 1-day exposure to BA but flower formation required a 3-days exposure. Anatomical studies indicated that at 3 days after explanting no organized meristems were present on explants. Thus, the inductive effect of BA on flowering probably takes place prior to appearance of organized meristems. Flowering was similar from vegetatively propagated or seedling clones of P. suberosa. The related species, P. caerulea L., P. edulis Sims, P. foetida L., and P. trifasciata, formed shoots from leaf or stem explants but did not flower. The responsiveness of in vitro flowering of P. suberosa to manipulations of growth regulators, light, and explant source make this a promising system to investigate the flowering process.
Z. E. Sebaaly, N. Othman, and Y. Sassine, “Cultivation of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) under Local Climatic Conditions of Lebanon (Ghazir),” PhD thesis, Lebanese University, 2016.
doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18388.30087.
In Lebanon, passion fruit has not yet reached commercial volumes. However, increasing market demands together with the general lack of knowledge about cultural requirements of the crop have stimulated a trial at the research center of Ghazir, from July till December, 2015, where two cultivars of the purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) known as “Perfecta” and “Black Knight” were grown in order to investigate and compare their adaptation level to local climate conditions. Results of the experiment indicated that the cultivar “Perfecta” was more adapted to soil and weather conditions of Ghazir than the cultivar “Black Knight”, since it had a better vegetative growth that was expressed through a higher plant height, more leaf number and nodes, and a higher accumulation of dry matter in leaves, shoots and roots. Moreover, plants of this cultivar flowered earlier and produced more flowers and fruited while plants of the other cultivar did not. However, there was no significant difference at the level of leaf area, Specific Leaf area (SLA), and Leaf Area Ratio (LAR) among both cultivars.
P. Seetharaman, S. Gnanasekar, R. Chandrasekaran, G. Chandrakasan, M. Kadarkarai, and S. Sivaperumal, “Isolation and Characterization of Anticancer Flavone Chrysin (5,7-Dihydroxy Flavone)-Producing Endophytic Fungi from Passiflora Incarnata L. Leaves,” Annals of Microbiology, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 321–331, Apr. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s13213-017-1263-5.
Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxy flavone, ChR) is a flavone of plant origin, possessing numerous biomedical properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic, hepatoprotective, anti-aging and anticonvulsant activities. In this study, chrysin-producing fungal endophytes (A. alternata KT380662, C. capsici KT373967, and C. taiwanense PI-3 KX580307) were isolated from the leaves of Passiflora incarnata L. and characterised via morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography profiles of fungal extracts showed Rf values and retention times that closely match those of standard chrysin (ChR). Further, the production of fungal chrysin (FChR) was confirmed through UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, LC-ESI-MS, and 1H1 NMR analysis. Among the isolated strains, A. alternata KT380662 was identified as having a high-level of ChR production, with rates measuring approximately 846 mg L−1. On the other hand, in vitro anticancer and radical scavenging studies proved that FChR has significant cytotoxic activity against human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). These results clearly imply that the isolated A. alternata KT380662 could serve as an alternative source for the commercial production of ChR, which holds anticancer and radical scavenging activities, and the fungal-derived ChR can be used in chemotherapy or in prodrug development.
S. D. Segura, G. Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, C. H. Ocampo, and P. Ollitrault, “Isozyme Variation in Passiflora Subgenera Tacsonia and Manicata. Relationships between Cultivated and Wild Species,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 417–427, Jun. 2003.
doi: 10.1023/A:1023987818803.
Isozyme variation was studied in 87 plants from 32 cultivated and wild accessions of banana passion fruit (P. tripartita var. mollissima, P. tripartita var. tripartita, P. tarminiana, and P. mixta), rosy passion fruit (P. cumbalensis), tin-tin (P. pinnatistipula), gulián (P. ampullacea), P. antioquensis, P. bracteosa, and P. manicata, from the Andes of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. Six polymorphic enzyme systems (IDH, PGDH, PGM, DIA, PRX, and ACP) revealed 31 zymotypes characterized by the presence or absence of 31 electromorphs. Cluster analysis separated clearly the accessions of P. tarminiana, P. tripartita, P. mixta, and P. cumbalensis from the less typical species of subgenus Tacsonia, which is consistent with morphological evidence. P. mixta showed the highest intraspecific variation and the closest affinity with P. tripartita. The accessions of these two species formed two clusters, one dominated by Colombian genotypes and the other dominated by Ecuadorian genotypes. One of the P. tripartita var. mollissima accessions clustered close to P. tarminiana accessions. The affinity between these three species is particularly interesting for conservation and use of banana passion fruit genetic resources. All the other species formed monospecific clusters.
S. D. Senter, J. A. Payne, R. J. Knight, and A. A. Amis, “Yield and Quality of Juice from Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis), Maypops (P Incarnata) and Tetraploid Passion Fruit Hybrids (P Edulis × P Incarnata),” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 67–70, 1993.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740620109.
Yield and properties of juice from purple and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), maypops (P incarnata) and tetraploid hybrids of P edulis and P incarnata were compared. Weight, proportion filled, number of seeds and yield of juice per fruit were lower in tetraploid hybrids than in P edulis. Acidity and soluble solids were highest in tetraploid hybrids and lowest in maypops. Fructose, glucose, sucrose, citric and malic acids were present in all samples. Fructose and glucose were the major sugars in passion fruit; sucrose was highest in tetraploid hybrids and maypops. Citric, the predominant acid in all samples, was highest in the yellow passion fruit followed by tetraploid hybrids and purple passion fruit. Malic acid was highest in purple-flowered maypop and lowest in white-flowered maypop.
T. E. Şesan et al., “Botanical and Phytochemical Approach on Passilfora Spp.-New Nutraceutical Crop in Romania,” Journal of Plant Development, vol. 23, pp. 97–126, 2016.http://www.plant-journal.uaic.ro/docs/2016/10.pdf.
It has been performed a complex investigation – morpho-anatomical, physiological, taxonomical and phytochemical one – of Passiflora nutraceutical plants from Hofigal S.A., in the frame of project PNII-PCCA-2013-4-0995, contract 160 (MAIA)/2014. Anatomic analysis of leaf lamina, petiole and stem, provided data with taxonomical importance, leading to the conclusion that plant material belongs to Passiflora caerulea L., in concordance with world monographers of Passiflora genus: VANDERPLANK (2000) and ULMAN & MacDOUGAL (2004). Physiological investigation referred to the following parameters: coefficient k, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance and yield of green plant biomass. Phytochemical investigation consisted in analyzing active principles (polyphenols, flavonoids) content, in correlation with their antioxidant activity and determination of cytotoxicity of Passiflora extracts in NCTC cell line. At 10-150 µg/ml concentrations, it was recorded a normal cell morphology. At concentrations over 250 µg/ml, the plant extract become cytotoxic, altering the cell membrane structure, cells viability and proliferation.
T. E. Şesan et al., “Effects of Foliar Treatment with a Trichoderma Plant Biostimulant Consortium on Passiflora Caerulea L. Yield and Quality,” Microorganisms, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 123, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8010123.
The influence of spore concentration on the ability of a Trichoderma consortium to colonize the Passiflora caerulea phyllosphere was evaluated by determining the effects of foliar treatments with two spore concentrations, in two repeated treatments, on the morphological, physiological, and ultrastructural characteristics, and on the yield and quality of P. caerulea. The studied crop quality features were related to its nutraceutical use: the accumulation of polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and effects on mouse fibroblast L929 cells. The Trichoderma consortium consisted of two strains, T. asperellum T36b and T. harzianum Td50b, and the concentrations used were 106 colony forming units (cfu)/mL and 108 cfu/mL. As a reference treatment, a commercial product that was based on herbs and algal extracts was used. As compared to the negative control, the treatment with the Trichoderma consortium at 108 cfu/mL concentration determines the accumulation of higher level of polyphenols and flavonoids and increased antioxidant activity. This enhancement of P. caerulea quality characteristics after treatment with the higher concentration of Trichoderma consortium was associated with larger leaves, increased number and size of chloroplasts, improved plant physiology characteristics, and an increased yield. The treatment with high concentration of Trichoderma consortium spores promotes phyllosphere colonization and benefits both crop yield and quality.
N. S. Shahbani, S. D. Ramaiya, N. Saupi, J. S. Bujang, and M. H. Zakaria, “Effect of Planting Materials and Organic Amendments on the Production of Purple Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims) Seedlings,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 54, no. 2, Apr. 2022.
doi: 10.30848/PJB2022-2(20).
The rising popularity of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) in the local and international markets is due to its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical application, which leads to economical opportunities for farmers in Malaysia and worldwide. The production of seedlings comprises crucial phases of the cultivation system through the selection of substrate and planting materials for the development of seedlings and plant conditions in the field. Accordingly, this research aims to the examine the effect of organic manures and planting materials used for purple passion fruit seedlings production. The pot experiment was design following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement 4 x 2 (4 types of substrates x 2 types of planting materials) with 6 replication per treatment. The Kaplan-Meier analysis recorded that softwood cutting had a higher seedling survival rate of 83% to 100% in comparison to semi-hardwood cutting, with a lower survival rate of 0% to 50%. Among the treatments, the substrates with rabbit composite and soil with softwood cutting (T1) exhibited more significant Dickson’s Quality Index, improving the original development of purple passion fruit seedlings as the leaves amounted to 24.67±1.45, stem diameter of 6.32±0.55 mm, and plant height of 139.33±8.29 cm. The fresh and dried aerial mass of 48.58±0.74 g and 11.51±0.38 g, respectively, including the root mass of 10.23±0.37 g and 2.13±0.35 g was enhanced through the treatment. Notably, the composition of organic rabbit composite and softwood cutting improved the cultivation and feasibility of the passion fruit seedlings.
M. S. Shekhawat, M. Manokari, and C. P. Ravindran, “An Improved Micropropagation Protocol by Ex Vitro Rooting of Passiflora Edulis Sims. f. Flavicarpa Deg. through Nodal Segment Culture,” Scientifica, vol. 2015, p. e578676, Jul. 2015.
doi: 10.1155/2015/578676.
A procedure for rapid clonal propagation of Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg. (Passifloraceae) has been developed in this study. Nodal explants were sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2 and inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. The addition of 2.0 mgL−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to MS medium caused an extensive proliferation of multiple shoots () primordial from the nodal meristems. Subculturing of these multiple shoots on the MS medium augmented with 1.0 mgL−1 of each BAP and Kinetin (Kin) was successful for the multiplication of the shoots in vitro with maximum numbers of shoots () within four weeks of incubation. Shoots were rooted best ( roots/shoots) on half strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL−1 indole-3 butyric acid (IBA). All in vitro regenerated shoots were rooted by ex vitro method, and this has achieved 6-7 roots per shoot by pulsing of cut ends of the shoots using 200 as well as 300 mgL−1 IBA. The plantlets were hardened in the greenhouse for 4-5 weeks. The hardened plantlets were shifted to manure containing nursery polybags after five weeks and then transferred to a sand bed for another four weeks for acclimatization before field planting with 88% survival rate.
B. Shrestha, L. E. Gilbert, T. A. Ruhlman, and R. K. Jansen, “Clade-Specific Plastid Inheritance Patterns Including Frequent Biparental Inheritance in Passiflora Interspecific Crosses,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 22, no. 5, p. 2278, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/ijms22052278.
Plastid inheritance in angiosperms is presumed to be largely maternal, with the potential to inherit plastids biparentally estimated for about 20% of species. In Passiflora, maternal, paternal and biparental inheritance has been reported; however, these studies were limited in the number of crosses and progeny examined. To improve the understanding of plastid transmission in Passiflora, the progeny of 45 interspecific crosses were analyzed in the three subgenera: Passiflora, Decaloba and Astrophea. Plastid types were assessed following restriction digestion of PCR amplified plastid DNA in hybrid embryos, cotyledons and leaves at different developmental stages. Clade-specific patterns of inheritance were detected such that hybrid progeny from subgenera Passiflora and Astrophea predominantly inherited paternal plastids with occasional incidences of maternal inheritance, whereas subgenus Decaloba showed predominantly maternal and biparental inheritance. Biparental plastid inheritance was also detected in some hybrids from subgenus Passiflora. Heteroplasmy due to biparental inheritance was restricted to hybrid cotyledons and first leaves with a single parental plastid type detectable in mature plants. This indicates that in Passiflora, plastid retention at later stages of plant development may not reflect the plastid inheritance patterns in embryos. Passiflora exhibits diverse patterns of plastid inheritance, providing an excellent system to investigate underlying mechanisms in angiosperms.
B. Shrestha, “Plastid Genome Evolution and Inheritance in Passiflora,” Thesis, 2020.
doi: 10.26153/tsw/13943.
Plastid genomes (plastomes) of photosynthetic angiosperms are for the most part highly conserved in their organization, mode of inheritance and rates of nucleotide substitution. A small number of distantly related lineages including Passiflora share a syndrome of features that deviate from this general pattern, including extensive genomic rearrangements, accelerated rates of nucleotide substitution, biparental inheritance and plastome-genome incompatibility. Plastome evolution studies in Passiflora are limited in taxon sampling; hence the phylogenetic extent of the rearrangements is unknown. To gain better understanding in plastome evolution in Passiflora, plastomes from 31 taxa and transcriptomes from 6 species were sequenced and assembled. In addition, interspecific crosses within two largest subgenera, Passiflora and Decaloba, were greatly expanded to understand mode of plastid inheritance in the genus. Phylogenomic analyses with 68 protein-coding genes generated a fully resolved, strongly supported tree that is congruent with the comprehensive phylogenies based on a few plastid and nuclear loci. Extensive rearrangements were detected including several gene/intron losses, inverted repeat expansion/contraction and inversions, some of which occurred in parallel. Nucleotide substitution rate analyses of 68 protein-coding genes across the genus showed lineage- and locus-specific acceleration. Comparative transcriptome analyses identified missing or divergent plastid genes in Passiflora that have followed three distinct evolutionary paths: transfer to the nucleus, substitution by the nuclear genes and highly divergent gene that likely remain functional. Plastid-encoded rps7 was transferred into the intron of a nuclear-encoded plastid-targeted thioredoxin m-type gene, acquiring its plastid transit peptide. Plastid rpl20 likely experienced a novel substitution by a duplicated, nuclear-encoded mitochondrial-targeted rpl20 that has a similar gene structure. Interspecific hybrids in Passiflora exhibit diverse modes of plastid inheritance including a clade-specific paternal or maternal pattern along with frequent transmission of biparental plastids. Furthermore, heteroplasmy due to biparental inheritance was restricted to early developmental stage in hybrids and plastid types from either parent were excluded in older plants resulting plastid homogeneity. These results of unusual plastome dynamics and inheritance identified in Passiflora presents the genus as an exciting system to study plastome evolution in angiosperms
E. V. Shulman, “The Anatomy of the Transition Zone of Some Species of Passiflora and the Pharmacognostic Anatomy of Passiflora Incarnata L.,” Doctor of Philosophy, University of Maryland, 1935.https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/17565.
C. J. da Silva, C. A. da Silva, J. Golinski, C. A. de Freitas, and Y. de O. Castro, “Addition of agricultural plaster and wood ash to substrate in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) seedlings developing.,” Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, vol. 8, no. 2, 2013.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20153178750.
This study aimed to evaluate the passion fruit seedlings development in function of plaster proportions (0%, 1.6%, 3.2%, 4.8% and 6.4%) based on volume and fertilization with wood ash (absence and presence) added to the substrate Bioplant®. It constitutes therefore a 5×2 factorial arrangement, in a completely randomized design with three replications and four plants per plot. The experiment was...
L. N. da Silva, L. K. S. Lima, F. S. Aguiar, and O. N. de Jesus, “Cost Reduction and Quality Enhancement in Passion Fruit Seedlings Using Alternative Substrate,” Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 42, no. 3Supl1, pp. 1549–1566, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3Supl1p1549.
Obtaining vigorous, quality seedlings is a complex task because it involves multiple physical, chemical and biological factors, with the substrate being a fundamental of this process. Therefore, this study proposes to evaluate different formulations of substrate mixtures and identify which provides better emergence vigor and shoot and root growth in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design consisting of 23 substrates with different proportions of Vivatto® and Osmocote®, washed sand, soil, fine coal, coarse coal, enriched hydrogel and enriched vermiculite, with and without the addition of NPK, which were distributed into four replications of four plants per plot. To enrich the hydrogel and vermiculite, foliar fertilizer was used. Emergence vigor was evaluated throughout the seedling emergence period and seedling growth parameters were observed at 60 days after sowing. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis and the groups formed were subjected to analysis of variance. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), four groups were identified. The group composed only of soil + coarse coal and enriched hydrogel (2:2:1) was considered the best treatment, as it favored most of the vegetative growth and emergence vigor traits. Soil plus sand with the addition of NPK was not recommended to grow passion fruit seedlings in any of the proportions used, as there was no emergence.
M. A. da Silva, U. M. T. Cavalcante, F. S. B. da Silva, S. A. G. Soares, and L. C. Maia, “Crescimento de mudas de maracujazeiro-doce (Passiflora alata Curtis) associadas a fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (Glomeromycota),” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 18, pp. 981–985, Dec. 2004.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062004000400028.
Para determinar o efeito de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares sobre o crescimento de mudas de maracujazeiro-doce foi conduzido, em casa de vegetação, experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado usando cinco tratamentos de inoculação (200 esporos/planta de Acaulospora longula Spain & Schenck, Gigaspora albida Schenck & Smith, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd., Scutellospora heterogama (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders e controle não inoculado), com sete repetições. A cada 20 dias foram avaliados altura e número de folhas e ao final do experimento (90 dias): diâmetro do caule, biomassa, área foliar, colonização micorrízica e densidade de esporos de FMA na rizosfera. A partir de 70 dias foram evidenciadas diferenças no número de folhas; aos 90 dias as plantas inoculadas com G. albida apresentaram maior altura que as demais, que não diferiram significativamente entre si. Plantas associadas com esse fungo apresentaram, em relação ao controle, incrementos de 2.138% e 1.430% nas biomassas fresca e seca da parte aérea, 1.937% na biomassa fresca da raiz e 2.671% na área foliar. Apesar de não existir especificidade de hospedeiro na associação micorrízica arbuscular, apenas G. albida promoveu respostas significativas no maracujazeiro-doce, indicando a existência de maior compatibilidade funcional entre esses simbiontes.
M. L. S. Silva, A. E. S. Viana, A. R. S. José, C. L. F. Amaral, S. N. Matsumoto, and C. R. Pelacani, “The effect of shading levels on the development of yellow passion fruit seedlings (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.).,” Acta Scientiarum - Agronomy, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 513–521, 2006.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20073041375.
Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in Bahia, Brazil, from 12 May to 29 June 2004, to determine the effect of different shading levels on the development of yellow passion fruit seedlings. The treatments consisted of 0, 30, 50 and 70% reduction in solar radiation. The following parameters were evaluated: dry mass of roots, stems and leaves; shoot-root ratio; leaf area; specific leaf...
E. O. Silva, A. C. Feio, P. Cardoso-Gustavson, M. A. Milward-De-Azevedo, J. U. M. Dos Santos, and A. C. A. De Aguiar Dias, “Extrafloral Nectaries and Plant–Insect Interactions in Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae),” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 331–340, Mar. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-016-0329-0.
Petiolar, marginal, and laminar leaf glands are commonly described in Passiflora as extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). However, secretory structures at this same position in some representatives of the genus have been misidentified as EFNs, since they release exudates other than nectar. In view of the inconsistencies in the classification of EFNs in Passiflora as well as in other botanical groups, we aimed to determine whether the foliar glands in Amazonian Passiflora acuminata DC., P. glandulosa Cav., P. nitida Kunth, P. tholozanii Sacco, and P. vespertilio L., are EFNs and to investigate the plant–insect interactions in these species by performing a survey of their visitors. Glands were evaluated by means of standard protocols in light and scanning electron microscopies. Additionally, glucostrips were applied over the profuse secretion to the presence of glucose. The glucostrip test showed positive results in all species, which enabled the classification of all glands as EFNs. Ants collecting nectar and patrolling the leaf surface belong to Ectatomma, Crematogaster, and Camponotus. Petiolar EFNs are present in P. acuminata, P. glandulosa, P. nitida, and P. tholozanii. Laminar EFNs usually described as ocelli are present only in P. vespertilio and P. glandulosa. Regardless of the morphology, the EFNs have a multiple or biseriate epidermis, a nectariferous parenchyma consisting of voluminous, thin-walled cells whose vacuoles contain dense contents, plus the occurrence of druse and a predominantly phloematic vascularization. The structure of the nectaries is consistent within Passiflora; other characteristics such as the presence of sugar in the secretion, the visitation by ants and butterflies, indicate the importance of the ecological interactions between EFNs and their visitors.
S. P. da Silva et al., “Growth and Nutritional Status of Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa, With the Application of Organic Compound in Amazonian Soil,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 11, no. 9, p. 52, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.5539/jas.v11n9p52.
Growth with organic fertilizers has increased in recent years because of the beneficial effect of organic matter on intensely cultivated soils and the high costs of mineral fertilizers. In order to evaluate the effects of organic compost doses produced from family farming waste on the growth and nutritional status of the passion fruit, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, in Belém, State of Pará, in the period from March to June, 2012. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four replications, with each experimental plot made up by a pot with a volume of 3.6 dm3 of soil and a yellow passion fruit seedling. Five doses of organic compost (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%) were tested out of the total volume of the substrate. The compost was formed by mixing 10% poultry litter, 20% duck litter, 15% manioc husk, 15% cassava leaf, 15% bean straw, 15% rice husk, and 10% corn cob. The different amounts of organic compost were mixed in volumetric proportions of substrate of Yellow Latosol with a sandy texture, taken from the surface layer (0-20 cm). It was found that at 97 days, the best results were achieved at the dose of 60% of the compost. The content and accumulation of macronutrients in the foliar tissue of the yellow passion fruit plants followed this descending order: K > N > Ca > P > Mg ≥ S.
R. P. D. Silva, J. R. Peixoto, and N. T. V. Junqueira, “Influência de Diversos Substratos no Desenvolvimento de Mudas de Maracujazeiro Azedo (Passiflora edulis sims f. flavicarpa deg),” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 23, pp. 377–381, Aug. 2001.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452001000200036.
Objetivando avaliar a influência de diversos substratos no desenvolvimento de mudas de maracujazeiro-azedo, conduziu-se um experimento em casa de vegetação da Emprapa Cerrados. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 x 3 x 2, totalizando 48 tratamentos, 18 plantas úteis por parcela e 4 repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se das combinações de: dois substratos comerciais (PlantmaxR – à base de vermiculita mais casca de Pinus sp e VermiculitaR); três fontes orgânicas (f.o.) (húmus, esterco de curral e NutriplantaR (produto à base de bactérias) e ausência de f.o., na proporção de 3:1 do substrato básico para a f.o.); duas formulações de adubo [OsmocoteR na fórmula 14-14-14 (produto de lenta liberação de nutrientes) e 4-14-8 (de liberação normal)], além da ausência de adubo; e Glomus etunicatum, ausência e presença. O substrato comercial PlantmaxR foi superior à VermiculitaR em todas as características analisadas. Dentre as f.o., o NutriplantaR junto com o esterco proporcionaram o melhor desempenho. O OsmocoteR promoveu o maior desenvolvimento das mudas, seguido pelo 4-14-8. A presença ou ausência de f.o. combinada com PlantmaxR praticamente não influenciou nas características analisadas. Não se deve utilizar o Glomus etunicatum associado a PlantmaxR, devido ao alto teor de fósforo presente neste substrato.
E. M. Silva, N. F. de Melo, A. M. S. Mendes, F. P. de Araújo, L. C. Maia, and A. M. Yano-Melo, “Response of Passiflora Setacea to Mycorrhization and Phosphate Fertilization in a Semiarid Region of Brazil,” Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 431–442, Feb. 2015.
doi: 10.1080/01904167.2014.934472.
The Caatinga is a unique biome that encompasses nearly 11% of Brazil’s territory and contains diverse vegetation composed of trees and bushes that have been scarcely studied from the economic perspective. In this context, Passiflora setacea may constitute a strategic alternative for agriculture because it produces fruit that has commercial potential and is tolerant to some diseases. Some species of Passiflora show more robust growth when associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and are dependent on mycorrhization. In this study, the response of P. setacea to phosphate (P) fertilization and mycorrhization with Claroideoglomus etunicatum was evaluated. The experimental design included eight replicates of four randomized treatments: non-inoculated plants (NI), plants fertilized with phosphorus (P), mycorrhized plants (AMF), and plants that were both fertilized and mycorrhized (P+AMF). The plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fresh biomass (FB), and dry biomass (DB) of the shoots and roots, nutrient content, mycorrhizal colonization (MC), and the number of glomerospores (NG) in the rhizosphere were evaluated. The MC and the NG were reduced by phosphate fertilization. The development of the mycorrhized plants was significantly better than the NI and P treated plants for all of the variables tested. Inoculation with C. etunicatum promoted the growth of P. setacea seedlings even in the absence of phosphate fertilization, reducing production costs and strengthening the potential of P. setacea as a viable agricultural alternative for the semiarid region.
P. Simon and A. Karnatz, “Effect of Soil and Air Temperature on Growth and Flower Formation of Purple Passionfruit (Passilfora Edulis Sims. Var. Edulis),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 139, pp. 83–90, Apr. 1983.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1983.139.11.
Fluctuating air temperature between 20 and 30°C and constant soil temperatures of 23°C and 28°C increased vegetative growth and the number of flower buds of rooted purple passionfruit cuttings. But in spite of a higher number of buds on plants in this air temperature the number of fruits was lower than on plants in a cooler fluctuating air temperature between 15 and 25°C. Soil temperatures of 18°C and 33°C reduced number of flower buds, flowers and fruits when compared with 23°C, 28°C or a fluctuating soil temperature. Young, rapidly growing fruits reduced shoot growth, number of flowers, and fruit set.
G. A. Smathers, “Response of Passiflora Molissima (Hbk.) Bailey to Experimental Canopy Removal: A Simulation of Natural Gap Formation in a Closed-Canopy Cibotium Spp. Forest in Ola’a Tract, Hawai’i,” in Proceedings of the Fourth Conference in Natural Sciences Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1982.http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/18454.
W zielu Passiflora incarnata L. i w preparacie „Passiflor" metodą 2D TLC zidentyfikowano następujące fenolokwasy: protokatechowy, p-hydroxybenzoesowy, o-hydroxybenzoesowy, kawowy, syryngowy, p-kumarowy, ferulowy i wanilinowy. Do derywatyzacji oprócz tradycyjnych stosowano dwa nowe odczynniki zawierające roztwory miedzi (II) i kobaltu (II). Metodą RP HPLC oznaczono zawartość 7 fenolokwasów. Stosowany w lecznictwie preparat „Passiflor" posiada taki sam zestaw i podobną ilość fenolokwasów jak ziele Passiflora incarnata L.
A. A. Snow, “Pollination Intensity and Potential Seed Set in Passiflora Vitifolia,” Oecologia, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 231–237, Nov. 1982.
doi: 10.1007/BF00384492.
Initial seed set and fruit set were pollen-limited in a Costa Rican population of Passiflora vitifolia, a self-incompatible species with 200–350 ovules per flower. Pollination intensity was measured by counting the number of allogamous pollen grains on stigmas of the large one-day flowers. Hand-pollinations demonstrated that 25–50 pollen grains are required for fruit set, and >450 are needed for maximum seed set, with a pollen:seed ratio of about 1.6:1.0. Hummingbirds (Phaethornis superciliosus) delivered sufficient allogamous pollen for maximum seed set to only 28% of the flowers examined. Naturally pollinated flowers yielded fewer fruits and fewer seeds per fruit than those pollinated by hand. Most pollen transferred by humming-birds was self-incompatible; emasculated flowers yielded higher seed set than flowers with intact anthers. Visitation rates did not provide a good index of effective pollination.
W. S. Soares, M. M. Rêgo, E. R. Rêgo, P. A. Barroso, K. S. Nascimento, and K. T. Ferreira, “Estabelecimento in vitro e micropropagação de maracujá silvestre (Passiflora foetida L.),” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, vol. 14, pp. 138–142, 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-05722012000500002.
Entre as espécies do gênero Passiflora, a P. foetida L. apresenta a maior variabilidade genética e tem grande importância medicinal, pois é usada no tratamento de doenças como asma, icterícia, e na forma de emplastros, para as erisipelas e doenças de pele com inflamação. Portanto, são necessários estudos que visem a micropropagação e conservação. As sementes de P. foetida L. apresentam dormência e muitas vezes, levam alguns meses para germinar, produzindo mudas desuniformes e de baixo vigor. Neste sentido, a cultura de tecidos apresenta-se como uma forma alternativa a propagação. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi estabelecer e micropropagar P. foetida L., para formação de um banco de germoplasma. Para tanto, sementes foram escarificadas, desinfestadas e inoculadas em meio MS(½) sem reguladores de crescimento e cultivados por 66 dias. Explantes de hipocótilos obtidos de plantas germinadas in vitro, foram cultivados no mesmo meio suplementado com 1,0 mg L-1 de BAP. Na fase de estabelecimento, 45% dos explantes brotaram e formaram gemas axilares. 88,9% dos explantes de hipocótilo induziram brotação e 11,1% produziram calos. Plântulas regeneradas com 1,82 cm de altura, com raízes foram aclimatadas.
T. L. Soares, O. N. de Jesus, J. A. dos Santos-Serejo, and E. J. de Oliveira, “In Vitro Pollen Germination and Pollen Viability in Passion Fruit (Passiflora Spp.),” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1116–1126, Dec. 2013.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452013000400023.
The use of Passiflora species for ornamental purposes has been recently developed, but little is known about pollen viability and the potential for crossing different species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pollen viability of six Passiflora species collected from different physiological stages of development through in vitro germination and histochemical analysis using dyes. The pollen was collected in three stages (pre-anthesis, anthesis and post-anthesis). Three compositions of culture medium were used to evaluate the in vitro germination, and two dyes (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, or TTC, and Lugol’s solution) were used for the histochemical analysis. The culture medium containing 0.03% Ca(NO3) 4H2O, 0.02% of Mg(SO4 ).7H2O, 0.01% of KNO3, 0,01% of H3BO3, 15% sucrose, and 0.8% agar, pH 7.0, showed a higher percentage of pollen grains germinated. Anthesis is the best time to collect pollen because it promotes high viability and germination. The Lugol’s solution and TTC dye overestimated the viability of pollen, as all accessions showed high viability indices when compared with the results obtained in vitro.
Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis F. flavicapa, Deg) is a highly valued crop across the world but it is rarely cultivated in warm high rainfall environments. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different soil moisture contents
H. K. Sørensen, D. Fanourakis, G. Tsaniklidis, D. Bouranis, A. R. Nejad, and C.-O. Ottosen, “Using Artificial Lighting Based on Electricity Price without a Negative Impact on Growth, Visual Quality or Stomatal Closing Response in Passiflora,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 267, p. 109354, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109354.
Employing supplementary light (SL) with increased energy efficiency would reduce cultivation costs of greenhouse grown crops. Prior to implementation, however, the plant response to the resultant dynamic cost-efficient light regime ought to be addressed. This response was examined in two Passiflora genotypes by evaluating growth, chlorophyll fluorescence of (expanding and fully-expanded) leaves, as well as stomatal anatomy (density, index, size and pore dimensions) and gas exchange response to evaporative demand. The control plants received fixed day length SL, whereas other plants received a cost-efficient light regime with fluctuating periods of SL based on forecasted solar irradiance and electricity price. The dynamic cost-efficient light pattern neither impeded flower development nor delayed the flowering time in either genotype. Dynamic light promoted (22 %) biomass accumulation in one genotype, which also exhibited increased (34,8 %) assimilation rate over a large evaporative demand range (7–18 mb). Stomatal anatomical traits and the quantum efficiency of open photosystem II centers (Fv/Fm) were not affected by the light regime. Although both genotypes exhibited increased stomatal conductance (25–44 %) under the dynamic cost-efficient light regime, the stomatal response to evaporative demand was not attenuated. These results indicate that SL can be dynamically scheduled without compromising either the external quality traits or the control of water loss in Passiflora pot plants.
V. F. de Sousa, J. A. Frizzone, M. V. Folegatti, and T. V. de A. Viana, “Eficiência do uso da água pelo maracujazeiro amarelo sob diferentes níveis de irrigação e doses de potássio,” Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, vol. 9, pp. 302–306, Sep. 2005.
doi: 10.1590/S1415-43662005000300002.
Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito de quatro níveis de irrigação na eficiência do uso da água (EUA) pelo maracujazeiro amarelo, associados com doses de potássio aplicadas via fertirrigação por gotejamento. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Areão da ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP (22º 42’ 30"e 47º 38’ 00” W). Os níveis de irrigação foram determinados com base no balanço médio de entrada e saída de água em quatro lisímetros (L), equivalentes a 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 de L, respectivamente. As doses de K2O (kg planta-1 ano-1) foram: 0 (K0), 0,225 (K1), 0,450 (K2), 0,675 (K3) e 0,900 (K4). A EUA foi determinada pela relação entre a produtividade comercial (PC) do maracujazeiro e os diferentes níveis de água (V). Os maiores (34,05 kg ha-1 L-1) e os menores (7,85 kg ha-1 L-1) valores de EUA pelo maracujazeiro, foram obtidos com os respectivos menores e maiores volumes de água aplicados. O aumento da água aplicada no maracujazeiro reduziu a EUA, enquanto o simples aumento da produtividade em função da quantidade de água aplicada não otimizou o recurso água. A EUA pelo maracujazeiro amarelo aumenta com a elevação das doses de potássio aplicadas via fertirrigação.
L. B. de Sousa, L. F. de Melo, R. de C. A. de Freitas, J. W. Setubal, and D. F. Rezende, “Germination and emergence of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis sims f. flavicarpa Deg).,” Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 190–194, 2010.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103292328.
The effect of different substrate (cattle manure:plant material) proportions (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) on seed germination of two genotypes (from Bahia and Maranhão) of yellow passion fruit was investigated in a study carried out in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. The emergency speed, speed of emergence index and total germination percentage were determined. Germination started at 8 days after sowing (DAS),...
A. G. R. Sousa, M. M. Souza, C. A. F. Melo, and G. A. Sodré, “ISSR Markers in Wild Species of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) as a Tool for Taxon Selection in Ornamental Breeding,” Genetics and Molecular Research, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 18534–18545, 2015.
doi: 10.4238/2015.December.23.41.
C. M. Sousa, M. P. dos Santos, and B. M. Carvalho, “Sweet passion fruit (Passiflora alata Curtis) cuttings rooting.,” Científica (Jaboticabal), vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 68–73, 2014.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20143184526.
Passion fruit is one of the most important fruits in Brazil. Although passion fruit seeds are usually dormant and this cause germination to be irregular, show genetic segregation and loose viability, the multiplication of this fruit is nonetheless achieved mainly through seeds. The use of cuttings is an efficient way to overcome these problems - it permits to attain a high number of seedlings in...
A. G. de L. Souto, J. C. F. da Costa, N. L. F. Campos, J. L. F. de Azevedo, and C. E. M. dos Santos, “Effect of Temperature on Passion Fruit Emergence and Seedling Vigor,” Journal of Seed Science, vol. 39, pp. 050–057, 2017-Jan-Mar.
doi: 10.1590/2317-1545v39n1169920.
Abstract: Seedlings for commercial growing of passion fruit are preferentially acquired through seeds. Success in germination and seedling emergence, in turn, is influenced by the genetic constitution of the progenies and the thermal conditions imposed on the growth environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the emergence and vigor of seedlings of passion fruit cultivars exposed to different temperatures. The experiment was conducted in a germination chamber at the Unidade de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão / Pomar Campus of the Department of Plant Science of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). The study was carried out in 5 × 3 factorial arrangement, with five temperature ranges (5-15, 10-20, 15-25, 20-30 and 25-35 °C) and three varieties of passion fruit (BRS Sol do Cerrado, BRS Gigante Amarelo and FB-200 Yellow Master) in a completely randomized design with six replications of 25 seeds per plot. The variables analyzed were the percentage, the speed index, and the average time of emergence, shoot length, total length, and seedling dry matter. The cultivars BRS Sol do Cerrado and BRS Gigante Amarelo exhibited seedling emergence of over 95% in the temperature ranges of 20-30 °C and 25-35 °C. Alternating temperatures from 20-30 °C stimulates seedling emergence, seedling growth, and greater accumulation of seedling dry matter.
P. U. Souza, L. K. S. Lima, T. L. Soares, O. N. de Jesus, M. A. Coelho Filho, and E. A. Girardi, “Biometric, Physiological and Anatomical Responses of Passiflora Spp. to Controlled Water Deficit,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 229, pp. 77–90, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.10.019.
The species of passion fruit (Passiflora spp.) are cultivated commercially for food, medicinal and ornamental purposes, especially in tropical regions of the planet subject to intense seasonal drought. This study assessed biometric, physiological, and anatomical responses of P. edulis, P. gibertii, P. cincinnata, P. alata and P. setacea to controlled water deficit. Seedlings with five months of age were subjected to soil water deficit imposed by irrigation suspension until the complete stomatal closure. All assessed species were susceptible to water deficit, with 50–75% reduction in vegetative growth, even though distinct mechanisms of coexistence with this stress were demonstrated by the evaluated genotypes. P. gibertii and P. edulis showed vigorous growth, quick closing and stomatal opening in response to soil water content, the first being more efficient in extracting water from the substrate even with lowest soil water storage. The effects of water deficit were postponed in P. setacea and P. cincinnata, which showed reduced leaf area and stomatal conductance even under irrigation, particularly in P. setacea. P. alata showed large leaf area but lower stomatal conductance and decreased root system by irrigation suspension. P. alata was the species that showed the most anatomical changes resulting from water deficit, such as reductions in the thickness of the leaf blade, adaxial epidermis, palisade parenchyma, and spongy parenchyma. On the other hand, P. setacea was the species that showed greatest ability to survive under water restriction due to tolerate prolonged drought periods with minor anatomical changes when compared to the control.
J. T. A. Souza, J. C. Nunes, L. F. Cavalcante, J. A. da S. Nunes, W. E. Pereira, and J. L. de O. Freire, “Effects of Water Salinity and Organomineral Fertilization on Leaf Composition and Production in Passiflora Edulis,” Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, vol. 22, pp. 535–540, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n8p535-540.
ABSTRACT An experiment was undertaken in Remígio County, Paraíba State, Brazil, from July 2013 to May 2014, in order to evaluate the effects of saline water irrigation, bovine biofertilizer, and potassium type on soil salinity, leaf macronutrient composition, and production of yellow passion fruit cv. BRS Gigante Amarelo. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks, arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with reference to electrical conductivity of the water (0.35 and 4.00 dS m-1), soil with and without bovine biofertilizer, and application of potassium chloride as a conventional treatment (KCl) and in an organic polymer-coated form, supplied monthly. Bovine biofertilizer was diluted in non-saline water (proportion, 50%) and applied via water at a volume of 6 L plant-1 one day before transplanting, and then every 90 days. The combination of saline water with bovine biofertilizer raised soil salinity to a similar proportion when comparing saline water and conventional potassium chloride with saline water and polymer-coated potassium chloride. The increase in water saline concentrations associated with both types of potassium chloride and with bovine biofertilizer elevated soil salinity from non-saline to saline. On starting to flower, plants of cv. BRS Gigante Amarelo were deficient in macronutrients other than nitrogen and potassium, but nonetheless produced fruits of an adequate mass for the consumer market.
M. M. de Souza, T. N. S. Pereira, L. da C. Silva, D. S. da S. Reis, and C. P. Sudré, “Karyotype of Six Passiflora Species Collected in the State of Rio de Janeiro,” Cytologia, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 165–171, 2003.
doi: 10.1508/cytologia.68.165.
It was described karyotypes of 6 species (2n=18) collected in Rio de Janeiro, P. alata, P. edmundoi, P. malacophylla, P. mucronata, P. galbana, P. quadrangularis. To do that young root tips were either obtained from seedling or adult plants. The arm ratio for each chromosome (r), total haploid chromatin length (THC), and asymmetry index (TF%) were calculated. Some differences as THC, TF%, position of the centromere, and number, type and position of satellites were observed among the species studied. The species showed metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes, except P. galbana that showed only metacentric chromosomes. P. malacophylla revealed the smallest THC (14.67 μm) while P. quadrangularis revealed the largest (33.58 μm). The karyotypes varied in relation to other specimens studied and this result, allied to chromosome segregation studies, suggests the existence of intraspecific karyotypic variation in Passiflora species.
A. C. Souza, M. M. Souza, G. S. Silva, M. P. Lavinscky, V. de O. Souza, and J. C. de O. Freitas, “Meiosis and Male Fertility in F1 Interspecific Hybrids (Passiflora Vitifolia vs. Passiflora Hatschbachii),” In Review, Preprint, May 2021.
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-479829/v1.
Abstract Interspecific hybrids can be studied using methodologies in which the male gamete with high reproduction potential, viability, and fertility is prioritized. Passiflora species, with lush, showy, and exotic colors, have great potential for the ornamental plant market. In addition, artificial Passiflora hybrids were developed without many difficulties because of weak reproductive barriers. Thus, meiotic and post-meiotic behaviors were analyzed with 2% acetic carmine staining. Confirmation of interspecific hybridization was performed using SSR markers and GISH technique was used to detect genomic differentiation. The pollen viability of the parental and hybrids genotypes was tested using Alexander solution, fluorescein diacetate and in vitro germination tests were performed using culture medium. The meiotic behavior was regular and displayed haploid number n \,= 9 with nine bivalent (II) chromosomal, pairing in 90% of the cells in diakinesis. There was a significant difference ( p \,< 0.05) in terminal and interstitial chiasma frequencies. Meiotic irregularities observed were as follows: early and/or delayed chromosomes, disorientation of spindle fibers, transverse spindles, tripolar spindles, and asynchrony; and consequently irregular post-meiotic products were observed: monads, dyads, triads, and polyads. GISH was used in the interspecific hybrids and pairing between homeologous chromosomes, and bivalent and tetravalent formation were observed. From this study, we could conclude that hybrid genotypes are fertile and pollen grains are viable and can be used in breeding programs. We also hypothesize that interspecific hybrid genotypes of Passiflora can be obtained with regular meiosis, which could be viable and fertile.
V. de O. Souza, M. M. Souza, G. S. Silva, C. A. F. de Melo, J. C. de O. Freitas, and A. C. Souza, “Morphological and Cytogenetic Characterization of New Ornamental Passiflora Hybrids (P. ‘Vivis’ and P. ‘Jhovi’),” Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, vol. 20, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1590/1984-70332020v20n3a47.
Abstract The present study was performed for the morphological and cytogenetic description of F1 hybrids obtained from a cross between Passiflora coccinea Aubl. and Passiflora hatschbachii Cervi. Hybridization was confirmed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Corona banding was the most relevant floral descriptor for separating the hybrids into two groups, the cultivars P. ’Vivis’ and P. ’Jhovi’, and the parents and hybrids had diploid chromosome number 2n = 18. The F1 progenies exhibited normal meiotic behavior with normal tetrad production, which guaranteed high pollen viability (>70%) and fertile hybrids. Therefore, P. ’Vivis’ and P. ’Jhovi’ have the potential to be used for ornamental plants market.
V. de O. Souza, M. M. Souza, A.-A. F. de Almeida, J. P. Barroso, A. P. Viana, and C. A. F. de Melo, “Pre-Breeding in Passiflora Subrotunda Mast.: Morphological and Reproductive Characterization at Different Light Levels,” HortScience, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 949–957, Jul. 2018.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI12448-17.
Passiflora are ornamental plants that are appreciated as part of outdoor decor, composing pergolas and gardens, as well as in interior ornamentation where species tolerant to environments with less light availability are used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different levels of light and pot types on morphological and reproductive characteristics in Passiflora subrotunda and to support genetic breeding programs of ornamental passifloras. The conditions of 75% and 100% light favored vegetative morphological characteristics through the time (105 days). Floral characteristics also presented higher values along increasing light levels. All qualitative characters related to flower and plant coloration did not vary among genotypes. The species possesses diurnal anthesis and flowers throughout the year. Plants cultivated in concrete pots showed greater growth and flower production. Pollen grains (PGs) are large, with an isopolar form, a small polar area, and a long aperture, and amylaceous. Percentage of viable PG was high: above 97% using Alexander solution and reaching up to 91% with fluorescein diacetate. Stigmas were partially receptive during the flower’s opening period. Percentage of self-compatibility was lower, based on the higher fertilization rate through cross-pollination. These information will be used in planning of ornamental Passiflora-breeding programs, assisting in the selection of characteristics and breeding methods.
J. S. Sozo et al., “In Vitro Culture and Phytochemical Analysis of Passiflora Tenuifila Killip and Passiflora Setacea DC (Passifloraceae),” in Protocols for In Vitro Cultures and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Second Edition, S. M. Jain, Ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2016, pp. 13–30.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3332-7_2.
We have developed reproducible micropropagation, callus culture, phytochemical, and antioxidant analysis protocols for the wild passion fruit species P. tenuifila, and P. setacea, native to the Brazilian endangered biomes Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga, by using seeds and explants from seedlings and adult plants. Genotype and explant origin-linked differences are visible amongst the Passiflora species concerning callus production, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity. The protocols developed for screening phytochemicals and antioxidants in P. tenuifila and P. setacea callus extracts have shown their potential for phenolic production and antioxidant activity. The high level of phenolic compounds seems to account for the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of P. tenuifila derived from 45-day-old immature seed callus. The methanolic extracts of callus derived from P. setacea seedling leaf node and cotyledonary node explants have shown the highest antioxidant activity despite their lower content of phenolics, as compared to cotyledon callus extracts. The optimized micropropagation and callus culture protocols have great potential to use cell culture techniques for further vegetative propagation, in vitro germplasm conservation, and secondary metabolite production using biotic and abiotic elicitors.
E. E. Spears Jr. and P. G. May, “Effect of Defoliation on Gender Expression and Fruit Set in Passiflora Incarnata,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 1842–1847, 1988.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb11264.x.
We examined the effect of defoliation on gender expression and fruit set in a north-central Florida population of the andromonoecious vine, Passiflora incarnata, during the 1984 flowering season. At three times during the flowering season (May, June, July), the leaves adjacent to flowers at four stages of development were removed, and subsequent sex and fate of each flower were determined. Defoliation affected gender of the flower by significantly decreasing the probability that the styles of the flower would deflex and the flower would thus function only as a pollen donor. Flowers were sensitive to defoliation at any stage before anthesis, though the sensitivity appeared to decrease in the most mature category of flower buds. Fruit set of hermaphroditic flowers remained unaffected by defoliation, but the probability of fruit set and gender expression were significantly influenced by the time of the flowering season. We conclude that the local photosynthate environment determines flower gender in Passiflora, but branch or entire plant photosynthate resources can compensate for local resource fluctuations and play an important role in fruit set and flower bud abortion. The sexual lability of Passiflora incarnata appears to be an adaptation to uncertain resource levels at a fine scale, caused by nearby developing fruits and the possibility of herbivore defoliation.
E. T. Stafne, “Controlled Pollination to Assess Intraspecific Compatibility Among Passiflora Incarnata Genotypes from Different Provenances,” HortScience, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 919–924, Aug. 2022.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI16658-22.
Passiflora incarnata L., commonly known as maypop, is a wild passion fruit native to many areas of the eastern and southern United States where the climate ranges from subtropical to temperate. Although P. incarnata has had little attention paid to it for breeding purposes, it could be used in breeding for fruit production and possibly contribute cold hardiness genes in combination with other Passiflora species. The study was performed in 2018, 2019, and 2021 at the Mississippi State University South Mississippi Branch Experiment Station in Poplarville, MS, United States. Passiflora propagules were collected from various locations: Florida (FL), Illinois (IL), Mississippi (MS), Missouri (MO), and Oklahoma (OK). Of the 122 flowers across the five P. incarnata genotypes from differing locations, none of them produced a fruit or had any indication of successful or partially successful fertilization when selfed, indicating strong self- incompatibility. If self-compatibility does exist in nature, it is likely to be rare. However, certain combinations of P. incarnata from different locations produced successful fruiting, including IL × MO (52% success), FL × MO (85%), FL × OK (80%), MS × OK (40%), MO × IL (50%), MO × OK (40%), and OK × MO (80%). The differences across provenances show that incompatibility exists within P. incarnata but can depend on location. Overall, fruit weight, fruit size, and soluble solids content measured in this study were similar to and, in some cases, greater than those previously reported. These differences help to illustrate the diversity within P. incarnata and the still-untapped potential for breeding improvements. The problem of self-incompatibility is complex and there is much to learn about how Passiflora species, especially P. incarnata, function. Much of the U.S. domestic market is not familiar with passion fruit, especially as a table fresh product. This could be a barrier to adoption, but it could also prove to be an opportunity to create a niche within the present market and expand it. Although maypop fruit quality is not equal to that of Passiflora edulis Sims, selecting superior wild genotypes with desirable attributes to be used in future intra- and interspecific breeding is possible based on the results of this study.
G. W. Staveley and B. N. Wolstenholme, “Effects of Water Stress on Growth and Flowering of Passiflora Edulis (Sims) Grafted to P. Caerulea L.,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 275, pp. 551–558, Jul. 1990.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1990.275.68.
A. Stensvand and H. R. Gislerød, “The Effect of the NO₃/NH₄ Ratio of the Nutrient Solution on Growth and Mineral Uptake in Chrysanthemum × Morifolium, Passiflora Caerulea, and Cordyline Fruticosa,” Die Gartenbauwissenschaft, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 193–198, 1992.https://www.jstor.org/stable/43388845.
Chrysanthemum × morifolium ’Surf’, Passiflora caerulea L., Coryline fruticosa, ’Bolero’, and C. fruticosa ’Atom’ were grown in peat and in hydroponics. In peat, plants were given 4, 9, and 27% NH₄-N of total-N, in hydroponics the percentages were 4, 6 and 9%. pH in hydroponics was maintained at 5.8 with KOH and HNO₃ during the experiment. Chrysanthemum and Passiflora had a slightly better growth at increasing NH₄ leavels. Based on analysis of the nutrient solutions, the uptake of macro nutrients was calculated for plants growth in hydroponics. In milli-equivalents (m.e.) Chrysanthemum and Passiflora in average 9-20% and Cordyline 32-55% of the N as NH₄. For Cordyline 2/3 of the totalion uptake, in m.e., were caption. Chrysanthemum and Passiflora Passiflora absorbed about equal cations. Plants and peat moss were analysed for the content of macronutrients. Increasing NH₄-N level gave decreasing pH in the media. In hydroponics, Cordyline had the most acidic effect in the nutrient solution, while Passiflora had the most alkaline effect. Chrysanthemum × morifolium ’Surf’, Passiflora caerulea L., Cordyline fruticosa ’Bolero’ und C. fruticosa ’Atom’ wurden in Torf und Hydrokultur kultiviert. In Torf erhielten die Pflanzen 4, 9 und 27% NH₄-N des Gesamtstickstoffs, in Hydrokultur betrugen die Werte 4, 6, und 9%. Der pH-Wert in der Hydrokultur wurde während der Versuchsdauer mit KOH und HNO₃ bei 5,8 gehalten. Chrysanthemum und Passiflora wuchsen etwas besser mit zunehmenden NH₄-Konzentrationen. Basierend auf den Analysen der Nährlösungen, wurde die Aufnahme von Makronährstoffen für die Pflanzen in Hydrokultur berechnet. In Milliäquivalenten (m. e.)nahmen Chrysanthemum und Passiflora im Durchschnitt 9-20% und Cordyline 32-55% des Stickstoffs als NH₄ auf. Für Cordyline waren 2/3 der Gesamtionenaufnahme Kationen. Chrysanthemum und Passiflora nahmen etwa gleiche Mengen Anionen und Kationen auf. Pflanzen und Torf wurden auf den Gehalt an Makronährstoffen untersucht. Ansteigende NH₄ -N-Level ergaben abnehmenden pH-Wert im Medium. In Hydrokultur hatte Cordyline den stärksten sauren Effekt in der Nährlösung, während Passiflora meist alkalische Wirkung hatte.
W. B. STOREy, “Chromosome Numbers of Some Species of Passijlora Occurring in Hawaii,’” PACIFIC SCIENCE, p. 6, 1950.
R. T. Tague and S. A. Foré, “Analysis of the Spatial Genetic Structure of Passiflora Incarnata in Recently Disturbed Sites,” Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 420–426, Apr. 2005.
doi: 10.1139/b05-014.
E. C. Teixeira, S. N. Matsumoto, D. da C. Silva, L. F. Pereira, A. E. S. Viana, and A. de M. Arantes, “Morphology of Yellow Passion Fruit Seedlings Submitted to Triazole Induced Growth Inhibition,” Ciência e Agrotecnologia, vol. 43, Dec. 2019.
doi: 10.1590/1413-7054201943020319.
ABSTRACT Inhibiting seedling vegetative growth may be a strategy for improving modulation against biotic and abiotic stresses after transplanting. The objective of this study was to evaluate morphological responses of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seedlings to growth inhibition resulted from the application of an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using seedlings grown in 290 cm3 polyethylene tubes. At 40 days after emergence, trays containing the seedlings were immersed in solutions at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg (Paclobutrazol) PBZ L-1 up to substrate saturation. These five treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with four replicates. At 15, 30 and 45 days after PBZ application (DAA), basal stem diameter was measured; at 45 DAA, stem diameter, individual leaf area, specific leaf area, root diameter and root volume were measured, lignin content and the anatomy of leaves, stems, and roots were analyzed. Triazole-induced anatomical alterations in stems, leaves and roots cause morphological traits and intensify the specific reagent staining of phenolic compounds and lignin in yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seedlings.
E. C. Teixeira et al., “Morphophysiology and Quality of Yellow Passion Fruit Seedlings Submitted to Inhibition of Gibberellin Biosynthesis,” Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, vol. 43, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v43i1.51541.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify if a growth reduction of yellow passion fruit seedlings’ growth morphophysiology and quality could be changed by paclobutrazol applied through seedling immersion. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with seedlings grown in polyethylene tubes (290 cm3), with substrate. At 40 days after sowing, the seedlings were immersed in an aqueous solution of paclobutrazol at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L-1. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with five treatments (paclobutrazol concentrations) and four replicates. At 15 and 30 days after treatment, growth characteristics were evaluated. At the end of the assay, destructive evaluations related to mass determination, total leaf area, and seedling quality index were performed. Paclobutrazol treatment induced restrictions in seedling growth, except for fresh and dry mass of root and total fresh mass. Based on these characteristics, the increase in values induced by paclobutrazol was verified. The seedling quality, defined by the major value of the Dickson quality index and a smaller robustness index, was higher when submitted to paclobutrazol treatment.
R. Thokchom and G. Mandal, “Production Preference and Importance of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis): A Review,” vol. 4, no. 1, p. 4, 2017.
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) a native of tropical America (Brazil) belongs to the family Passifloraceae, is an attractive high value crop. In India, it is found to be grown wild in many parts of Western Ghat such as Nilgiris, Kodaikanal, Shevroys, Coorg and Malabar and North Eastern States like Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram. Fruits are nearly round to oval in shape with tough rind which is smooth and waxy and weighing about 35 to 40g in yellow species (P. edulis f. flavicarpa Deg) and about 60g in purple species (P. edulis Sims) and bears on woody perennial vines. An aromatic mass of double-walled, membranous sacs containing orange colour pulpy juice and as many as 250 small, dark brown to black pitted seeds, inside the fruit are the edible portion. The fruit has high nutritional and medicinal value. It is a rich source of Vitamin A and C and contains fair amounts of iron, potassium, sodium, magnesium, sulphur and chlorides and has dietary fibre and protein. Fruits are eaten fresh or processed into products like jams, squash, juice, cakes, pies and ice-cream. Recently, in India, passion fruit cultivation is confined in an area of 19.01 thousand ha with a production of 123.94 thousand tons. Therefore, it is necessary to realize the full potential of this fruit with much more research into the growing and management in order to increase its cultivated area and production. This review paper outlines the nutritional, medicinal, economic importance, future prospects, cultivation and post-harvest management of passion fruit.
F. B. [U. N. E. S. P. Tonin, “Propagação de Passiflora incarnata L. com o uso de estacas radiculares,” Doctor of Philosophy, Universidad Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil, 2010.https://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/103284.
As espécies do gênero Passiflora, assim como a P. incarnata, apresentam dificuldades quanto a propagação sexuada. Trata-se de uma espécie pouco difundida no Brasil e dificilmente são encontradas sementes para produção de mudas. Porém pode ser propagada vegetativamente, entretanto raros estudos foram realizados com este maracujá, caracterizado como planta exótica em nosso país. Existem poucas bibliografias na área agronômica até mesmo em outros países, mas alguns estudos indicam que a propagação utilizando-se estacas de raiz pode ser realizada com sucesso. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para propagação vegetativa empregando estacas radiculares de modo simples e objetivo, para ser utilizado por agricultores. Testes com produção de mudas por sementes foram conduzidos para comparativos. Foram utilizadas estacas radiculares obtidas de plantas adultas, as quais foram testadas quanto a profundidade de plantio, tamanho e diâmetro dos propágulos, disposição no plantio, diâmetro dos propágulos, tipos de substrato e efeito da temperatura. Foram avaliados a porcentagem de emissões a cada 10 dias. Aos 60 dias a porcentagem de indivíduos: com 2 pares de folhas abertas, com pelo menos 2 cm de parte aérea, com duas emissões, inviáveis. Os tratamentos estudados apresentaram diferenças significativas a 5% no teste de Tukey, apresentando melhores resultados as estacas com 2,0cm de comprimento e diâmetro maior que 0,3cm, plantados na posição horizontal em substrato orgânico, plantados a profundidade de 0,5 e 1,0cm. A temperatura de 30ºC levou vantagem sobre a temperatura de 40ºC para a formação de calos e início das brotações, entretanto outras temperaturas devem ser testadas. Mudas originadas por estacas radiculares foram transplantadas em uma mesma área com mudas provenientes de sementes para comparação de seu desempenho...
G. X. Torres et al., “Contribution of Seed Traits to the Genetic Diversity of a Segregating Population of Passiflora Spp.,” Chilean journal of agricultural research, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 288–295, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.4067/S0718-58392019000200288.
Genetic diversity can be investigated early using seed traits, an important aspect of sexually propagated species. In this context, plant breeders aim at the production of new varieties using seeds with good germination and vigor. The present study was thus designed to examine the genetic diversity of a segregating population from a cross between Passiflora edulis Sims and P. setacea DC. based on seed morphological- and physiological-quality responses. Seventeen seed morphology variables were evaluated via digital image analysis, and a germination test and four vigor tests were applied for the evaluation of physiological quality. Data were interpreted by multivariate analysis for the evaluation of genetic diversity. The parents were allocated to distinct groups by the dendrogram structured using Euclidean distance, based on the morphological- and physiological-quality traits. The unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) clustering method formed three groups, the first one represented by backcrossing 32, the second by P. setacea and the third by a larger number of genotypes (P. edulis, hybrids and other backcrosses). The principal component analysis showed that the first two components explained 61.32% of the variation. The clustering methods were efficient in the evaluation of dissimilarity of genotypes from a segregating population of PassifloraKey words: Backcrossing; genetic variability; hybrids; Passiflora edulis; Passiflora setacea
H. H. Tozzi and M. Takaki, “Histochemical Analysis of Seed Reserve Mobilization in Passiflora Edulis Sims Fo. Flavicarpa O. Deg. (Yellow Passion Fruit) during Germination,” Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 71, pp. 701–708, Aug. 2011.
doi: 10.1590/S1519-69842011000400015.
In the present work, we analyzed the histochemical aspects of Passiflora edulis seeds reserve mobilization during the first ten days of germination. Our results showed that mainly lipids present in the endosperm are used as a reserve source, and their levels reduce at the same time the radicle protrudes, between the fourth and sixth day of sowing. Furthermore, protein bodies are present in the cotyledons, which are degraded as germination occurs and are almost depleted by the time of radicle protrusion. Starch grains also appear in the late germination period, and it is not clear if there is any reserve wall polysaccharide consumption in the endosperm.
D. W. Turner, C. M. Menzel, and D. R. Simpson, “Short Term Drying of Half the Root System Reduces Growth but Not Water Status or Photosynthesis in Leaves of Passionfruit (Passiflora Sp.),” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 25–36, Apr. 1996.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(95)00849-7.
The impact of soil water deficits and non-hydraulic root signals on the expansion, functioning and water status of leaves and the opening of flowers of passionfruit was studied in a series of pot experiments. Hydraulic and non-hydraulic signals were separated by withholding water from half the root system. The leaves of well-watered plants expanded in a sigmoid pattern to about 65 cm2 over 15 to 18 days. Drying the whole root system stopped leaf expansion after 6 days, but did not change the pattern of leaf growth. Growth resumed after rewatering but the final leaf size was halved. As leaf growth slowed, the net photosynthesis, Pn, of mature leaves fell from 11 ± 1 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 to less than zero as the leaves wilted. Leaf water potential, Ψ1, of mature leaves at midday ranged from −0.9 MPa in well-watered plants to −3.1 to −3.7 MPa in wilted plants. After rewatering, Ψ1 returned to −0.9 MPa within 1 day, but Pn took 3 days to return to control levels. A midday Ψ1 of −1.5 MPa was associated with a 50% reduction in relative leaf expansion and net photosynthesis. Drying half of the root system reduced leaf expansion by 26%, compared with well-watered plants, and water use by 21 to 27%, without influencing Ψ1 or Pn. Plants with half the root system dry for 13 days flowered earlier than well-watered plants but had the same number of open flowers 1 month after treatments ended. Non-hydraulic root signals affect leaf expansion and flowering in passionfruit.
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, B. O. Paula, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, C. Cătană, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, and M. Cantor, “Contamination Control of In Vitro Cultures of Passiflora Species for Multiplication Purpose,” International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 488–496, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.29329/ijiaar.2020.320.10.
This study was conducted to obtain biological material regenerated from Passiflora caerulea and Passiflora quadrangularis by direct and indirect organogenesis, in order to enrich the assortment of flowering plants in Romania. The endogenous latent contamination of the plant material used for in vitro culture initiation is one of the biggest problems, demanding a special approach. The explants disinfection steps was organized as a trifactorial experience which included two variants of NaOCl concentrations (0, 5%, 10%), three immersion times in the sterilizing solution (10, 15 and 20 minutes) and the four types of explants (apical buds, fragments of young and mature leaves, and flower explants represented by pedicel, receptacle and sepals) taken from mature plants, in the stage of active growth. The explants were pretreated with 70% EtOH solution with a few drops of Tween 20, for 1 minute, and rinsed with distilled water, then disinfected according to the experimental variants. The explants were initiated on Murashige and Skoog, (1962) medium in order to stabilize the culture. The leaves explants reacted best to the treatment with 5% hypochlorite for 15 minutes. P. caerulea registered an average contamination rate of 52.78%, lower than P. quadrangularis in which case the explants obtained an average contamination rate of 58.24%.
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca et al., “In Vitro Plant Tissue Culture: Means for Production of Passiflora Species,” International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 505–523, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.29329/ijiaar.2020.320.12.
Passiflora genus includes over 600 species native to tropical and subtropical areas of America, appreciated for the production of fruit and medicinal value. Their ornamental potential is especially appreciated in North America and in Europe. With the expansion of the flower trade and the use of secondary metabolites in the pharmaceutical industry, a need for the constant monopolization of new technologies and alternative in vitro techniques that allow to obtain a uniform, high quality material free of pests and diseases occurs. Passiflora’s tissue cultures began to be studied in 1966, raising more and more interest of researchers worldwide. Depending on the source and type of the explant, plant growth regulators, and the used genotype, direct and indirect organogenesis are the main regeneration pathways for Passiflora. The latest approaches regarding the choice of explant and its source, the plant material surface sterilization and the specific requirements of each micropropagation stage are presented within our review. To this genus, the reduced gas exchange of in vitro growing of seedlings has been shown as the main cause of lack of success. In this regard, for regeneration and obtained improvements in morphogenesis, different protocols have been developed by using inhibitors of ethylene. In recent years, studies suggest that via somatic embryogenesis, starting from mature and immature zygotic embryos, regenerated plants that have maintained their mother plant ploidy can be successfully obtained. This confirms the callus cultures as main path to obtain in vitro regenerated Passiflora plants.
University of Western of São Paulo, Academic Unit of Agricultural, Engineering, Presidente Prudente, CEP 19.067-175, São Paulo, Brazil et al., “Economic Evaluation of Different Types of Nutritional Management in Yellow Passion Fruit Vines (Passiflora Edulis Sims.).,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1572–1577, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.11.PNE190.
The production costs of passion fruit have increased in recent year mainly due to use of technologies such as different fertilizations, plant density, use of agrochemicals in the protection of plants, production of larger seedlings, among other seeking to increase production. Thus, it is important to know what is the real cost of these techniques to find the financial balance of the production system for increased profitability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence and impact of nutritional management on economic terms and production costs of yellow passion fruit. The evaluated parameters were: productivity, commercial production, percentage of commercial fruit, commercial fruit classification, production costs and profitability index of passion fruit vines in the municipality of Presidente Prudente, Brazil. Different N rates (150, 300, 600 and 1200 kg ha-1), P2O5 (200, 400, 800 and 1600 kg ha1) and K2O, (100, 300, 500 and 700 kg ha-1) were applied. The economic study showed that the production cost increased with the doses of fertilizer. However, this additional economic cost was not reflected in increased productivity per area with the NPK doses. The minimum price for selling passion fruit should be USD 0.26 per kilogram of fruit to obtain economic optimization of entrepreneurial activity. There was positive response in the production for classification of fruit (gauge 2, 3 and 4), commercial production, percentage of commercial fruit and with use to N and K2O. Operating profit and profitability index were more satisfactory in the application of 300 kg of N, 200 kg of P2O5 and 300 kg of K2O per hectare. In the nutritional management on cost of production showed that there was a percentage difference in operating production cost of 4.52% between the highest and lowest dose of N. 6.40% between doses of P2O5 and 2.52% between doses of K2O. The biggest difference in production cost was between the tested and recommended doses of 4.04%, 5.81% and 1.71% per treatment at different levels of N, P and K, respectively. The total operating cost ranged from USD 9,049.76 to 8,4699.97 per hectare.
N. Utsunomiya, “Effect of Temperature on Shoot Growth, Flowering and Fruit Growth of Purple Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims Var. Edulis),” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 63–68, Oct. 1992.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(92)90008-Z.
Purple passionfruit plants were grown at 2318, 2823 and 3328°C. Shoot growth was maximum at 3328°C owing to the increased lateral growth. At 2318°C, no laterals developed and some flowers were newly formed. High temperature accelerated flower development. Fruit set increased with the decrease in temperature. Fruit matured very rapidly and the juice content was highest at 2823°C. The values for fruit weight and juice content were lowest at 3328°C. Sugar content in the juice was highest at 2823°C and lowest at 3328°C. Sucrose accumulated more at 2318°C, while the glucose and fructose contents increased at higher temperatures. These results indicate that relatively low temperatures are suitable for flowering and fruit set, and moderately high temperatures are favorable for fruit growth and quality in purple passionfruit.
F. Uzunoğlu and K. Mavİ, “The effect of indole butyric acid doses on seedling quality of carkifelek (Passiflora caerulea L.) species.,” Bahçe, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 183–187, 2017.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20183058845.
This study was carried out in research greenhouse of Mustafa Kemal University Agriculture Faculty Horticulture Department in September 2013-December 2014. Passiflora caerulea species was used in this study. The effect of different IBA doses (0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 ppm) application, two different harvest time (30th and 45th days) on rooting of cutting and seedling quality was investigated in the...
J. Vanderplank and D. Zappi, “Passiflora Cristalina, a Striking New Species of Passiflora (Passifloraceae) from Mato Grosso, Brazil,” Kew Bulletin, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 149–153, Mar. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s12225-011-9255-2.
A new red-flowered species of Passiflora, P. cristalina Vanderpl. & Zappi, is described from the tropical rainforest of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The species is illustrated and its affinities with related species are discussed, and a key to the species of supersect. Distephana to which it belongs is provided.
J. Vanderplank, S. Edwards, R. Hilgenhof, and C. M. Rodriguez, “Passiflora Macrophylla: Passifloraceae,” Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 123–132, 2017.
doi: 10.1111/curt.12189.
Passiflora macrophylla Spruce ex Mast., a small weak tree from Ecuador and Colombia, is described and illustrated. Its history and cultivation are discussed.
I. S. A. B. E. L. A. G. A. L. A. R. D. A. VARASSIN, J. O. S. É. R. O. B. E. R. T. O. TRIGO, and \relax M. A. R. L. I. E. S. SAZIMA, “The Role of Nectar Production, Flower Pigments and Odour in the Pollination of Four Species of Passiflora (Passifloraceae) in South-Eastern Brazil,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 139–152, Jun. 2001.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb00563.x.
The pollination biology of four species of passionflower was studied in south-eastern Brazil, specifically the importance of chemical features of floral nectar, pigments and odours. All species required pollinators to produce fruits: P. alata was pollinated by bees, P. speciosa by hummingbirds, and P. galbana and P. mucronata by bats. Pollinators consumed nectar as a food source. The activity of vertebrate pollinators reflected resource availability: they foraged when large amounts of nectar were available and when quantitative resource predictability was greater. The nectar of the vertebrate-pollinated species was richer in cholesterol and phospholipids, and had a potassium-sodium ratio higher than 1.0. For all species, the light absorption of flowers was paralleled by the pollinators’ visual spectral sensitivity. This first report on Passiflora floral volatile compounds showed that there was a greater chemical class diversity among the species pollinated by animals with an acute olfactory sense, such as bees and bats. Benzenoid alcohols were the most represented compounds. The fragrances contained compounds that occur in other plant species and in the exocrine secretions of bees. This study shows a strong association between pollinators and the attracting and rewarding features of flowers.
Taxonomic studies of four selected Passiflora species; Passiflora edulis Sims (Passion fruit), Passiflora coccinea Aubl. (Scarlet passion flower), Passiflora foetida L. (Stinking passion flower) and Passiflora incarnata L. (Fragrant passion flower) were carried out to distinguish their morphological characteristics. Macromorphological characters on the leaves, flowers and fruits of all four Passiflora species were observed under a binocular microscope and they varied characteristically in terms of colour, texture and shape of flowers, leaves and fruits. Jeol JSM-7500F Scanning Electron Microscope was used to observe the micromorphological characters such as stomata, trichomes, and leaf surface indumentum of each Passiflora species. Micromorphologically, each species varied in types and sizes of stomata, epidermal surfaces and presence of trichomes.
R. Veeramohan, N. W. Haron, and R. M. Taha, “Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies and In Vitro Regeneration of Passiflora Edulis Sims Var. Edulis for Conservation,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, pp. 586–590, 2013.
doi: 10.7763/IJESD.2013.V4.418.
In this study, different combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were used to establish an efficient in vitro regeneration in two different types of explants: stem and shoot tip of seedlings obtained from in vitro seed germination of Passiflora edulis Sims var. edulis. The results obtained showed that BAP induced shoots while NAA induced roots. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to observe and differentiate the morphology of in vitro and in vivo grown Passiflora edulis Sims var. edulis. SEM techniques were done to observe the stomata and microcharacters of both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of in vitro and in vivo leaves of Passiflora edulis Sims var. edulis.
L. Veiga-Barbosa, S. Mira, M. E. González-Benito, M. M. Souza, L. M. M. Meletti, and F. Pérez-García, “Seed Germination, Desiccation Tolerance and Cryopreservation of Passiflora Species,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 89–97, Apr. 2013.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2013.41.1.08.
Seed germination of 10 Passiflora species (P. alata, P. cincinnata, P. coriacea, P. edulis, P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. foetida, P. giberti, P. micropetala, P. morifolia, P. mucronata and P. nitida) was studied after seed desiccation and storage in liquid nitrogen (LN, -196°C). Mechanical scarification of the seed coat was carried out to enhance seed germination for all accessions tested. Most accessions showed desiccation-tolerant seeds. In general, final germination percentages were unaffected by storage in LN, both for desiccated and for non-desiccated seeds. Therefore, seed cryopreservation could be a suitable procedure for the long-term conservation of these Passiflora species.
M. L. Viana, F. G. Faleiro, J. da S. Oliveira, C. G. Viana, and N. T. V. Junqueira, “Potential for rooting of different wild and commercial Passiflora spp. accessions.,” Magistra, vol. 30, pp. 286–295, 2019.https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1115333.
The vegetative propagation allows to obtain plants with same genetics of the main plant and it presents countless applications in programs of germplasm characterization, genetic improvement and at commercial level with the production of uniform seedlings and with high genetic quality. In this study, it was aimed at to evaluate the production of seedlings of wild and commercial accesses of...
M. L. C. Vieira and M. C. Dornelas, “Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Passiflora Species (Passion Fruit),” in Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering VII, Y. P. S. Bajaj, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1996, pp. 108–119.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-09368-9_10.
The passion fruit is a climbing perennial plant with coiled tendrils. Under cultivation it is normally given support. Flowers are hermaphrodites and insect-pollinated. Most of the Passiflora species are also asexually propagated from cuttings. Recently, clonal propagation by in vitro techniques has been described (Moran Robles 1979; Kantharajah and Dodd 1990; Dornelas and Vieira 1994).
L. M. Vieira et al., “In Vitro Plant Regeneration of Passiflora Setacea D.C. (Passifloraceae): The Influence of Explant Type, Growth Regulators, and Incubation Conditions,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 738–745, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-014-9650-0.
The present study aimed to establish a protocol for in vitro organogenesis of Passiflora setacea and to determine the genetic stability of regenerated plants. Three types of explants (leaf, hypocotyl, and root), four growth regulator combinations [Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, MS + 6-benzyladenine (BA), MS + thidiazuron (TDZ), and MS + BA + TDZ], and two light regimes (16-h photoperiod and continuous darkness) were tested. After 30 d on induction medium, the percentage of explants forming shoots was evaluated. Direct and indirect organogenesis was evident from hypocotyl- and root-derived explants, whereas only indirect organogenesis was observed from leaf explants. The presence of BA was essential for shoot formation from leaf explants and improved the response of hypocotyl segments under a 16-h photoperiod compared to the cytokinin-free control. However, after transfer to shoot elongation medium, the greatest number of elongated shoots was obtained from hypocotyl segments that had been induced on BA + TDZ medium under a 16-h photoperiod, as was also observed for root explants. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed the genetic stability of the regenerants based on DNA quantity (2C\,= 2.57 pg) in comparison with seed-derived plantlets (2C\,= 2.60 pg). This is the first report on the in vitro regeneration of P. setacea.
A. Vijay et al., “Comparative Study of Ovule Development between Wild (Passiflora Foetida L.) and Cultivated (P. Edulis Sims) Species of Passiflora L. Provide Insights into Its Differential Developmental Patterns,” Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 502–516, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/jzbg2030036.
The ovules inside the ovary of a plant are the precursors of seeds and they are important for the perpetuation of the plants. The genus Passiflora L., produce fruits with numerous seeds and they have economic and medicinal value. The edible portion of the Passiflora are the seeds surrounded by pulp. Being the edible parts of a fruit, it is important to investigate the early development of ovules in Passiflora that lead to the formation of seeds after pollination. Wild relatives of the domesticated crops are increasingly being investigated for possible genetic resources that can be used for crop improvement programs. The present study was designed to investigate the comparative ovule development between a wild (Passiflora foetida L.) and a cultivated (Passiflora edulis Sims) species of Passiflora with an aim that it may provide important information about the common and diverging regulatory mechanisms during ovule development between the wild and the cultivated species. We also investigated the pollen morphology between the wild and cultivated species using light and scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that wild type P. foetida ovule growth is faster when compared with that of cultivated P. edulis. Furthermore, wild species harbour ovules of large size (0.14 mm2) but less in number (6) as compared to cultivated ones which show smaller size (0.05 mm2) of ovules but relatively more in number (21). The differences in ovary wall thickness were also stark between the two species. The ovary wall thickness was 0.10 mm in the wild type whereas it was 0.74 mm in cultivated species. Notable differences were also observed in diameter where the wild type (2.45 mm) reported smaller diameter than cultivated species (3.25 mm). We observed little difference in the pollen morphology between the two species.
J. Vilasboa, C. T. da Costa, H. N. Matsuura, and A. G. Fett-Neto, “Rooting of Cuttings of Passiflora Suberosa, a Medicinal Passion Fruit Species: Characterization and Modulation by External Biochemical Factors,” Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 67, no. 1-2, pp. 40–51, Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.1163/22238980-20191114.
Passiflora suberosa L. (Passifloraceae) can be found throughout the Americas, and has several medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-hemolytic, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic activities. Germination rates of P. suberosa are low, even with dormancy breaking treatments, posing an obstacle for its multiplication. Vegetative propagation is a valuable approach to produce clones of elite individuals with important pharmacological characteristics, affording fast genetic improvement of biomass source for both phytomedicine manufacturing and bioactive compound isolation. Understanding the rooting process of this species is an important step to exploit its full potential in a sustainable way. We investigated adventitious rooting (AR) in absence or presence of exogenous auxin in P. suberosa cuttings, using a non-aerated hydroponic system. Changes in concentration of flavonoids, phenolics, hexoses, starch, and auxin, as well as peroxidase activity, were monitored along AR. Cuttings showed spontaneous rooting, although the application of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) yielded higher number of shorter roots. Biochemical parameters, mainly concentration of carbohydrates and total phenolics, as well as peroxidase activity, varied along the course of the experiments. Based on these results, attempts were made to up- or down-modulate rooting responses by applying putative regulators to the growth solution at different time points. It was possible to block the positive effect of auxin on root development, with only minor positive impacts on the modulated control devoid of auxin. Overall analyses suggested that the rooting system proved effective and specific peroxidase activity showed partial correlation with AR, being able to suffer modulation by culture solution factors.
VV. AA, Tecnolog??a para el cultivo de la Gulupa en Colombia (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims). Editorial Jorge Tadeo Lozano, 2012.
A. Wagner Júnior, R. S. Alexandre, J. R. da S. Negreiros, L. D. Pimentel, J. O. da C. e Silva, and C. H. Bruckner, “Influência do substrato na germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg),” Ciência e Agrotecnologia, vol. 30, pp. 643–647, Aug. 2006.
doi: 10.1590/S1413-70542006000400008.
Na maioria das vezes, a muda de maracujazeiro amarelo é produzida a partir de sementes. Neste sentido, o êxito no estabelecimento da cultura depende de vários fatores, entre os quais está a utilização de sementes de boa qualidade e a escolha do melhor substrato. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a influência de quatro substratos na germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg), cultivar IAC 277. O trabalho foi realizado no Departamento de Fitotecnia, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, de abril a junho de 2004. Foram testados quatro substratos: Plantmax® ; Plantmax® + Areia (1:1 v/v); Plantmax® + Latossolo Vermelho (1:1 v/v); Plantmax® + Latossolo Vermelho + Areia (1:1:1 v/v). Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e três repetições, considerando-se como unidade experimental, cada 5 recipientes plásticos. Após 48 dias da semeadura foram analisados: porcentagem de germinação; comprimento total, da parte aérea e de raiz das plantas e a massa da matéria seca total das plantas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey (a = 0,05). Pelos resultados obtidos não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os substratos em todas as variáveis analisadas. Com isso, conclui-se que os quatros substratos utilizados proporcionaram condições adequadas à germinação e ao desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de maracujazeiro amarelo, cultivar IAC 277.
We investigated the soil toxicity in passion fruit plantations, the effects of old soils on the growth of the replanted passion and changes in photosynthetic parameters, physiological and biochemical parameters in the passion fruit leaves. In laboratory bioassays, we found that older soils of 1-, 2- and 3-year plantations significantly inhibited the root length of lettuce and passion fruit. The...
C. W. Wangungu, M. Mwangi, R. Gathu, and R. Muasya, “Good Orchard Maintenance and Agronomic Practices as Working Components in Management of Dieback Disease on Passion Fruit (Passiflora Sp.) in Kenya,” Annual Research & Review in Biology, pp. 1397–1405, Jan. 2014.
doi: 10.9734/ARRB/2014/5092.
Passion fruit is of high economic importance in Kenya. In the recent past, diseases have led to decline in fruit production. This study aimed at identifying disease management practices that could be adopted to mitigate disease impacts. Passion fruit varieties used include purple passion (Passiflora edulis Sims) and the KPF hybrid. Field maintenance practices assessed include frequency of orchard sanitation through regular weeding and pruning, pesticide application, nutrient and water provision to plants during the dry season. Agronomic factors assessed include grafting, prunning and effect of wounding in increasing plants’ susceptibility to dieback infections. Assessments were done on-farm and on station; 3 research sites were identified in the field and 1 site was set up on-station. For each of the 3 on-farm sites, a farmer’s performance in orchard maintenance was rated for all the factors on a score of 1-5 and compared to disease severity (1-5 dieback scale ) and incidence (0-100%). Experiments were set up to assess role of grafting on 4 months old purple passion seedlings, while effects of prunning and wounding were assessed on 9 months old passion fruit plants of both varieties. Disease establishment was observed and severity was assessed based on the 1-5 dieback scoring chart. Results showed that proper field maintenance reduced disease incidence and severity (12% and 1.6, respectively) in site 1, while poor maintenance yielded higher levels (55% and 4.0, respectively) in site 3. Agronomic practices important in transmission of dieback pathogens on the purple variety were pruning, grafting and wounding. These were found to enhance disease establishment and severity (P ≤ 0.05) on the purple variety while KPF 12 was tolerant to dieback infections. The study established that proper agronomy and field maintenance practices are important and should be integral in control of dieback disease.
G. Wehtje, R. B. Reed, and R. R. Dute, “Reproductive Biology and Herbicidal Sensitivity of Maypop Passionflower (Passiflora Incarnata),” Weed Science, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 484–490, Jul. 1985.
doi: 10.1017/S0043174500082709.
Studies were conducted to evaluate seed and root reproduction and herbicide sensitivity of maypop passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L. ♯ PAQIN). Water-leached seeds that were not exposed to light had the greatest germination (53%). Depending on soil type, seedlings emerged from depths of 10 to 12 cm. Most rapid germination and seedling development occurred between 30 and 35 C. Plants rapidly produced an extensive system of lateral roots and rhizomes that had regenerative capability at maturity. Root or rhizome sections of only 0.5 cm in length had a 20% regeneration rate. Desiccation effectively reduced viability of root and rhizome pieces. Effective herbicide control was limited to the triethylamine salt of triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} at 2.2 ai kg/ha, alkanolamine salt of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 1.7 kg/ha, and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) at 0.3 to 0.6 kg/ha.
H. C. Wheeler and C. C. Bennington, “Effects of Light Availability on Herbivory and Defense Chemistry in Passiflora Incarnata,” Florida Scientist, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 237–245, 2001.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24321060.
Passiflora incarnata, a perennial vine common in disturbed sites in central Florida, produces cyanogenic glycosides as a chemical defense against herbivores. The leaves are palatable, however, to specialist herbivore larvae of heliconiine butterflies including Agraulis vanillae. We investigated six different P. incarnata populations from sunny and partly shady sites to determine if this chemical defense is affected by light availability. In addition, we asked whether plants that had experienced herbivory in the field increased the production of cyanogenic glycosides. From each sun and shade population we collected leaves from plants that had previously experienced herbivory and from plants that had little or no evidence of herbivory, for a total of 251 plants sampled. Although there was significant variability in cyanide production among the six populations, it was not related to light environment. In addition to assaying for cyanide production, we asked whether the performance of Agraulis vanillae is affected by either the site of origin or previous herbivory experienced by P. incarnata. There was some evidence that sun and shade populations have different chemical responses to previous herbivory. Caterpillars tended to eat a greater amount of leaf tissue from branches that had not previously experienced herbivory with this difference being greatest in sun leaves. Caterpillar growth rate, however, was not affected by light availability or previous herbivory.
H. Wohlmuth, K. G. Penman, T. Pearson, and R. P. Lehmann, “Pharmacognosy and Chemotypes of Passionflower (Passiflora Incarnata L.),” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1015–1018, 2010.
doi: 10.1248/bpb.33.1015.
Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.) is used in phytotherapy as a mild sedative and anxiolytic agent. In the literature it is clear this plant shows considerable qualitative and quantitative variability with respect to its content of C-glycosyl flavones, some of which are used as marker compounds for extracts. Analysis of plant material cultivated in Australia revealed two chemically distinct groups; hence an investigation was carried out to determine whether distinct intraspecific chemotypes exist in this species. Eleven P. incarnata samples were analysed by HPLC, LC-MS and two different TLC methods. The samples fell into two distinct groups with respect to their C-glycosyl flavone profile, with little within-group variation. One chemotype was dominated by isovitexin and schaftoside/isoschaftoside, as is most widely reported in the literature for this species. The other chemotype was characterized by a high level of swertisin, with low levels of schaftoside/isoschaftoside. The two chemotypes are readily identified by both HPLC and TLC. Although the compounds responsible for the therapeutic activity of P. incarnata are yet to be identified, phytomedicines should be made with the accepted isovitexin chemotype until the pharmacological implications of chemotypical differences are understood.
H. Wohlmuth, K. G. Penman, T. Pearson, and R. P. Lehmann, “Swertisin chemotype of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.),” Planta Medica, vol. 73, no. 9, p. P_308, 2007.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-987088.
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L. Wosch, K. C. dos Santos, D. C. Imig, and C. A. M. Santos, “Comparative Study of Passiflora Taxa Leaves: II. A Chromatographic Profile,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 40–49, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.06.007.
Popularly known as passion fruit, some species of the genus Passiflora are widely used in folk medicines, such as sedatives and tranquilizers in many countries. Although these plants are employed for the same purposes, research with different species of Passiflora has indicated their heterogeneous chemical compositions. Since different chemical compositions can result in varying degrees of therapeutic efficiency, quality control based on the chemical constituents of each species is essential. To that end, the aim of this study was to compare pharmacognostically species of Passiflora in order to establish a chromatographic profile for the quality control of drugs in herbal medicines containing passion fruit. The study was conducted by collecting samples of leaves from twelve Passiflora taxa (i.e., ten species and two forms of P. edulis) - P. actinia, P. alata, P. amethystina, P. capsularis, P. cincinnata, P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. edulis f. edulis, P. incarnata, P. morifolia, P. urnifolia, P. coccinea, and P. setacea - from different locations and obtaining their chromatographic profiles via thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Both methods used the flavonoid C-glycosides isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, and isovitexin as reference compounds and could ultimately establish specific profiles for each species. The chromatographic analyses discussed here can be used to assist in determining the quality and authenticity of herbal drugs derived from Passiflora species.
Y. Wu et al., “Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Cold Acclimation during Chilling Stress in Sensitive and Resistant Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) Cultivars,” PeerJ, vol. 9, p. e10977, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.10977.
Chilling stress (CS) is an important limiting factor for the growth and development of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) in winter in South China. However, little is known about how the passion fruit responds and adapts to CS. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing of cold-susceptible cultivar Huangjinguo (HJG) and cold-tolerant cultivar Tainong 1 (TN1) under normal temperature (NT) and CS conditions, and a total of 47,353 unigenes were obtained by seven databases. Using differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) analysis, 3,248 and 4,340 DEGs were identified at two stages, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly related to phosphorylation, membrane protein, and catalytic activity. In Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, the unigenes of plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction and fatty acid metabolism were enriched. Then, the 12,471 filtered unigenes were clustered into eight co-expression modules, and two modules were correlated with CS. In this two modules, 32 hub unigenes were obtained. Furthermore, the unigenes related to CS were validated using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). This work showed that the expression levels of CS-related unigenes were very different in two passion fruit cultivars. The results provide information for the development of passion fruit with increased chilling tolerance.
Y. Wu et al., “Identification and Evaluation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis in Passiflora Edulis under Stem Rot Condition,” Molecular Biology Reports, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 2951–2962, Apr. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s11033-020-05385-8.
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), an important tropical and subtropical fruit, has a high edible and medicinal value. Stem rot disease is one of the most important diseases of passion fruit. An effective way for control and prevention of this disease is to identify the genes associated with resistance to this disease. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) has mainly been widely applied to detect gene expression because of its simplicity, fastness, low cost and high sensitivity. One of the requirements for RT-qPCR is the availability of suitable reference genes for normalization of gene expression. However, currently, no Passiflora edulis reference genes have been identified andthus it has hindered the gene expression studies in this plant. The present study aimed to address this issue. We analyzed sixteen candidate reference genes, including nine common (GAPDH, UBQ, ACT1, ACT2, EF-1α-1, EF-1α-2, TUA, NADP, and GBP) and seven novel genes (C13615, C24590, C27182, C10445, C21209, C22199, and C22526), in different tissues (stem, leaf, flower and fruit) of two accessions under stem rot condition. We calculated the expression stability in twenty-four samples using the ΔCt, GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder. The results showed that both C21209 and EF-1α-2 were sufficient to normalize gene expression under stem rot, whereas the commonly used reference genes, GAPDH and UBQ, were the least stable ones. The expression patterns of PeUFC under stem rot condition normalized by stable and unstable reference genes indicated the suitability of using the optimal reference genes. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of reference genes in Passiflora edulis, which identified a number of reliable reference genes suitable for gene expression studies in Passiflora edulis by RT-qPCR.
K. A. G. Wyckhuys, F. L. Acosta, M. Rojas, and J. Ocampo, “The Relationship of Farm Surroundings and Local Infestation Pressure to Pest Management in Cultivated Passiflora Species in Colombia?,” International Journal of Pest Management, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Oct. 2010.
doi: 10.1080/09670874.2010.506223.
In South America, lance flies (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) are key pests of cultivated Passiflora spp. (passionfruit; Violales: Passifloraceae), but little is known about how to control these pests in Passiflora orchards. Here, we relate agro-ecological knowledge and pest management of Colombian Passiflora producers to local Lonchaeid infestation levels and farm surroundings. For this purpose, we carried out a nationwide survey of producers of purple, sweet and yellow passionfruit. Approximately 60% farmers (n = 124) reported Diptera as herbivores, with 4–43% explicitly referring to Lonchaeidae, while 90.5% of all farmers relied on calendar-based insecticide sprays for their control. Supplementary management options included use of baited traps for lonchaeid control and sanitary practices. Farmers experimented to a high extent with different products as bait in McPhail traps. In all, 15 potential baits were used, of which sugarcane molasses and protein hydrolysate proved popular. Farm surroundings and crop type affected farmers’ use of baited traps, with traps commonly used in purple passionfruit orchards and employed in 100% farms surrounded by coffee plantations. Insecticide application frequency was positively correlated with lonchaeid infestation in fruits, but not in floral buds or flowers. For certain Passiflora crops, use of baited traps and trap density were related to infestation pressure. In conclusion, lonchaeid infestation pressure and farm surroundings affect Passiflora growers’ pest management, respectively by creating a direct need for pest management intervention or by exposing farmers to distinct sets of pest management alternatives. This study sheds light on Passiflora farmers’ agro-ecological knowledge, and it identifies low-cost, locality-specific pest management options. Hence, our findings may be valuable for future design and implementation of IPM programmes.
B. R. Young, “Root Rot of Passionfruit Vine (Passiflora Edulis Sims.) in the Auckland Area,” New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 119–125, Feb. 1970.
doi: 10.1080/00288233.1970.10421202.
In the Auckland district of New Zealand wilt and collapse of passion-fruit vines (Passiflora edulis Sims.) have been shown to be caused by the root fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. The fungus root pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk.&Br.) Ferraris was isolated from root lesions of unthrifty, slow–growing plants. The occurrences of both fungi on passionfruit vines are new host records for New Zealand. Crown canker, common in most passionfruit-growing areas in New Zealand, caused by a wound invasion by the secondary pathogen Fusarium sam-bucinum Fckl. is not associated with these fungi. The passionfruit vine vascular wilt fungus F. oxysporum Schl. f. sp. passiflorae Purss apud Gordon common in Australia has not been found in New Zealand.
T. Z. Yuan, C. L. Kao, W. J. Li, H. T. Li, and C. Y. Chen, “Chemical Constituents of Leaves of Passiflora Edulis,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1165–1166, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-017-2227-5.
V. Zucareli, L. A. V. Henrique, and E. O. Ono, “Influence of Light and Temperature on the Germination of Passiflora Incarnata L. Seeds,” Journal of Seed Science, vol. 37, pp. 162–167, 2015-Apr-Jun.
doi: 10.1590/2317-1545v37n2147082.
Abstract: The study aimed to assess the influence of temperature and light on germination of Passiflora incarnata L seeds. The treatments consisted of five temperature conditions (25, 30, 35, 20-30 and 30-20 °C) and two light conditions (constant light and constant darkness). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement (light x temperature). The seeds were kept in a germination chamber during the period of 30 days. The germinated seeds were counted daily. At the end of the experiment, the percentage of seed germination (PSG), germination speed index (GSI), the germination rate (GR) and relative frequency of germination (RFG) were calculated. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The relative frequency of germination was represented as graphs. It was observed that light has an inhibitory effect on seed germination. The constant temperature of 35 °C and the alternating temperatures of 30/20 °C promoted a higher germination seed index for Passiflora incarnata.
V. Zucareli, E. O. Ono, C. S. F. Boaro, and W. P. Brambilla, “Initial Development of Passion Fruit Trees (Passiflora Edulis f. Flavicarpa, P. Edulis f. Edulis and P. Alata) Grafted onto Passiflora Cincinnata,” Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 2325–2340, Nov. 2014.
doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n5p2325.
The present work aimed to evaluate the initial growth and leaf mineral levels in passion fruit trees (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg., P. edulis f. edulis Sims. and P. alata Dryander) grafted onto Passiflora cincinnata. To obtain seedlings, seeds were sown in plastic bags (500 mL) and hypocotyl grafting was performed when seedlings reached the stage of two fully expanded leaves. Fifteen days after grafting, plants were transplanted to 10L pots filled with previously limed and fertilized soil. Each pot contained two plants and corresponded to one plot. For each commercial species studied as rootstock, experimental design was completely randomized, in 3x5 (plant type x time of harvest) factorial arrangement, with four replicates of two plants per plot and five destructive harvests. Plant types were ungrafted P. cincinnata, ungrafted commercial passion fruit tree and commercial passion fruit tree grafted onto P. cincinnata. The first harvest was performed at 15 days after transplanting and the remaining ones at 14-day intervals (60, 74, 88, 102 and 116 DAS). At each harvest, the number of leaves per plant was counted, and leaf area, stem length, and stem, root, leaf and total dry matter were estimated. At the last harvest, the mineral composition (macro and micronutrients) of plants was analyzed. In general, it was observed that grafting onto P. cincinnata did not interfere negatively with the initial development and mineral levels of commercial passion fruit trees, and this interference varied according to the used canopy.
V. Zucareli, G. Ferreira, A. C. E. Amaro, and F. P. de Araújo, “Photoperiod, temperature and plant growth regulators on germination of Passiflora cincinnata seeds.,” Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 106–114, 2009.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103150993.
The species Passiflora cincinnata Mast., which belongs to the Passifloraceae family, is wild and commonly known as Crato Passion Fruit and it is also considered potentially important for rootstock production due to its tolerance to drought, bacterial diseases and nematodes. It can also be used in genetic breeding programs. This objective of this research was to study the effect of light and...
